Anthropology final

When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?

1800s

Breastfeeding was universal in the United States until baby formula was developed when?

1950s

Approximately how many children were born during the "baby boom"?

77 million

Paul Farmer's work was originally focused on what disease?

AIDS

The major goal of 'development' is

All of the above

Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned

American Sign Language

Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?

Bronislaw Malinowski

What is the instuctor's name?

Dr. Kristen Ogilvie

All humans are born with some culture.

False

Although Rambo was a popular American film, it has appealed to audiences in remote corners of the world, including small villages in New Guinea, whose residents unexpectedly give the same meaning to all the characters as American audiences do

False

Anthropologists care about how objects are created but not really how they are destroyed.

False

Anthropologists use just three methods: interviews, field notes and participant observation.

False

Countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak.

False

The final exam can be submitted up to 48 hours late for reduced credit.

False

The topic of Family, Kinship, & Marriage is covered in Chapter 9 of the textbook.

False

The use of money is a human universal.

False

There is a biological connection between the trait of skin tone and other racial traits, such as certain facial features and bodily shapes.

False

To study culture one must travel to distant, far-off places.

False

When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.

False

The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named

Franz Boas

Paul Farmer did much of his ethnographic and applied work in which country?

Haiti

How can students earn 10 extra credit points?

If 80% or more of the students enrolled complete the IDEA online course evaluation survey, the professor will award the entire class 10 extra credit points.

Which of the following groups were historically considered nonwhite racial groups in the United States?

Jews, Italians, and Finns

Where will emails for this class be delivered?

Only to my UAA email account

_____________ refers to the structure of speech sounds

Phonology

The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is

Renato Rosaldo

A critical reason for taking field notes is that there may be a long lag time between fieldwork and writing and publishing about it.

True

Culture is uniquely human.

True

In many societies, some people live their lives as neither male nor female.

True

Medical anthropologist Katherine Dettwyler found that in Mali schistosomiasis, a condition caused by a liver parasite, caused the release of blood into the urine. Malian men understood this condition as which of the following?

a marker of the transition into puberty

A structural functionalist would be most likely to analyze violence as

a means of creating and maintaining social order

Talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of

a metaphor

A common element among fundamentalists is

a pervasive sense of belonging to their group

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as

a pidgin language

Hijras interest anthropologists mainly because they are

a reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female

Fijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of

a savage and bloodthirsty society

'Foodways' describes a perspective that approaches food as

all of the above

A century ago studies of objects were largely studies of material culture and the technology available to people living in small-scale societies with simple technologies. The modern anthropological approach to objects has done which of the following?

all of the above

A misconception about hormones in society is that

all of the above

Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?

all of the above

Which of the following is a feature of language?

all of the above

Which of the following is a political act?

all of the above

Which of the following is a theoretical approach to how economies create value used in society?

all of the above

In many societies people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why?

because of a preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law

A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are

being subjected to alien cultural influences

An approach that emphasizes that humans are made up of complex biological, cultural, and psychological processes is

biocultural

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

biological anthropology

Clans come in three types: matrilineal, patrilineal, and

cognatic

A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a

cognatic clan

All societies differentiate between male and female, but one way Americans are unique in how we do it is that we link gender to

colors

When objects begin to take on mystical powers and engender obsessive desire and worship it is called

commodity fetishism

Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?

comparative

Multi-sited ethnography is an example of which method?

comparative method

Most families function as groups of real people who work together toward common ends. Such family groups are referred to as

corporate group

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called

cultural anthropology

A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is

environmental justice

What social distinction classifies people according to descent?

ethnicity

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is

ethnocentrism

Some groups of words, such as the names of colors, are used by people to classify things in the world, the study of which is called

ethnoscience

Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?

foraging

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called

functionalism

Which term refers to expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms which dominate in most societies?

gender variance

Anthropologists commonly refer to the ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize males, females, and those who do not fit either category as

gender/sex systems

What do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives?

genealogical amnesia

Which word is most closely linked to the Marxist perspective

inequality

Cultural differences are often caused by

interconnections between societies

Individuals who diverge from the male-female norm and exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between, including both male and female, are called

intersex

Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?

intersubjective

Which of the following is not true of economic anthropology?

it assumes that free market capitalism will take over the world

Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?

it explains why conflict is growing in the world

Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because

it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings

For a society to have a separate occupational category of artist, it needs to have which of the following characteristics?

it must have a considerable degree of social stratification and lots of different kinds of occupational categories

The main reason you should not outright purchase your college degree is because

it violates the moral purity and goodness we associate with education

Which of the following would be least likely as an explanation given by a cultural anthropologist for the existence of food insecurity among the poor?

it's related to the ignorance of the poor to effectively feed themselves

Culture is

learned and shared

The exercise of political power requires

legitimacy

Which method is important for understanding past social institutions and how they change?

life histories

The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of bride price is an example of the use of

limited purpose money

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called

linguistic anthropology

'Going native' refers to a process whereby the anthropologist

loses the ability to be an engaged observer

A voodoo doll is a good illustration of

magic that follows the law of similarity

The biocultural logic of local foodways is related to each of the following observations except

many groups of people will willingly change their foodways when something better, such as industrial agriculture, comes along

What is the family formed by a married couple and their children called?

nuclear family

Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in

obligation

An anthropologist who studies how societies control sexuality would likely be most interested in the following situations

obstacles in access to birth control

All biological approaches to race are problematic because

one trait tends to be representative of other characteristics like intelligence and personal character.

What relationship between nature and human does Western thought emphasize?

oppositional

When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on

parole

A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is

prejudice.

A stoplight that is green communicates that you should go. The green is a visual example of which of the following?

sign

A key feature of religious beliefs and behavior is that they are rooted in

social behavior and social action

In Latin America, blackness and whiteness are based on

social behaviors.

The natural order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by

social institutions.

Which of the following is an example of American totemism

sports team mascots

Power that transcends individuals, operating in settings and orchestrating settings in which social and individual actions take place, is

structural power

Which theory was used to explain how stateless societies maintained social order and equilibrium?

structural-functionalism

Which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally?

surnames

Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society; this is often referred to as

the interpretive approach

Just before World War II anthropologists Alfred Kroeber and Jane Richardson published one of the earliest analyses of a modern commodity, focusing in particular on women's skirts. If you were going to build on their study by examining basketball shorts and jerseys, which of the following would you collect data about?

the length of basketball shorts from one period to another

An anthropologist who studies the cultural landscape of Zapotec farmers of southern Mexico would be primarily interested in

the meanings and images they have of nature that shape their farming practices

Matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?

the mother

In a kinship system with matrilineal descent, who does a man inherit his rights to land and clan wealth from?

the mother's brother

The social processes that make race part of the natural order of things by producing theories, schemes, and typologies about human differences is

the naturalization of race

A good illustration of the naturalization of race is

the processes involved in approving BiDil for use among African Americans.

The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture

through systematic connections of different parts

French existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir argued in her book The Second Sex that

throughout history women have been treated as inferior

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists

to expand state power

If I fail to complete 60% of the weekly assignments and/or the final exam, the professor will record a No Basis (NB) grade for me for the course.

true

Because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the United States.

False

Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences.

False

Economists and economic anthropologists are not that different in the way they study how people get the things they need to survive.

False

For anthropologists, power is largely located in the hands of state institutions and political offices.

False

People living in noncentralized political systems have generally welcomed their integration into centralized political systems because it provides greater security and prosperity for them.

False

Shamans usually act simultaneously as political leaders and healers in their communities.

False

Students are encouraged to collaborate on quizzes and the final exam.

False

Studies have shown that marriage is mostly about sex.

False

Anthropologists of the 1880s are referred to as 'armchair anthropologists' because they never traveled abroad and they gathered data from other people's reports.

True

Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic.

True

Diabetics often have better control of their blood sugar when they are with supportive family members but poorer control when feeling isolated.

True

Diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference."

True

In nearly all societies with any degree of social stratification, more men are in leadership roles than women, not only in political roles but also in economic and social roles involving trade, exchange, kinship relations, ritual participation, and dispute resolution.

True

In some societies witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control.

True

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam became state religions, whose religious message and ritual supported the government of the state

True

One of the key functions of family is controlling and managing its members' wealth.

True

Patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans.

True

Stigmatized groups in society, whether responsible or not, are often blamed for health problems in many cultures.

True

The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies.

True

The stereotype that Tahitian women were sexually promiscuous emerged almost overnight after the arrival of Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767, when Tahitians recognized that the British had steel that the crew would exchange for sexual favors

True

To follow political action one must be familiar with society's rules and codes about who gets to exercise power and under what conditions

True

Weddings and marriages are usually less about the couple than about relationships with the couple's social network, including friends and family.

True

The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision is

adjudication

A good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a "disease"?

alcoholism

A multi-sited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork

all of the above

A synonym for hybridization is

all of the above

According to anthropologists, economies are shaped by which factors?

all of the above

According to some, a critical limitation of "second-wave" feminism is that it

all of the above

An anthropologist might consider doing 'anthropology at a distance' because

all of the above

An explanation given for medicalizing the nonmedical is

all of the above

Anthropologists now understand that magic

all of the above

Anthropologists today recognize that artists can

all of the above

Before alcoholism was seen as a disease it was understood as a

all of the above

Consumer capitalism contributes to increasing ecological footprints in industrialized nations because

all of the above

Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because

all of the above

Economic anthropologists study

all of the above

If you wanted to understand how state rituals reinforce support for the nation and its government, what method would you use to study why ISIS (the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria) releases videotapes of its executions and other atrocities as a marketing tool?

all of the above

Interpretive analysis is applicable and an appropriate analytical strategy for which of the following activities that are not strictly speaking religious?

all of the above

Magical techniques may involve

all of the above

Which of the following is not one of the ways that objects change over time

an object always becomes less valuable and less significant as it ages and deteriorates over long periods of time

Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?

anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

Sherry Ortner, a feminist anthropologist, observed that the roots of female subordination lay in the distinction all societies make between

nature and culture

Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction?

neoclassical economics

Indiana University biologist Dr. Alfred Kinsey conducted a series of sexuality studies during the 1940s and found that

sexuality exists on a continuum

A good example of disguised discrimination is when

shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores.

The importance of structural functionalism is that it

showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government

From an anthropological perspective, sex-assignment surgery is valuable because it

shows that "sex" is constructed upon cultural assumptions

People rarely hold conflicting values.

False

Although language is one of the most rule-bound aspects of human culture, it is also one of the least conscious.

True

A surrogate mother is

a woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb

A central technique involved in an informal, open-ended interview is to

allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview

Health and illness

have much variation throughout different cultures and societies

Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?

history

A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is

hypothesis

The key scenario differs from other kinds of symbols because it

implies how people should act

The earliest engagement anthropologists had with material culture happened where?

in museums where objects from around the world were originally seen as evidence of how primitive or civilized different societies were

The one drop rule enlarged the slave population by

including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population.

Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as

prestige economies

Which government agency's activities might you focus on if you wanted to understand structural power?

the census office

An action theorist studying political power in the US Senate would be especially interested in

the normative rules of conduct that senators are supposed to follow

When descent is based in a single line it is referred to as

unilineal descent

Art historians and anthropologists have traditionally shared very little in their approaches to understanding cultural objects.

False

A key idea in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."

True

A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.

True

Anthropologists agree that, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality.

True

Anthropologists have found that people imprint themselves and their pasts onto objects.

True

As children get older, cultural influences on behavior become much stronger; and as a result, it becomes difficult, if not impossible, to isolate biological influences on what it means to be male or female.

True

Genetically speaking, humans are a remarkably homogeneous species: there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them.

True

Gift exchanges are important because people everywhere invest symbolic meaning in the things they give, receive, and consume.

True

In every society there is a gap between that society's ideal family and the real families that exist

True

The neo-evolutionary typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city council in your hometown as

a bureaucrat in a centralized state

Approximately how many hours a week should you expect to spend on this online course?

about 9

Which of the following theories is most concerned with understanding how people maintain political power in their daily activities and decision-making processes?

action theory

Development anthropologists often think of themselves as

advocates of poor and marginalized people

During fieldwork cultural anthropologists

all of the above

Eating practices mark

all of the above

Ethnocentrism

all of the above

Examples of social institutions are

all of the above

In which of the following locations might you find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?

all of the above

Increasingly, professional anthropologists are

all of the above

Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study

all of the above

One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is

all of the above

Researchers have found that fundamentalists

all of the above

Seeking out and possessing consumer goods is a way that people

all of the above

Sexual dimorphism refers to

all of the above

The difference between a survey and a structured interview is

all of the above

The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because

all of the above

Totems help create social cohesiveness by

all of the above

What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?

all of the above

Which of the following features are characteristic of language?

all of the above

Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?

all of the above

Why do fundamentalists often use the language of "returning" to "traditional values" in their ideologies and rituals?

all of the above

World systems theory helped anthropologists

all of the above

In which of the following ways would the sick role of people in an African country be expected to differ from the American sick role?

although all societies will have some form of sick role, it is impossible to know what form the local sick role takes without interviewing and observing local people when they are sick

When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called

appropriation

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called

archaeology

Since the 1930s, anthropologists have distinguished between

biological sex and gender

Anthropologists emphasize that in order to understand gender/sex inequalities one must study

both men and women

Cultural anthropologists do research by

building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

What is the last day to drop the class without receiving a "W" on your record?

by 5 pm on January 25

Which of the following is not listed as an act of academic dishonesty in the Student Code of Conduct #1?

calling the IT Call Center for Blackboard technical support in the middle of the exam

Animal call systems

can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli

When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?

clinical therapeutic process

Which perspective incorporates symbols and morals into the understanding of a society's economy?

cultural economics

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

enculturation

Which of the following is not a way that race affects biology?

genetic predisposition for obesity

One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that

global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves

A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists

have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called

holistic

A visual anthropology perspective is applicable to all of the following except

how people need to work in order to buy things

For anthropologists, political power refers to

how power is used to attain goals for the good of the community

The defining feature of historical particularism is

individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change

Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication

mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world

"Owning" culture

means controlling symbols that give meaning

What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?

medical anthropology

________________ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions

migrants

How words fit together to make meaningful units is called

morphology

The study of how words are formed into meaningful units, such as grammatical categories like tense and word order, is called

morphology

Religious ideas are typically associated with beliefs about the supernatural, but what argument can be used to explain the beliefs and worldviews of physicists or geneticists, who may consider themselves nonbelievers?

most religions are really no more than a particular worldview

When language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure?

parole

Which of the following analyses of Christmas shopping would be least likely to come from a follower of cultural economics?

people always make decisions about what to buy on the basis of getting the lowest price

From an anthropological point of view, people take the price tag off of gifts and wrap birthday presents because

people are ambivalent about expressing their connections with others using impersonal goods

The structuralist approach to culture theorizes that

people make sense of the world through binary oppositions

For a Big Man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?

persuasion

Analyses that focus on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach?

political ecology

When a woman marries more than one man she is practicing

polyandry

The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent

post-structuralism

Ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except

protecting informants' blood samples and other biological information

The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called

racialization.

What is an important factor in making race real?

racism

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that they explain

the apparent decline of cultural diversity

Early anthropologists such as Edward B. Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan felt that biological explanations of the simple toolkits and technologies of indigenous peoples in Africa, Australia, or the Americas emphasized

the bodies and minds of "primitive" people were not as developed as people from European stock

The anthropological study of masculinity focuses on all of the following except

the common belief in many societies that men are uncultured and uncivilized

The concept of 'fortress conservation' would be applicable to all of the following situations except

the construction of ecotourist facilities to protect visitors from wandering lions in the Tanzanian savannas

Which of the following is an ethnocentric reaction to African art

the craftsmanship is poor because Africans have no artistic skill

The idea that things have social lives refers to which of the following?

the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives

Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?

the idea that maize has a soul

The exercise of political power in state and nonstate societies is different in all of the following respects except

the importance of personal connections

A biocultural perspective on gender variance would emphasize all of the following except

the power sex-specific hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, have to influence whether a person is male or female

Why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences?

the specific cultural content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different

In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on

the unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans, and officials from different countries

A rise in fundamentalism is often seen when

there are many changes in society

One of the main reasons agricultural intensification interests anthropologists is that

there are many strategies for achieving it

When anthropologist Robert Welsch had a very high fever from malaria in Papua New Guinea, why did the Ningerum villagers want to take him to the health center many miles away?

they did not want to be suspected of bewitching him with sorcery

Women who practice polyandry tend to marry

two or more brothers

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to

understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community

A word that best describes participant observation is

unstructured

Languages change very slowly, taking generations or even centuries.

False

Most anthropologists see the consumption of an object or commodity as an antisocial act.

False

People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.

False

Beliefs get most of their power from being socially enacted repeatedly through rituals and other religious behaviors.

True

Nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world.

True

The professor's email address is [email protected].

True

A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called

a creole

What is an "explanatory model" of a disease like cancer?

a general explanation held by individual patients and their families that accounts for the patient's symptoms, the causes of these symptoms, and how to best treat the cancer

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

Which of the following research projects would an ethnobiologist be most likely to join?

a study of the ways an indigenous society classifies plant life

A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is

a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15

The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example what kind of society?

acephalous

To illustrate the dimensions that all objects possess, the textbook discusses a 'shiny new bicycle.' Why is this example useful to illustrate dimensionality?

actually, any object would do just as well, but most Americans are familiar with bicycles

A symbol

all of the above

Fieldwork involves

all of the above

Foodways are dynamic because

all of the above

Illness is an experience that is

all of the above

Intensification, a process that increases yields, includes

all of the above

Soldiers returning from war often have which of the following symptoms

anxiety disorders

A key difference between caste and social class is

caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms.

Why were American birth rates low from 1942 to 1946?

most young married men were serving in the military

Which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised?

natal family

The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent reallocation of those goods among members of a society is called

redistribution

Censuses interest anthropologists because they

reveal the government's role in classifying and categorizing people.

What is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of persons' transition from one social state to another?

rite of passage

Stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are called

rituals

Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races?

scientists

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by

seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

Arthur Kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in Taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different

ways of explaining what is happening to the sick persons