Anthropology final
When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?
1800s
Breastfeeding was universal in the United States until baby formula was developed when?
1950s
Approximately how many children were born during the "baby boom"?
77 million
Paul Farmer's work was originally focused on what disease?
AIDS
The major goal of 'development' is
All of the above
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American Sign Language
Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?
Bronislaw Malinowski
What is the instuctor's name?
Dr. Kristen Ogilvie
All humans are born with some culture.
False
Although Rambo was a popular American film, it has appealed to audiences in remote corners of the world, including small villages in New Guinea, whose residents unexpectedly give the same meaning to all the characters as American audiences do
False
Anthropologists care about how objects are created but not really how they are destroyed.
False
Anthropologists use just three methods: interviews, field notes and participant observation.
False
Countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak.
False
The final exam can be submitted up to 48 hours late for reduced credit.
False
The topic of Family, Kinship, & Marriage is covered in Chapter 9 of the textbook.
False
The use of money is a human universal.
False
There is a biological connection between the trait of skin tone and other racial traits, such as certain facial features and bodily shapes.
False
To study culture one must travel to distant, far-off places.
False
When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.
False
The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named
Franz Boas
Paul Farmer did much of his ethnographic and applied work in which country?
Haiti
How can students earn 10 extra credit points?
If 80% or more of the students enrolled complete the IDEA online course evaluation survey, the professor will award the entire class 10 extra credit points.
Which of the following groups were historically considered nonwhite racial groups in the United States?
Jews, Italians, and Finns
Where will emails for this class be delivered?
Only to my UAA email account
_____________ refers to the structure of speech sounds
Phonology
The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is
Renato Rosaldo
A critical reason for taking field notes is that there may be a long lag time between fieldwork and writing and publishing about it.
True
Culture is uniquely human.
True
In many societies, some people live their lives as neither male nor female.
True
Medical anthropologist Katherine Dettwyler found that in Mali schistosomiasis, a condition caused by a liver parasite, caused the release of blood into the urine. Malian men understood this condition as which of the following?
a marker of the transition into puberty
A structural functionalist would be most likely to analyze violence as
a means of creating and maintaining social order
Talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of
a metaphor
A common element among fundamentalists is
a pervasive sense of belonging to their group
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
a pidgin language
Hijras interest anthropologists mainly because they are
a reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female
Fijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of
a savage and bloodthirsty society
'Foodways' describes a perspective that approaches food as
all of the above
A century ago studies of objects were largely studies of material culture and the technology available to people living in small-scale societies with simple technologies. The modern anthropological approach to objects has done which of the following?
all of the above
A misconception about hormones in society is that
all of the above
Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?
all of the above
Which of the following is a feature of language?
all of the above
Which of the following is a political act?
all of the above
Which of the following is a theoretical approach to how economies create value used in society?
all of the above
In many societies people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why?
because of a preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law
A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are
being subjected to alien cultural influences
An approach that emphasizes that humans are made up of complex biological, cultural, and psychological processes is
biocultural
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
biological anthropology
Clans come in three types: matrilineal, patrilineal, and
cognatic
A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a
cognatic clan
All societies differentiate between male and female, but one way Americans are unique in how we do it is that we link gender to
colors
When objects begin to take on mystical powers and engender obsessive desire and worship it is called
commodity fetishism
Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?
comparative
Multi-sited ethnography is an example of which method?
comparative method
Most families function as groups of real people who work together toward common ends. Such family groups are referred to as
corporate group
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called
cultural anthropology
A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is
environmental justice
What social distinction classifies people according to descent?
ethnicity
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is
ethnocentrism
Some groups of words, such as the names of colors, are used by people to classify things in the world, the study of which is called
ethnoscience
Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?
foraging
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called
functionalism
Which term refers to expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms which dominate in most societies?
gender variance
Anthropologists commonly refer to the ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize males, females, and those who do not fit either category as
gender/sex systems
What do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives?
genealogical amnesia
Which word is most closely linked to the Marxist perspective
inequality
Cultural differences are often caused by
interconnections between societies
Individuals who diverge from the male-female norm and exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between, including both male and female, are called
intersex
Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?
intersubjective
Which of the following is not true of economic anthropology?
it assumes that free market capitalism will take over the world
Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?
it explains why conflict is growing in the world
Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because
it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings
For a society to have a separate occupational category of artist, it needs to have which of the following characteristics?
it must have a considerable degree of social stratification and lots of different kinds of occupational categories
The main reason you should not outright purchase your college degree is because
it violates the moral purity and goodness we associate with education
Which of the following would be least likely as an explanation given by a cultural anthropologist for the existence of food insecurity among the poor?
it's related to the ignorance of the poor to effectively feed themselves
Culture is
learned and shared
The exercise of political power requires
legitimacy
Which method is important for understanding past social institutions and how they change?
life histories
The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of bride price is an example of the use of
limited purpose money
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
linguistic anthropology
'Going native' refers to a process whereby the anthropologist
loses the ability to be an engaged observer
A voodoo doll is a good illustration of
magic that follows the law of similarity
The biocultural logic of local foodways is related to each of the following observations except
many groups of people will willingly change their foodways when something better, such as industrial agriculture, comes along
What is the family formed by a married couple and their children called?
nuclear family
Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in
obligation
An anthropologist who studies how societies control sexuality would likely be most interested in the following situations
obstacles in access to birth control
All biological approaches to race are problematic because
one trait tends to be representative of other characteristics like intelligence and personal character.
What relationship between nature and human does Western thought emphasize?
oppositional
When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on
parole
A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is
prejudice.
A stoplight that is green communicates that you should go. The green is a visual example of which of the following?
sign
A key feature of religious beliefs and behavior is that they are rooted in
social behavior and social action
In Latin America, blackness and whiteness are based on
social behaviors.
The natural order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by
social institutions.
Which of the following is an example of American totemism
sports team mascots
Power that transcends individuals, operating in settings and orchestrating settings in which social and individual actions take place, is
structural power
Which theory was used to explain how stateless societies maintained social order and equilibrium?
structural-functionalism
Which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally?
surnames
Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society; this is often referred to as
the interpretive approach
Just before World War II anthropologists Alfred Kroeber and Jane Richardson published one of the earliest analyses of a modern commodity, focusing in particular on women's skirts. If you were going to build on their study by examining basketball shorts and jerseys, which of the following would you collect data about?
the length of basketball shorts from one period to another
An anthropologist who studies the cultural landscape of Zapotec farmers of southern Mexico would be primarily interested in
the meanings and images they have of nature that shape their farming practices
Matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?
the mother
In a kinship system with matrilineal descent, who does a man inherit his rights to land and clan wealth from?
the mother's brother
The social processes that make race part of the natural order of things by producing theories, schemes, and typologies about human differences is
the naturalization of race
A good illustration of the naturalization of race is
the processes involved in approving BiDil for use among African Americans.
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
through systematic connections of different parts
French existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir argued in her book The Second Sex that
throughout history women have been treated as inferior
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists
to expand state power
If I fail to complete 60% of the weekly assignments and/or the final exam, the professor will record a No Basis (NB) grade for me for the course.
true
Because of the widespread use of mass media today, sociolinguists have found increasing homogeneity in the use of language in the United States.
False
Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences.
False
Economists and economic anthropologists are not that different in the way they study how people get the things they need to survive.
False
For anthropologists, power is largely located in the hands of state institutions and political offices.
False
People living in noncentralized political systems have generally welcomed their integration into centralized political systems because it provides greater security and prosperity for them.
False
Shamans usually act simultaneously as political leaders and healers in their communities.
False
Students are encouraged to collaborate on quizzes and the final exam.
False
Studies have shown that marriage is mostly about sex.
False
Anthropologists of the 1880s are referred to as 'armchair anthropologists' because they never traveled abroad and they gathered data from other people's reports.
True
Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic.
True
Diabetics often have better control of their blood sugar when they are with supportive family members but poorer control when feeling isolated.
True
Diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference."
True
In nearly all societies with any degree of social stratification, more men are in leadership roles than women, not only in political roles but also in economic and social roles involving trade, exchange, kinship relations, ritual participation, and dispute resolution.
True
In some societies witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control.
True
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam became state religions, whose religious message and ritual supported the government of the state
True
One of the key functions of family is controlling and managing its members' wealth.
True
Patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans.
True
Stigmatized groups in society, whether responsible or not, are often blamed for health problems in many cultures.
True
The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies.
True
The stereotype that Tahitian women were sexually promiscuous emerged almost overnight after the arrival of Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767, when Tahitians recognized that the British had steel that the crew would exchange for sexual favors
True
To follow political action one must be familiar with society's rules and codes about who gets to exercise power and under what conditions
True
Weddings and marriages are usually less about the couple than about relationships with the couple's social network, including friends and family.
True
The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision is
adjudication
A good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a "disease"?
alcoholism
A multi-sited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork
all of the above
A synonym for hybridization is
all of the above
According to anthropologists, economies are shaped by which factors?
all of the above
According to some, a critical limitation of "second-wave" feminism is that it
all of the above
An anthropologist might consider doing 'anthropology at a distance' because
all of the above
An explanation given for medicalizing the nonmedical is
all of the above
Anthropologists now understand that magic
all of the above
Anthropologists today recognize that artists can
all of the above
Before alcoholism was seen as a disease it was understood as a
all of the above
Consumer capitalism contributes to increasing ecological footprints in industrialized nations because
all of the above
Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because
all of the above
Economic anthropologists study
all of the above
If you wanted to understand how state rituals reinforce support for the nation and its government, what method would you use to study why ISIS (the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria) releases videotapes of its executions and other atrocities as a marketing tool?
all of the above
Interpretive analysis is applicable and an appropriate analytical strategy for which of the following activities that are not strictly speaking religious?
all of the above
Magical techniques may involve
all of the above
Which of the following is not one of the ways that objects change over time
an object always becomes less valuable and less significant as it ages and deteriorates over long periods of time
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out
Sherry Ortner, a feminist anthropologist, observed that the roots of female subordination lay in the distinction all societies make between
nature and culture
Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction?
neoclassical economics
Indiana University biologist Dr. Alfred Kinsey conducted a series of sexuality studies during the 1940s and found that
sexuality exists on a continuum
A good example of disguised discrimination is when
shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores.
The importance of structural functionalism is that it
showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government
From an anthropological perspective, sex-assignment surgery is valuable because it
shows that "sex" is constructed upon cultural assumptions
People rarely hold conflicting values.
False
Although language is one of the most rule-bound aspects of human culture, it is also one of the least conscious.
True
A surrogate mother is
a woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb
A central technique involved in an informal, open-ended interview is to
allow questions to emerge in the course of the interview
Health and illness
have much variation throughout different cultures and societies
Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?
history
A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is
hypothesis
The key scenario differs from other kinds of symbols because it
implies how people should act
The earliest engagement anthropologists had with material culture happened where?
in museums where objects from around the world were originally seen as evidence of how primitive or civilized different societies were
The one drop rule enlarged the slave population by
including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population.
Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as
prestige economies
Which government agency's activities might you focus on if you wanted to understand structural power?
the census office
An action theorist studying political power in the US Senate would be especially interested in
the normative rules of conduct that senators are supposed to follow
When descent is based in a single line it is referred to as
unilineal descent
Art historians and anthropologists have traditionally shared very little in their approaches to understanding cultural objects.
False
A key idea in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."
True
A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.
True
Anthropologists agree that, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality.
True
Anthropologists have found that people imprint themselves and their pasts onto objects.
True
As children get older, cultural influences on behavior become much stronger; and as a result, it becomes difficult, if not impossible, to isolate biological influences on what it means to be male or female.
True
Genetically speaking, humans are a remarkably homogeneous species: there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them.
True
Gift exchanges are important because people everywhere invest symbolic meaning in the things they give, receive, and consume.
True
In every society there is a gap between that society's ideal family and the real families that exist
True
The neo-evolutionary typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city council in your hometown as
a bureaucrat in a centralized state
Approximately how many hours a week should you expect to spend on this online course?
about 9
Which of the following theories is most concerned with understanding how people maintain political power in their daily activities and decision-making processes?
action theory
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as
advocates of poor and marginalized people
During fieldwork cultural anthropologists
all of the above
Eating practices mark
all of the above
Ethnocentrism
all of the above
Examples of social institutions are
all of the above
In which of the following locations might you find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?
all of the above
Increasingly, professional anthropologists are
all of the above
Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study
all of the above
One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is
all of the above
Researchers have found that fundamentalists
all of the above
Seeking out and possessing consumer goods is a way that people
all of the above
Sexual dimorphism refers to
all of the above
The difference between a survey and a structured interview is
all of the above
The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because
all of the above
Totems help create social cohesiveness by
all of the above
What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?
all of the above
Which of the following features are characteristic of language?
all of the above
Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?
all of the above
Why do fundamentalists often use the language of "returning" to "traditional values" in their ideologies and rituals?
all of the above
World systems theory helped anthropologists
all of the above
In which of the following ways would the sick role of people in an African country be expected to differ from the American sick role?
although all societies will have some form of sick role, it is impossible to know what form the local sick role takes without interviewing and observing local people when they are sick
When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called
appropriation
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called
archaeology
Since the 1930s, anthropologists have distinguished between
biological sex and gender
Anthropologists emphasize that in order to understand gender/sex inequalities one must study
both men and women
Cultural anthropologists do research by
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time
What is the last day to drop the class without receiving a "W" on your record?
by 5 pm on January 25
Which of the following is not listed as an act of academic dishonesty in the Student Code of Conduct #1?
calling the IT Call Center for Blackboard technical support in the middle of the exam
Animal call systems
can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli
When a doctor observes a patient's symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patient's body to cure the problem, the doctor is adopting which kind of treatment process?
clinical therapeutic process
Which perspective incorporates symbols and morals into the understanding of a society's economy?
cultural economics
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
enculturation
Which of the following is not a way that race affects biology?
genetic predisposition for obesity
One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that
global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves
A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists
have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape
The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called
holistic
A visual anthropology perspective is applicable to all of the following except
how people need to work in order to buy things
For anthropologists, political power refers to
how power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
The defining feature of historical particularism is
individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change
Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication
mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world
"Owning" culture
means controlling symbols that give meaning
What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?
medical anthropology
________________ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions
migrants
How words fit together to make meaningful units is called
morphology
The study of how words are formed into meaningful units, such as grammatical categories like tense and word order, is called
morphology
Religious ideas are typically associated with beliefs about the supernatural, but what argument can be used to explain the beliefs and worldviews of physicists or geneticists, who may consider themselves nonbelievers?
most religions are really no more than a particular worldview
When language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure?
parole
Which of the following analyses of Christmas shopping would be least likely to come from a follower of cultural economics?
people always make decisions about what to buy on the basis of getting the lowest price
From an anthropological point of view, people take the price tag off of gifts and wrap birthday presents because
people are ambivalent about expressing their connections with others using impersonal goods
The structuralist approach to culture theorizes that
people make sense of the world through binary oppositions
For a Big Man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?
persuasion
Analyses that focus on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach?
political ecology
When a woman marries more than one man she is practicing
polyandry
The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent
post-structuralism
Ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except
protecting informants' blood samples and other biological information
The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called
racialization.
What is an important factor in making race real?
racism
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that they explain
the apparent decline of cultural diversity
Early anthropologists such as Edward B. Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan felt that biological explanations of the simple toolkits and technologies of indigenous peoples in Africa, Australia, or the Americas emphasized
the bodies and minds of "primitive" people were not as developed as people from European stock
The anthropological study of masculinity focuses on all of the following except
the common belief in many societies that men are uncultured and uncivilized
The concept of 'fortress conservation' would be applicable to all of the following situations except
the construction of ecotourist facilities to protect visitors from wandering lions in the Tanzanian savannas
Which of the following is an ethnocentric reaction to African art
the craftsmanship is poor because Africans have no artistic skill
The idea that things have social lives refers to which of the following?
the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives
Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?
the idea that maize has a soul
The exercise of political power in state and nonstate societies is different in all of the following respects except
the importance of personal connections
A biocultural perspective on gender variance would emphasize all of the following except
the power sex-specific hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, have to influence whether a person is male or female
Why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences?
the specific cultural content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different
In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on
the unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans, and officials from different countries
A rise in fundamentalism is often seen when
there are many changes in society
One of the main reasons agricultural intensification interests anthropologists is that
there are many strategies for achieving it
When anthropologist Robert Welsch had a very high fever from malaria in Papua New Guinea, why did the Ningerum villagers want to take him to the health center many miles away?
they did not want to be suspected of bewitching him with sorcery
Women who practice polyandry tend to marry
two or more brothers
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to
understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community
A word that best describes participant observation is
unstructured
Languages change very slowly, taking generations or even centuries.
False
Most anthropologists see the consumption of an object or commodity as an antisocial act.
False
People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.
False
Beliefs get most of their power from being socially enacted repeatedly through rituals and other religious behaviors.
True
Nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world.
True
The professor's email address is [email protected].
True
A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called
a creole
What is an "explanatory model" of a disease like cancer?
a general explanation held by individual patients and their families that accounts for the patient's symptoms, the causes of these symptoms, and how to best treat the cancer
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is
a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience
Which of the following research projects would an ethnobiologist be most likely to join?
a study of the ways an indigenous society classifies plant life
A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is
a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15
The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example what kind of society?
acephalous
To illustrate the dimensions that all objects possess, the textbook discusses a 'shiny new bicycle.' Why is this example useful to illustrate dimensionality?
actually, any object would do just as well, but most Americans are familiar with bicycles
A symbol
all of the above
Fieldwork involves
all of the above
Foodways are dynamic because
all of the above
Illness is an experience that is
all of the above
Intensification, a process that increases yields, includes
all of the above
Soldiers returning from war often have which of the following symptoms
anxiety disorders
A key difference between caste and social class is
caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms.
Why were American birth rates low from 1942 to 1946?
most young married men were serving in the military
Which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised?
natal family
The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent reallocation of those goods among members of a society is called
redistribution
Censuses interest anthropologists because they
reveal the government's role in classifying and categorizing people.
What is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of persons' transition from one social state to another?
rite of passage
Stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities are called
rituals
Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races?
scientists
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
Arthur Kleinman, a medical anthropologist who conducted research in Taiwan, argued that the key to understanding differences in perspective between doctors and patients is that healers and patients often have different
ways of explaining what is happening to the sick persons
