Anthropology 171 final

Sublingua

A muscular secondary tongue found below the primary tongue in tarsiers and living strepsirrhine primates

Males and females

Adult social interactions within gorilla societies occur primarily among what individuals?

The Fayum

An area of important discoveries in Africa (late eocene fossils)

Plesiadapiforms

An extinct group of mammals either closely related to or a precursor to primates

Vomeronasal organ

Auxiliary olfactory sense, lies close to the vomer and nasal bones, the sense organ involved in the flehmen response in mammals

Postorbital bar

Bony arched structure that connects with the frontal bone of the skull to the zygomatic arch, which runs laterally around the eye socket

The locomotion is suspensory and knuckle walking

Chimpanzee and bonobo locomotion?

Chimpanzee societies are more violent and aggressive, while bonobo societies are more peaceful. However in terms of locomotion, diet, social structure, etc. they are the same

Compare and contrast chimpanzee and bonobo societies

Tooth comb

Dental structure comprised of front teeth arranged in a manner that facilitates grooming, similar to a hair comb

Their diet is frugivorous

Diet of gibbons and siamangs?

Adapids and Omomyids

Family of extinct primates during the Eocene

Africa

From where do platyrrhines likely originate?

They chatter to each other while grooming

Gelada baboon communication?

Pan paniscus

Genus name for bonobos

Pan troglodytes

Genus name for chimpanzees

Their mating system is monogamous

Gibbon and siamang mating system?

Locomotion is suspensory and knuckle walking

Gorilla locomotion?

They have similar body plans and adaptations as modern primates have, such as curved fingers and toes, a long mobile back, etc.

How are plesiadapiforms related to modern primates?

They most likely originated in Africa, and got to The New World by rafts, or island stepping stones

How did they most likely get to the New World?

They are extremely quick and agile in the trees compared to other primates

How do gibbons compare to to the other primates in regard to quickness and agility in trees?

Lorises are slow climbers while galagos are faster climbers and rely on speed to get away from predators and to move around

How do lorises differ from galagos in locomotion?

There are two species of gorilla with two sub-species

How many species of gorilla are there?

There are two species, Pongo abelii (Sumatra) and Pongo pygmaeus (Borneo)

How many species of orangutans are there?

Tapetum lucidum

Layer of tissue in the eye of nocturnal animals which cause their eyes to reflect certain light

Their locomotion is quadrumanous climbing

Orangutan locomotion?

Arboreal hypothesis

Primates evolved as a result of arboreal living

Visual predation hypothesis

Primates evolved due to predation on smaller prey

Angiosperm coevolution hypothesis

Primates evolved in conjunction with the rise of angiosperm (flowering plants)

Turbinates

Shell shaped networks of bones, vessels, and tissue within the nasal passageways

Rhinarium

The naked skin surface surrounding the external openings of the nostril in mammals

Grooming claw

The specialized claw or nail on the foot of certain primates, used for personal grooming

They belong to daubentoniidae

To what family do aye-ayes belong?

Capuchins belong to Cebidae

To what family do capuchins belong?

Hominidae

To what family do chimpanzees and bonobos belong to?

Cheirogaleus

To what family do dwarf lemurs belong?

Galagidae

To what family do galagos belong?

Hylobatidae

To what family do gibbons and siamangs belong?

They belong to the family Hominidae

To what family do gorillas belong?

Howler monkeys belong to Cebidae

To what family do howler monkeys belong?

Lorisidae

To what family do lorises and pottos belong?

Cebidae

To what family do marmosets and tamarins belong?

Orangutans belong to the family Hominidae

To what family do orangutans belong?

Owl monkeys belong to Cebidae

To what family do owl monkeys belong?

Propithecus

To what family do sifakas belong?

Tarsiidae

To what family do tarsiers belong?

They belong to the Pitheciidae

To what family does the white-faced saki belong?

They belong to the colobines

To which old world monkey group does the colobus monkey belong?

Cercopithecine

To which old world monkey group does the gelada baboon belong?

They are cercopithecines

To which old world monkey group does the macaque belong?

They belong to the cercopithecine group

To which old world monkey group does the mandrill belong?

They belong to the Colobines

To which old world monkey group does the proboscis monkey belong?

If all the trees fruit at the same time, aka a mass fruiting event, the orangutans will tend to end up more social than they were the rest of the year

Under what conditions does the orangutan social structure change?

They have large incisors and flat molars for cutting the seeds open to eat

What adaptation do white faced sakis have for this food resource?

Their eye sockets are very large which suggest nocturnal activity, yet they do not have a tapetum lucidum which most nocturnal species have (nocturnality is a secondarily derived trait for them)

What adaptations does the tarsier show for their activity pattern, and why is it unusual?

They have re-evolved some primitive traits, such as claws on some digits and a small body size. They also give birth to litters, so fathers end up doing more parental care

What anatomical adaptations and aspects of social behavior make marmosets and tamarins unique?

Plesiadaiforms

What are the first true primates that appear in the fossil record?

Arboreal hypothesis, the angiosperm coevolution hypothesis, and the visual predation hypothesis

What are the hypotheses that explain primate origins and primate homologous features?

Platyrrhines have flat noses, outward facing nostrils, 2-1-3-3 dental formula, possible prehensile tail

What are the traits that distinguish platyrrhines from catarrhines?

Colobines - leaf eating monkeys, and Cercopithecines - cheek pouch monkeys

What are the two major groups of old world monkey?

Males with flanged faces call for a female and wait to copulate, while unflanged males will roam around and force copulations

What are two alternative mating strategies for adult male orangutans?

They are known for intelligence and tool use

What behaviors are capuchins known for?

Almost all species are seasonal breeders, many species show female dominance, lack of sexual dimorphism

What behaviors do nearly all lemurs have in common?

They have a very large nose

What distinguishing feature does the proboscis monkey have?

Their distinguishing features are their long middle finger and rodent-like front teeth

What distinguishing features do aye-ayes have related to foraging?

At least 17 species of subfossil lemurs have recently gone extinct

What do we know (or not know) about lemur evolutionary history based on their fossil record?

This tells us some of the factors affecting our evolution, and raises the question are we naturally aggressive or peaceful?

What does the difference between chimpanzee and bonobo societies tell us about human nature and evolution?

Their large brains and hands enable them to use tools

What enables capuchins to conduct these activities?

Cercopithecidae

What family represents the old world monkeys?

All derived: dry nose and detached upper lip, 1 pair of mammary glands, reduced vibrissae, lack of a vomeronasal organ, di or trichromatic vision, lack of claws, lack of tapetum lucidum, postorbital plate

What features are generally shared by the haplorhines?

Mouse lemurs are the smallest primate

What is a distinguishing feature of mouse lemurs compared to all living primates?

They have very bright/vibrant faces

What is a distinguishing feature of the mandrill when compared to other primates (and mammals)?

Proconsulidae

What is an example of a Miocene ape from Africa?

Sivapithecus

What is an example of a Miocene ape from Asia?

Dryopithecus

What is an example of a Miocene ape from Europe?

Victoriapithecus - lived in Africa and Eurasia in the mid Miocene

What is an example of an early family/member of old world monkeys?

Their social structure is multi-male multi-female fission fusion, with polgyandry as their mating system

What is are the chimpanzee and bonobo's social structure and mating system?

Apes ended up in trees sometimes, which does not happen today. We also have more monkeys than apes

What is different about ape and monkey diversity in the Miocene compared to today?

They are mostly found in Asia but also can be found in Africa as well. They have the widest distribution of any genus

What is extraordinary about macaques in regard to the geographic distribution?

With the size of orangutan brains, you'd expect them to have bigger groups due to the social brain hypothesis, however, they are Noyau

What is highly unusual about the orangutan social structure?

They are distributed in very different environments such as the Japanese macaques in the snow, baboons in high altitudes, etc.

What is outstanding about old world monkey distribution compared to other living non-human primates?

They're the first common ancestor we have seen for the primates

What is plesiadapiforms relevance to primate origins?

Their foraging behavior is similar to a woodpecker

What is the aye-aye's foraging behavior similar to?

Diet is frugivorous

What is the chimpanzee and bonobo diet?

The genus name is Pan

What is the genus name for chimpanzees and bonobos?

their genus name is Gorilla

What is the genus name for gorillas?

Pongo

What is the genus name for orangutans?

Their social structure is pair-bonded

What is the gibbon and siamang social structure?

Their diet is folivorous

What is the gorilla diet?

Their social structure is one-male multi-female with polygynous mating system

What is the gorilla social structure and mating system?

Gigantopithecus

What is the largest primate to have ever lived?

They are frugivorous

What is the orangutan diet?

Their mating system is polygynous

What is the orangutan mating system?

Their social structure is Noyau

What is the orangutan social structure?

The primary threat they face is deforestation as their habitats are getting smaller and smaller

What is the primary threat orangutans face in the wild?

The tarsier activity pattern is nocturnal

What is the tarsier activity pattern?

They are critically endangered

What is the threat status of orangutans?

They are the only folivorous new world monkey

What is unique about a howler monkey's diet for New World Monkeys?

They are the only primate that hibernates

What is unique about dwarf lemurs?

Their diet is unique because they feed on blades of grass and have a very high foraging time

What is unique about gelada baboon diet?

Gibbons are suspensory and they have very long fingers and curved bones adapted to living in trees. They are also very quick

What is unique about gibbon locomotion and how are they adapted to this mode of travel?

They are the loudest living land mammal

What is unique about howler monkeys compared to other primates?

They are the only nocturnal new world monkey

What is unique about owl monkeys?

Their birth interval is 9 years, so that also makes it difficult for the population to increase

What is unusual about orangutan birth interval?

The leaf eating monkey infants usually have a very bright/vibrant coat and then grow out of it as they get older

What is unusual about the leaf eating monkey infant/neonatal coat pattern?

Their heads resemble modern apes, yet their bodies are closer related to modern monkeys and moved more as arboreal quadrupeds, not suspensory

What is unusual about the locomotion of some of these extinct apes compared to modern apes?

their diet is unusual in the sense that they are exclusively faunivorous (carnivorous)

What is unusual about the tarsier diet?

Broad nose, broad palate, larger brain, simple molars, short trunk, no tail, long arms

What shared derived features unite the living apes?

Catarrhines have downward facing nostrils, 2-1-2-3 dental formula, ear tube, and ischial callosities (butt pads)

What shared derived traits distinguish catarrhines from other primates?

Ischial callosities (butt pads) and bilophodont molars

What shared derived traits distinguish this family (old world monkeys) from other primates?

They have a shortened finger for a pinscher like grip on the branches

What special adaptations do lorises have for their locomotion?

Rhinarium, retention and 2+ pairs of mammary glands (in some), prominent vibrissae, vomeronasal organ, dichromatic vision, grooming claw, dental comb, well developed sublingua

What traits do strepsirrhines share?

Their diet is granivorous

What type of diet does the white faced saki have?

They all exhibit vertical clinging and leaping

What type of locomotion do all members of this family (Propithecus) exhibit?

Sexual dimorphism and intersexual selection

What type of selection has shaped this feature (be as specific as possible)?

Intersexual selection (female choice) - sexual dimorphism

What type of selection has shaped this unique mandrill feature? (be as specific as possible)?

They have very large social groups (multi-level society)

What type of social system do gelada baboons display?

Paleocene (65 - 56.5 Ma)

When did plesiadapiforms exist?

First appear in the fossil record around the early Miocene, however modern families occur by the mid Miocene

When do old world monkeys first appear in the fossil record?

Mid-late Miocene fossils resemble modern forms

When do platyrrhines first appear in the fossil record?

Paleocene (65 - 56.5 Ma)

When do the first true primates on the fossil record appear?

Chimpanzees and bonobos are found in Africa

Where are chimpanzees and bonobos found?

They are found in Africa

Where are colobus monkeys found?

Africa

Where are galagos found?

They are found in Southeast Asia

Where are gibbons and siamangs found?

Gorillas are found in Africa

Where are gorillas found?

Madagascar

Where are lemurs found?

They are found in Africa (Pottos) and Asia (Lorises)

Where are lorises and pottos found?

They are found in the highlands of Ethiopia

Where are modern gelada baboons found?

Old world monkeys are found in Africa and Asia

Where are old world monkeys found?

They are found on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra

Where are orangutans found?

Southeast Asia

Where are tarsiers found?

Primitive: rhinarium, retention and 2+ pairs of mammary glands (in some), prominent vibrissae, vomeronasal organ, dichromatic vision, grooming claw. Derived: dental comb, well developed sublingua

Which of the strepsirrhine traits are shared derived traits as opposed to primitive mammalian traits?

The reason being that there aren't enough resources in their habitats to sustain large groups of orangutans

Why do orangutans display this type of social structure?

It has such high levels of biodiversity because there was low levels of predation which caused the lemurs to spread out and speciate without any danger

Why does Madagascar have such high levels of biodiversity?

Tarsiers share a number of characteristics with strepsirrhines and haplorhines

Why has it been problematic to place tarsiers in the primate phylogenetic tree?

The Miocene is considered the Age of Apes because of the diversity in all aspects: physical features, locomotion, diet, tail or lack of, etc.

Why is the Miocene known as the "Age of Apes"?