Anthropology Final Exam

What are some of the sorts of materials (and what kind of quantity) found in her tomb?

(468 Bronze objects, 755 Jade Items, 5 pieces of ivory, 6900 Cowrie Shells).

How did war feed the Aztec state?

.War fed Aztec state because new leaders would have to conquer new land to gain wealth because they didn't inherit the wealth of the previous kings.

When is the first evidence of irrigation in the region?

200 CE

When do they date to?

600 B.C.

What was the chunkey game?

A game used heavily for social integration in which players would hit stone balls with their hips many feet into the air to get into a goal. Chunkey game was where they rolled stones and tried to get the closest to another stone.

When do mound-building societies appear in the Ohio River valley, and what are some of their important early sites?

Adena and Miamisburg Mound.

What unusual find may be related to the legendary King Yao? pp. 549-550

Astronomy is found to be related to King Yao

Why did Mesoamericans believe they had to sacrifice blood?

Believed that the gods spilled blood for them so they had to give it back to the gods.

Indigenous Americans developed a number of flavorful or otherwise non-staple plants we take for granted today. What are some of them?

Chilis for seasoning, peanuts, chocolate, tobacco, agave, gourds

What sort of goods and practices, besides corn agriculture, did the Chacoan people import from Mexico?

Chocolate mugs, chocolate, turquoise, and macaw feathers

What is dendrochronology and how does it work?

Dendrology is the use of tree ring data. It shows information through the tree rings. The dark rings represent drought, cold, or other things that may slow the growth of a tree. Light rings represent very good tree growth.

What are the domestic animals of the Americas?

Dogs, guinea pigs, llamas, alpacas, muscovy duck, camelids, turkey

Where and when was the turkey domesticated?

Domesticated in 800 BC for its feather

What are the first great Maya cities?

First Maya city- Nakbe, Northern Guatemala

Where do we first see evidence of it, and what is that evidence?

First evidence is at Copan and it was the court. Ball found at El Manati. There seemed to be betting amongst the elite during this game.

What are some of the places early corn has been found?

Guerrero and Oaxaca

What were some of the tools used by the Qin Emperor, Zheng Shi Huangdi, to organize China?

He conquered most of China through warfare. He made it so the conquered states weren't to be referred to as independent nations. He created a new system of currency, weights and measures. He also started new school of the five elements.

Why is her tomb particularly distinctive amongst others at Yinxu?

Her tomb is the only one that had not been looted prior to discovery and it contained many grave goods (468 Bronze objects, 755 Jade Items, 5 pieces of ivory, 6900 Cowrie Shells).

When does corn begin to appear in the American Southwest?

In 2000 BCE

How long after corn becomes important in the US Southwest does the Chaco phenomenon emerge?

In 800-1150 CE

What is so special about Inka architecture?

Inka architecture was very sturdy because they used large stones and carved them so they fit perfectly together.

How did the Aztecs build their city?

Island city is capital with temples.

Did corn domestication (for example in the Tehuacan Valley) lead in Mexico to an immediate agricultural change of lifeways, as was somewhat the case in the Middle East?

It allowed much larger civilizations and greater concentrations of population.

Why is Joya de Ceren well preserved?

Joya de Ceren was the Pompeii of the old world. Covered in Ash from eruption or maybe earthquake. they found manioc.

What were the triad, or the "three sisters" of agriculture invented in Mexico and spread throughout much of North America and into South America?

Maize, Beans, and Squash

How did it influence ceramics or other technologies?

Many pottery and ceramics were shaped similar to a Squash

Be able to describe the religious shrine of Chavin de Huantar, and the sorts of things that may have occurred there. How does it reflect larger South American approaches to spirituality and the otherworld?

Massive stone religious temple of the time. It growled and the people who entered it were very high and on many hallucinogens. Would travel through the corridors to ask the oracle questions. Larger south American approaches to spirituality was focused on being high most the time and communicating while in a trance. The model for pottery was the Nasca with the fine line detailed pictures

What are the basic boundaries of Mesoamerica, and its major cultural divisions?

Mesoamerica extends from south-central Mexico southeastward to include the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the Yucatán Peninsula, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and the Pacific coast of Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica down to the Gulf of Nicoya.

What are some of the patterns of violence demonstrated at the Waka de la Luna?

Moche pyramids-found women with a lot of goblets used for blood. Evidence of religious sacrifice by decapitation and bashing in heads with maces.

What were some domesticates developed in North America?

North America-Maize, Beans, Squash, Amaranth, Sunflower, Sumpweed

What are some of the monumental artworks found at these sites?

Olmec alters and heads are some artworks found. Long heads for cranial deformation. Structures had weird mouths, flaming eyebrows, looked like jaguar imagery.

How does it reflect Mesoamerican religion or beliefs?

Placed a lot of importance on ball game so they believed in competition and and dressed up in honor of the gods.

What are two important pre-agricultural mound sites in eastern North America, where are they and do they date to?

Poverty point and Serpent Mound. Watson Brake site dates to 5200 years ago while Poverty Point site dates to 3500 BP.

Where is shamanism found?

Predominantly in SIberia, East Asia, and throughout the Americas

What is the largest of the Chaco sites, when does it date to, and how do we know that with such precision?

Pueblo Bonito is the largest site and it dates back to 920 CE. We know this using dendrochronology of the lumber in the support beams

What kind of weapon is she often depicted with, as noted in class, and what was this weapon likely used for (how is this reflected by her tomb)?

She is often depicted with a Yue axe normally used for beheading

Who was Fu Hao?

She was a woman and the biggest military leader in the Shang Dynasty. She also had a chariot burial.

What sort of evidence is there at Sipan, San Jose de Moro, and the Moche pyramids?

Sipan-Found royal tombs with remains of people dressed up like the decapitator god. San Jose de Moro-Found remains of people dressed up in bird costume.

What kind of major crops, commonly used in our culture, were domesticated in South America?

South America-Manioc, Sweet potato, and white potato.

What is the oldest type of domesticated plant in the Americas?

Squash

What were some of its major architectural features?

St. Louis from 1000-1250 CE

Where was Cahokia located, and when was it inhabited?

St. Louis from 1000-1250 CE.

What sort of accomplishments, practices, or other evidence of elite Maya culture and kingship are found at these Preclassic sites?

Structures were built up. Had stairs leading up to the main area that was open to the community. Buildings had large heads built into them.

What was the parent plant to corn, and in what ways has corn developed over time?

Teosinte. corn has developed by growing in size and increasing the amount of kernels. Yes it allowed for much larger civilizations and greater concentrations of populations. Early corn has been found in Guerrero and Oaxaca.

How did the Inka collect taxation?

The Inka collected taxes by having people come and work on buildings or roads in the capitol and were paid in clothing, food.

What major river system did Poverty Point use for trade and what was one general type of material they traded for?

The Mississippi River. They traded hematite, slate, and lead ore.

What do we see in the Wari empire that we see echoed in the later Inka Empire?

The activity of brewing beer and city infrastructure. We can see brewery complexes at Cerro Baul and we can see the architecture on the summit.

How is it still in use today in Cuzco? How does it reflect Inka politics, social structure, and economics?

The bases of Inka buildings are still in use as the base of the structures in Cuzco.

What is the Black Drink?

The black drink is a drink incredibly strong in caffeine, that will make you vomit. This drink is used in Shamanism to take their mind to another dimension. They also fasted with this.

How have ideas about where rice was domesticated in Asia, changed? Pp. 231-245

The first evidence of pottery and rice is in Xianrendong Cave as far as 20000 BP. Recent research suggests that pearl river delta is origin of rice. Previously thought to be domesticated in the yangtze river delta on the northern limit of wild rice.

What two dynasties have been equated with the archaeological cultures represented (respectively) by the sites of Erlitou; and several sites including Zhengzhou and especially Yinxu(Anyang)?

The legendary Xia Dynasty and the Shang Dynasty.

What later technology is found there that will become important in the Shang period?

The oracle bones and the turtle shells. The oracle bones are later used in the Shang Dynasty to ask questions of spirits

What are oracle bones and how did they come to be recognized as important? Pp. 551-556

The oracle bones had a form of writing on them that would later be used. These bones were used to communicate with the dead based on how it cracked. They would ask questions.

Where did the Chachapoya live, and how did this impact their relationship with surrounding regions?

The roads allowed runners to spread news very fast and the warehouses could store food and clothing for when they paid the people for working.

What were some major elements of infrastructure of the Inka empire?

The two major elements of infrastructure was there roads and qollqa warehouses.

What long-used construction technique in China first appears in the Long Shan period?

The use of Bronze to create jewelry and tools

What is the most distinctive and technologically impressive form of Shang material culture?

Their bronze working

How did it affect their economy and social class?

Their economy was dependent on war and violence and social class was determined on how good at battle you were.

What are some of the extremes of South American environment?

There is a large Amazon Rainforest over most of South America and there is a large mountain range on the western coast. Also there is the driest desert in the world to the west of the mountain range. Also there are many plateaus over 12,000 ft high. Important because it can help us understand what types of resources they had to survive.

What kind of other technology was related to its production?

They also made glazed pottery using a kiln to fire it.

What are the Nazca famous for, and why can we demonstrate these features are more earthbound than usually depicted?

They are famous for the large images called the Nazca lines and we can demonstrate they are earthbound because they are near cliffs or ridges and could be seen from the ground. They modified their skulls by elongating them.

How did the Chacoan people modify the landscape to tie their settlements together?

They created roads and pathways

What recently discovered plant found at Ceren may change dramatically our understanding of Maya economy?

They found Manioc

What evidence is there for stratified class-based society in Taosi?

They found a burial site that contained 1500 burials that had different sizes of burials with different amounts of grace goods and luxurious items. Shows class because people had different statuses and were given grave goods based on status.

What was its urban layout and architecture like?

They had a pattern of discrete, individual city-states with only the city, no hinterland. All of the structures were gigantic and singular.

How did Ohio interact with the rest of North America?

They had raw materials and other objects from all over North America stretching from montana, canada, wisconsin, and Florida.

What recent breakthroughs have there been in understanding khipu?

They had to build large walls and defensive structures. They found mummies at the Laguna de los Condores and they also found Khipu which are accounting devices and could be form of early writing.

How was it made?

They made it by first creating a wax cast that they would carve the designs in and then pour the bronze in the cast and let it harden.

How did Euro-American settlers conceptually re-configure the ancient mounds of the past?

They used them for their gain by saying that a white race was first and that they built the mounds.

How was violence used for intimidation and spectacle?

They would sacrifice slaves and cut off their heads.

What are two of the kinds of plants that are found in vessels inscribed with their names in Maya hieroglyphs?

Tobacco and Cacao

Where do we find early evidence for pottery production and rice domestication in China, and how old is it?

We find early evidence for pottery and rice in the Jiahu with their grain grinding and pottery production. It was created in 7000-5500 BC, therefore it is about 7000 years old.

What archaeological evidence do we have of life from the early village of Jiahu?

We have evidence of musical instrument, alcohol, early oracle bones, pottery production, grain grinding, and turtle shells with writing. The turtle shells with writing are the earliest origins of writing in history.

What kind of evidence is used to create narratives of elite Moche activities?

We have images of ritual sacrifice sequence from capture to decapitation. Many artifacts that represent the decapitator god as well as remains with costumes similar to that in the images.

How is this symbolized in and around the Templo Mayor?

We see skulls all around Templo Mayor and and stone sculptures of skulls.

Is it still played today?

Yes it is still played, but probably different version.

Is there evidence for shamanism in early China?

Yes, heavy evidence shown by use of jade and wearing of special headwear.

What is shamanism?

a religion practiced by indigenous peoples of far northern Europe and Siberia that is characterized by belief in an unseen world of gods, demons, and ancestral spirits responsive only to the shamans. They also use ritual drumming, dancing, bodily mortification, fasting, heightening their senses, and using hallucinogens.

What defines shamanism?

belief in an unseen world of gods, demons, and ancestral spirits

What was the Mesoamerican ballgame?

game played by the people of mesoamerica where they bounced a ball with their hips.

How and in what kind of place was it played?

game played by the people of mesoamerica where they bounced a ball with their hips. It was played in a ball court which normally is a large gathering place of the town or city

What kinds of material culture have been found associated with his tomb, and how is it distinctive and/or impressive?

hey have found thousands of terracotta warriors in the surrounding areas of the tomb. This is very impressive because they are all personalized and just makes us wonder what is inside the tomb. The legend says there are replicas of palaces and scenic towers and other wonderful objects.

What does legend say should be inside Zheng's tomb, and is there any evidence to suggest the legends may have some truth to them? Pp. 563-564

legend says there are replicas of palaces and scenic towers and other wonderful objects.

Where and what was Teotihuacan?

was an ancient Mesoamerican city located to the northeast of Mexico City.