ANTHRO101 FINAL (CH. 12-17)
Adolf Hitler was able to create a powerful unified state in Germany by blaming minorities for the country's problems and promoting the idea of certain German people as different and superior. This made the idea of persecuting minorities and expanding German dominance over Europe seem like a reasonable course of action. What do we call this feeling of belonging and superiority?
nationalism
In the United States, we often celebrate the Fourth of July with colorful fireworks, parades, and various festivities. Fourth of July celebrations in the United States help to reinforce feelings of ________.
nationalism
The concept of flexible accumulation describes an overall strategy of multinational corporations to increase profitability. What is one of the keys to the success of this strategy?
offshoring
The Triangle Trade that emerged in the early 1500s resulted in an unprecedented level of economic, social, and military activity between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. The European effort to expand their own economic power in the Caribbean quickly proved unsustainable due to a shortage of what essential commodity?
people
In Bangladesh, over 1,000 youth marched over 100 miles to protest the construction of coal mines. What does this demonstrate?
people taking political action to resist climate change
How do anthropologists define refugees?
people who have been forced to move beyond their national borders due to natural disasters, political or religious persecution, or violence
Early states played an important role in the development of most areas of the world, so their origin, construction, and organization are frequently the focus of which branch of anthropology?
political anthropologists
Although they are typically highly trained individuals, ________ migrants often face downward mobility in destination countries because they cannot obtain the credentials necessary to work.
professional
According to the textbook, what has been one important factor driving internal migration in China since the 1980s?
the creation of export processing zones
Groups of humans adapt to their environment in order to use the available resources to satisfy their needs and flourish. What do anthropologists call this cultural adaptation?
the economy
In his examination of the Occupy movement, what was it that Jeffrey Juris discovered as a key part of the success of the movement?
the interplay between the virtual and physical
Both horticulture and agriculture focus on the use of plants as a source of food. What is the difference between them?`
the level of intensity needed in the process
What was one consequence of warriors emerging to defend surpluses of food from marauders?
the rise of the state
Why did students at Swarthmore College occupy a university administration building during spring 2016?
to push for divestment of school endowment funds from fossil fuels
What do we call migrants who stay actively connected with social, economic, political, and religious spheres across national borders?
transnational
Indigenous groups with their own set of loyalties and leaders, living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state, are known as what?
tribes
What is one of the key characteristics of professional immigrants?
university students who are trained in Western professions but do not have employment opportunities in their home country
Earlier anthropological analysis considered small-scale human groups in comparative isolation. We now understand that in the modern world, all bands, tribes, and chiefdoms must function how?
within the influence of the state
Are structural adjustment loans as provided by organizations such as the World Bank consistent with the goals of neoliberalism?
yes, because organizations such as the World Bank are nongovernmental organizations
What term do anthropologists use to refer to the Nikkeijin, or Japanese who continue to travel back and forth between Japan and Brazil?
yo-yo migrants
Industrialized agriculture is noted in the text as having yielded dramatic increases in the overall food supply of the planet. At the same time, poverty and starvation have also gotten worse. What is the primary reason for this discrepancy?
Food surpluses often go to wealthy industrialized nations
What is the primary difference, from an anthropological perspective, between balanced reciprocity and generalized reciprocity?
Generalized reciprocity occurs between those with close ties.
What argument did Keynes advance about how capitalism works best?
Government must reign in the excesses of capitalism
Consider the data in Table 12.1 on Energy Consumption. Looking at the table, the United States is behind China for total energy consumption. However, the per capita energy consumption is far higher in the United States than it is for China, and higher still for Canada. What might this suggest as one crucial aspect of how we approach a solution to the global environmental crisis?
Individuals must be part of the effort to reduce the ecological footprint
The origins of the current global economic system are found in the late 1400s, when China was the world leader in the production and export of goods such as silk. The result of this position created what problem that fostered European exploration of the Americas?
It created a trade deficit, with exports vastly exceeding imports.
According to the textbook, what is one of the key reasons that immigration continues to be a controversial issue in the United States?
It is commonly perceived that the diversity of the current generation of migrants raises cultural challenges
According to the author, what conditions led to the emergence of dependency theory?
Latin American scholars observed that the global economy was structured to extract resources from less developed nations and transfer them to industrialized nations.
As a result of efforts to regulate international migration, which of these borders has become one of the most heavily guarded in the world?
US - Mexico
What is the difference between transnational and yo-yo migrants?
Yo-yo migrants travel back and forth between destination and origin countries, whereas transnational migrants simply participate in social and political activities across those same borders and do not actively relocate
Margaret Mead says people must first recognize militarism as a problem before attempting to change it. What else does she say is needed?
a belief that social invention is possible
Although globalization has produced increased flows of money, information, and goods, barriers to the flow of people are difficult to overcome. What is one of the principal barriers that migrants must overcome?
a high degree of regulation and immigration inspectors at borders
Did you get a tax refund last year? If you did, you have experienced redistribution. What would an anthropologist consider this to be?
a leveling mechanism
What would a transnationalist immigrant do once established in their new country?
actively participate in political, religious, social, and economic spheres between their country of origin and the country they migrated to
The position that the free market and free trade rather than the state are the main mechanisms for ensuring economic growth is associated with which theorist?
adam smith
Anthropologist Marc Edelman's study of rural peasants in Costa Rica as they responded to the economic and political upheavals brought about by civil war and increased debt demonstrate what aspect of human response to the state?
agency
Michelle organizes a protest at her university, telling her peers that they have the power to challenge values and structures of power. What is Michelle referring to?
agency
Anthropologists link the origins of the state to the rise of what?
agriculture
To resist the power of state institutions, some societies make use of different systems to settle issues that might normally go to the state court system. What are these systems known as?
alternative legal structures
In Egypt, people view the decisions of the official Egyptian Personal Status courts with great suspicion, and they often turn to the traditional Al Azhar Fatwa Council for guidance on important matters of daily life, even though their decisions are not legally binding. The Fatwa Council is an example of what kind of social response to the state?
an alternative legal structure
A ban on which religious practice was enacted in a Florida town after local residents and officials learned of the Cuban and Haitian immigrants in the Santeria Church?
animal sacrifices
Small, kin-based groups that hunt and gather over a particular territory and constantly break up and re-form in response to conflicts are referred to as what?
bands
Nawal studied medicine at her university in Egypt. Although she can work as a doctor in Egypt, she is enticed by the high wages and opportunities offered in other countries. What term refers to the phenomenon of many skilled professionals like Nawal leaving their country of origin?
brain drain
Immanuel Wallerstein's modern world systems analysis sees nations and regions as divided into different groups in terms of economic dominance. These include core, semiperiphery, and periphery groups. What is one defining characteristic of the periphery group?
cheap labor
Micronesia's traditional political system of matrilineal clans headed by chiefs and dispersed across many islands allows them to readily recover from catastrophic storms and droughts. The complex and traditional political structure in Micronesia is made up of different:
chiefdoms
As a result of the China-Europe trade imbalance, European nations sought to acquire needed resources in order to participate fully in the world economy of that time. The major advantage they had—advanced weaponry and strong military strategies—resulted in what lasting legacy?
colonialism
What is one of the prices that guest workers usually must pay in order to find work in other countries?
denial of long-term rights and privileges
In 1989, millions of Chinese stood up to their government in the Tiananmen Square protests. These protests, unfortunately, resulted in martial law and possibly the deaths of numerous Chinese citizens. What would an anthropologist suggest about what the Tiananmen Square protestors were doing?
exercising their agency
What recent trend has been observed as a result of wages creeping upward for Chinese workers?
factories are now shifting to Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos since they have cheaper labor
What is the term for contracts based on (derived from) some other asset—commodities, interest rates, credit, foreign exchange rates, equities, and mortgages?
financial derivatives
The generation of migrants who left their home countries as adults are known among scholars as which generation?
first
In 2014, police in Ferguson, MO, shot and killed 18-year-old Michael Brown in an incident that evoked nationwide protest. In the ensuing months, social media was employed to powerful effect using the hashtag #blacklivesmatter. The creation of the #blacklivesmatter hashtag helped galvanize support and is an example of what kind of action?
framing process
In 2016, reports appeared in the media detailing the struggles of nail salon workers, who are often immigrants. Many work long hours under difficult conditions in order to meet the demand in the United States for the perfect pedicure. This example closely resembles accounts in your text by showing us what side of the complex global economy?
friction
The European drive to enter the world economy of the 1500s led to a frenzied effort to procure what commodity?
gold
People who participate in programs that offer a temporary right to work but have limited long-term rights and privileges are called:
guest workers
Although the Nazi regime did use violence, the regime was also able to gain the cooperation of much of the populace who saw Nazi actions and programs as necessary and even reasonable. What is this kind of consensus an example of?
hegemony
In the United States, most Americans believe that it is wrong to hire family members who may not be qualified for a position. The idea of nepotism, or a family member over a more qualified candidate, seems unthinkable and undoable to many Americans. This is an example of what concept?
hegemony
The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force is referred to as what?
hegemony
Generalized reciprocity—the exchange of goods and services among those of relatively equal status—provides a means to share resources. What other significant function does it serve?
helps build social ties
Pastoralism frequently includes the process of transhumance. What is this process?
herders moving livestock seasonally between different altitudes
According to the author, what do Indian immigrants in Dubai often experience?
human rights violations
Seven million Côte d'Ivoirians earn their living in the cocoa and coffee farming industry. How much of the profits reaped from this industry go to the farmers themselves?
Farmers in Côte d'Ivoire receive only a tiny fraction of the profits
What percent of the world's population moves beyond national borders? (HUMAN MIGRATION)
3%
After World War II, the United States was strongly influenced by Fordism. There was unprecedented industrial growth, with government stepping in to regulate some aspects of corporate behavior. What was the tax structure imposed on the country at that time and what side effect did it have?
A high marginal rate was imposed on the very wealthy, which helped moderate inequality.
Agriculture is an intensive farming strategy involving permanent cultivation of the land. What is an important characteristic of this process?
Agriculture uses labor and technology such as irrigation systems and plows.
Why does the author say that the image of the state as fixed, cohesive, and coherent is an illusion?
Because states are constantly reshaped by new leaders and legislation and through their interactions.
The Fatwa Council in Egypt is a form of alternative legal structure used to deal with internal problems and avoid the interference and control of the state legal system. Despite the fact that these structures do not have coercive power that compels adherence to the outcome, individuals seeking redress here generally do observe the results carefully. What is one of the key differences between the fatwa and the court system?
Both the individual and the mufti share responsibility for the outcome.
The "melting pot" model of immigration over simplified the way that migration actually took place in U.S. history. What was one significant and very real consequence of this early "melting pot" mythology?
Congress passed the National Origins Act as a response to immigration
Which of the following best describes how anthropologists conceptualize migration as a "gendered" process?
Migration by women has forced family members to adjust to shifting gender roles and family patterns.
How does the Tsukiji fish market demonstrate the nature of a global commodity chain?
One can trace the hands through which fish pass in a network that connects previously unconnected people and locations.
Bangladesh's costal floodplain has been repeatedly inundated with monsoons, flooding, and devastating erosion. How does the nation of Bangladesh illustrate the problems of development and how it relates to environmental challenges?
Poorer nations suffer the consequences of climate change in ways that developed nations do not.
How is the carrying capacity of industrial agriculture different from simpler subsistence strategies such as hunter-gatherers, pastoralism, horticulture, and low-intensity agriculture?
Simpler subsistence strategies are locally limited.
How are today's privatization programs, often associated with neoliberalism, an unsurprising result of Adam Smith's perspective on economic growth?
Smith's belief in laissez-faire—"leave it alone"—economics calls for a free market.
What is one result of the globalization of finance?
The ability of the nation-state to regulate what occurs within its borders is being steadily eroded.
Currently, the world is consuming natural resources at double the rate required to maintain sustainable levels. What problem does this illustrate about the sustainability of the current global economy?
The human ecological footprint is too large.
In 1871, hundreds of principalities were united to form Germany. After defeat in World War I, Germany's government was known as the Weimar Republic until the Nazis came to power in 1933. With the defeat of Nazi Germany, the country was divided into East and West during the cold war, and finally reunited when the Soviet Union collapsed. Germany has existed in many forms, demonstrating what characteristic of states?
They are uniquely constructed and constantly reshaped
What can be accurately said about most states today?
They did not exist prior to World War II.
What is one of the possible reasons that women in the armed services of the United States are now permitted to be active combatants?
increased militarization worldwide
What is the term used to describe people who have been forced to migrate because of violence, religious persecution, or disasters but stay within their own countries?
internally displaced persons
In the modern world, the state is typically considered the ultimate authority in any particular territory. Despite this illusory ideal, what does the author note is true about the state?
it is fluid and fragile
Which of the following distinguishes agriculture in nonindustrial states from agriculture in egalitarian societies?
landless tenants as wage laborers
Among the Togotala population, the success and strength of remittances is visible in the cinderblock construction in the central district. What is the primary source of these remittances?
merchants entering the regional trade networks
Adolf Hitler glorified German domination while expanding the military and promoting paramilitary organizations such as the Hitler Youth. What is this is an example of?
militarization
When a civil society prepares for war, this preparation includes production of weapons and the glorification of war. What is this process called?
militarization
What do internal migrants do?
move within their own national borders
What is one way the U.S. government engaged in a Keynesian intervention following the 2008 financial collapse?
moving to guarantee bank deposits threatened by economic collapse
According to the author, new immigrants in greater Los Angeles are primarily employed as factory workers and as ________.
nannies and housekeepers
Development is frequently considered to be a way to spur economic growth and a path toward what?
progress
People migrate for many different reasons, including to take advantage of emerging economic opportunities. What term do anthropologists use to describe this kind of positive reason to migrate?
pull
Very different forces lead to a decision to migrate. Job opportunities, educational opportunities, and access to health care as well as poverty, famine, war, disease, and religious oppression are all factors in two very different kinds of force. What are the two terms used by anthropologists to describe these two forces that lead to migration?
push; pull
When you lived at home growing up as a child, you may have received a small allowance—a bit of money on a somewhat regular occasion that you could use as you wished. This typically comes from a parent who is also working at a regular job to support the family. What is this, in anthropological terms?
redistribution
Critics of modernization suggest that underdevelopment is the result of postcolonialism, and that poor countries today cannot participate in the global economy because it is structured to extract and transfer what to developed nations?
resources
Which generation of young Dominicans studied by Ana Aparicio in New York have been able to negotiate their identity situationally, often shifting between categories of black, Latino, Dominican, and people of color?
second
Collective group actions in response to uneven development, inequality, and injustice that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies are referred to as what kind of action?
social movements
Members of the civil rights movement held protests, sit-ins, and marches to oppose inequality. Their actions eventually resulted in the Civil Rights Act, which eliminated much of the legal inequality in the country. What is this is an example of?
social movements
The political structure of modern countries includes a central government that exercises complete political, military, and economic control of its territory. Modern countries are considered what kind of organization?
state
Migrants often send economic resources back to their countries of origin. What important role do these resources play?
supporting families and stimulating economic growth in local (origin) communities
Even very powerful institutions do not completely dominate people's lives and thinking. Individuals and groups with relatively little power can contest powerful institutions, such as the state, because:
systems of power, including the state, are never absolute
