ANTHROPOLOGY INQUIZATIVE
type the value that best answers the question identify the daily individual income that the Untied Nations defines as living in poverty
$2
A person's genetic makeup cannot be determined simply by phenotype (physical traits). Identify the reasons why racial stereotypes like "White Men Can't Jump" or "Asians Are Better at Math" do not have any biological basis.
-Genes that influence physical traits are not linked to any other genes.-Genes that influence traits like intelligence and artistic abilities do not respond quickly to environmental pressures.
The first example of the term white can be traced to a public document written in Virginia in 1691. Identify the major ways in which white privilege was subsequently invented and reinforced in Virginia in the 1700s.
-Whites were given more legal privileges.-Whites were counted as whole people in censuses.
The potlatch is an important feature of ______ societies. In these societies, social status is established through _______ In this photograph, women of the Makah Nation on the U.S. Pacific Northwest coast prepare salmon steaks to be _____
1. ranked2. prestige3. redistributed
The Mexican men in Héctor Carrillo's study identified _______ as the unique characteristic they bring to intimate relationships with white American gay men. They trace this trait to _______ and their family upbringings. In contrast, they find white American gay men to be calculating, ________ and even shallow in their interpersonal relationships. Mexican gay migrants wear their reputation as a badge of honor as they interact with the locals in San Diego.
1. sexual passion2. Mexican culture3. detached
Identify each statement as a conclusion drawn by anthropologist Patty Kelly, who conducted fieldwork at the Zona Galactica brothel in Chiapas, or not.
A conclusion:-Sex work should be legalized because criminalization is worse-For Mexican women, choosing sex work is reasonable, given their very limited alternatives Not a conclusion:-Sex work should be legalized because the problems associated with it are merely perceptions connected with unfair moral judgments
Daniel Patrick Moynihan's 1965 report "The Negro Family: The Case for National Action" influenced key social policies. Identify the statement that describes the central claim of this report.
African American poverty is rooted in cultural patterns
Identify each statement about anthropologists studying sexuality as characteristic of anthropology before World War II, or since World War II.
Before World War II Human sexuality was seen as an integral part of culture, and was included in many ethnographies-Margaret Mead studied sexuality among young people in the western pacific After World War II -Instead of sexuality, ethnographies focused on marriage, kinship, and family-Anthropologists began studying gay, lesbian, and queer life
The complex caste system in India dates back 2,000 years and reflects Hindu religious texts, rituals, and beliefs. Place the historical ranking of castes, or varnas, in India in order from highest ranking to lowest
Brahmins: scholars and spiritual leadersksyatriyas: soldiers and rulersvaisyas: agricultural workers and merchantsshudras: laborers and artisans
Even though the United States is one of the richest countries in the world, poverty is significant and persistent. Identify the characteristics of poverty in the United States
CHARACTERISTIC OF POVERTY IN THE us ~The largest group of the nation's poor are white.~Over 40 million people live in poverty in the United States. NOT Hispanics have proportionally the highest percentage of people living in poverty in the United States The U.S. government's definition of poverty for a family of four is an income at or under $30,000 a year
Identify the characteristics of "mati work" in Suriname
Characteristic of "Mati Work""Mati work" refers to the spiritual, sexual, and emotional relationships some women in Suriname have with each other."Mati work" does not prevent women from having children and relationships with men. Not a Characteristic of "Mati Work""Mati work" fits with Western ideas about sexuality."Mati work" takes place exclusively in Suriname.
Sex work is legal in one-third of Mexican states. Identify the characteristics that anthropologist Patty Kelly observed about the lives of sex workers at the Zona Galactica brothel.
Characteristics:-They were stigmatized by others-They were able to set their own hours and prices-They were more open about sexuality than middle-class women Not a characteristic:-They mostly had foreign tourists as clients
Many anthropologists and other social scientists study and analyze racial relations in the United States in order to work against racism that continues today. Match each study with the correct description.
Critiques the current U.S. call for color-blindness and suggests that it perpetuates racial inequality.Racism without Racists (2010) chronicles an African American community's organized resistance of racially discriminating policies.Black Corona (1998) Lists and describes various ways whites receive preferential treatment throughout all aspects of life"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack" (1989) Investigates the experiences of African Americans who face racial discrimination despite their higher social class.Living with Racism: The Black Middle-Class Experience (1994)
Denmark and Sweden are liberal welfare states that are considered sexually progressive. Compare and contrast their policies related to the sexuality of individuals with disabilities.
Denmark-The sexuality of individuals with disabilities is facilitated.-The government sponsors atraining course for sexual advisors. Sweden--The sexuality of individualswith disabilities is repressed. Both-The government spends 30 percentof budget on social services
Ethnicity can be mobilized by groups and individuals for economic, political, and other gains. Identity entrepreneurs and ethno-corporations both use ethnicity in such a way. Identify whether the following statements describe identity entrepreneurs or ethno-corporations.
Describes Identity Entrepreneurs convince ethnic groups to hate each other in order to advance a political agendaspread propaganda that increases wealth and power for one ethnic group Describes Ethno-corporations bring profit to the Bafokeng people through the Royal Bafokeng Nationsell "authentic" cultural experience at the Dai Minority Park
While the United States and Brazil are the largest multiracial countries in the Western Hemisphere, race has been treated differently in each country. Identify whether the following statements apply to Brazil or the United States.
Describes Race Relations in the United States-has applied the rule of hypodescent-has barred interracial marriage Describes Brazil-uses hundreds of categories and terms for various races-race intersects closely with class, and racial categories can be shifted
Globally, sex tourism is a multibillion-dollar industry. Identify the statements that accurately describe sex tourism in the Dominican Republic
Describes Sex Tourism Industry in Dominican Republic Sex workers and tourists see sex tourism as a way to enact their fantasies.Sex workers are mostly poor black women. Does Not Describe Sex Tourism Industry in Dominican Republic prostitution is legal local tourism industry benefits from the sex tourism industry
this country has many racial categories with two main nationalities, one of which experiences the majority of discriminatory practices
Dominican Republic
Enculturation is a profound influence on humans, shaping even parts of life that seem to be natural or innate. Identify the aspects of culture that have significant influence on the construction of sexual desires and behaviors
Education: Education is a primary agent of enculturation. Both formal and informal education shape people's views of which sexual behaviors and identity are "normal" or "good," and how to understand and treat those who are different. Media: The media has a tremendous influence on how we think and feel about sexuality. The media encourages us to view certain images and persons as sexy and attractive, and others as unappealing. The media may push certain agendas about what is "natural" and normal for sexual behavior Government: The legality of sexual behaviors in a country has a strong impact on sexuality. Even if a person identifies that he or she has a certain sexual orientation or identity, the individual may repress or deny it because of governmental laws and policies
The term ethnicity is often confused with other concepts about race and identity. Identify the correct definition of ethnicity.
Ethnicity is a sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are believed to be distinct from those outside the group
Identify which ideas are more strongly associated with evolutionary psychology, and which are more strongly associated with cultural constructionism.
Evolutionary Psychology-Genetic drives work instinctively to ensure the reproduction of the species.-Feelings of love are built into our biological system to support reproduction. cultural constructionism.-Human feelings that are rooted in evolution are heavily shaped by experiences and culture.-Even in the womb, human biology is shaped by sounds, emotions, and other environmental factors.
In Cochabamba, Bolivia, the informal economy is a small but important sector of the overall economy t/f
F
The international gay rights movement works to understand local expressions of human sexuality to improve civil rights for all
False These movements have their roots in Western scholarship, which promotes the binary homosexuality-heterosexuality division at the exclusion of more fluid definitions of sexuality.
In Cochabamba, Bolivia, thousands of vendors gather at the Cancha market to sell their wares, struggling to get by on the meager income their sales produce. Identify the characteristics of the different types of vendors in the Cancha market.
Fijos:have the opportunity for upward mobilitysell from legal stalls in the market's pavilion Ambulantes:sell illegally from the streetsharassed by the police
The term sexuality is complicated and often misunderstood. Identify the key perspectives from which sexuality is defined.
Helps Define Sexuality:-the complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact, intimacy, and pleasure-the cultural arena within which people negotiate the meaning and value of sexual desires and behaviors Does Not Help Define Sexuality:-the ability to have sexual intercourse with a person of the opposite sex-the freedom that people have to identify themselves as heterosexual, homosexual, asexual, or bisexual
Identify the context in which the following social theorists developed their theories
INDUSTRIAL REV Max Weber~Karl Marx ADVANCED CAPITALISM Pierre Bourdieu Leigh Mullings
While there are nearly 200 nation-states today, less than one-third of these existed as such forty years ago. Identify key events of the last century that led to the establishment of many of today's nation-states.
Led to the Establishment of Many of Today's Countriescollapse of Soviet UnionWorld War II Did Not Lead to the Establishment of Many of Today's Countriesinvention of the InternetVietnam War
this country has three main racial categories that were first imposed by British colonists
Malaysia
Match the following sexual practices with the place where anthropologists have studied them.
Map of South America, with Suriname labeled and highlightedWomen may engage in flexible "mati work" with other women .Map of Asia with Japan labeled and highlightedSexual desire is channeled into workplace success. Map of Central America, with Nicaragua labeled and highlightedOnly men who receive (rather than give) sex from other men are given pejorative labels.
Place the immigrant gateway cities in order, from largest percent of foreign-born population to smallest.
New York, Miami, la, Houston
Racial tensions in the United States have often come to a head in the Supreme Court over racial segregation in educational institutions, as shown in the image. Match each description to the court case it describes.
Plessy v. Fergusontook place in 1896 ruled that state-sponsored segregation in public schools was legal Brown v. Board of Educationtook place in 1954 ruled that state-sponsored segregation in public schools was illegal
In Worked to the Bone: Race, Class, Power, and Privilege in Kentucky (2001), anthropologist Pem Davidson Buck analyzes the experiences of poor whites in Kentucky. She describes a phenomenon she calls "sweat that trickles up" where the surplus value of these workers' labor benefits the elite. Identify the social factors shaping the experiences of poor whites in Kentucky.
Social Factor Shaping Experiences of Poor Whites in Kentuckythe construction of race through slavery, sharecropping, and Jim Crow legislationthe arrival of immigrant groups like Jews, Catholics, and the Irish Not a Social Factor Shaping Experiences of Poor Whites in Kentucky the lack of motivation and poor work ethic of poor whites the increase in welfare dependency in poor whites
Malaysia was one of the first export-processing zones in Southeast Asia. Many multinational corporations employ hundreds of thousands of Malaysian workers for cheap labor, many of which are young migrant workers known as Minah Karan. Why are these women stigmatized?
They mix with men and people from other classes.
Identify each statement as either true of dalits in India today, or not
True:- people demonstrate for equal rights for dalits- a dalit was elected president of India in the 1990s- most dalits live in povertyNot true:- dalits are rapidly rising in India's economic and political structures
Race relations play out differently depending on a variety of historical, cultural, and social factors. Match each racial situation to the country to which it pertains.
U.S.- This country defined thedominant category as"Aryan" or "Caucasian"and legal debates wereimportant in definingwho belonged to theseprivileged groups.Brazil-This country has manynuanced racial categoriesand has been referred toas a "racial democracy."South Africa-This country developed alegal system called"apartheid" that establishedwhite dominance as a keygovernmental structure.
Racialization is the process of categorizing and attributing supposedly racial qualities to people based on perceived characteristics. Identify the examples of racialization.
examples of racialization - segregation - institutional racism NOT examples of racialization - nativism - individual racism
In her study of ad agencies, Shalini Shankar found that advertisers emphasize differences among the many different Asian groups in order to have more niche markets. true or false
false
The Gini index developed by the World Bank indicates that the gap between rich and poor countries is severe, but is remaining stable.
false
Intersectionality studies the intersection of various factors that shape an individual's access to opportunities as well as societal patterns of stratification. Identify the major factors that are part of intersectionality.
gender, race, class
Identify the main reason that anthropologists Judith Goode and Jeff Maskovsky argue is at the root of contemporary poverty in the United States.
globalization
Today, almost -Press Space to open110507190a quartera thirdhalf of the world's population struggle to meet basic needs. If household wealth were divided equally on a global basis, using 2000 data, each household would have $26,754. Instead, -Press Space to open110507190a quartera thirdhalf percent of the world's population owns -Press Space to open110507190a quartera thirdhalf percent of all wealth on the entire planet
half 10 71
Anthropologist JB Kwon has researched factory workers in South Korea, and joined his students in anti-racist work during and after the police killing of Michael Brown. How does Kwon explain what these two fieldwork settings have in common?
in both settings, people protested injustice
asexuality
lack of erotic attraction to others
In the Dominican Republic, the government as well as many Dominicans enforce and express anti-Haitian and anti-black sentiments. However, there are certain groups that identify more closely with black Haitians. Identify this group of Dominicans and a way in which they do so.
lower-class Dominicans, by playing bachata music
When they first immigrated to the United States in the nineteenth century, Irish, Italian, and eastern European immigrants were seen as inferior and not "white." Today, these European groups are seen as white. Identify the possible ways that some people could move into a "higher" racial category.
marrying someone of a "higher" racemoving upward in social class
Cultural anthropologist Roger Lancaster explored masculinity and sexuality in Nicaraguan working-class men. Identify whether the following statements apply to men called machista, men called cochon, or both.
men called machista as active and dominant enhance their masculinity through same-gender sexual activity men called cochon seen as passive and receptive bothwould be considered gay in U.S. culture
White privilege refers to the benefits and opportunities that whites enjoy based solely on their skin color and perceived race. What does anthropologist Jane Gibson's study of low-income whites in Florida suggest about white privilege?
not all whites experience equal amounts of white privilege
Example of Racialization European immigrants in the United States calling the Chinese immigrants "Yellow Peril" the creation of the category "Middle Eastern" as a race in the United States
not an example of racilazton the court dismissal of a Chinese man as a reliable eyewitness due to his race the use of micro aggressions against minorities
Gloria Wekker's fieldwork focuses on mati, women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women. At her field site, Paramaribo, about 5 percent of the women engage in "mati work." These relationships may occur before or after relationships with men, or at the same time as relationships with men. Mati work is significantly present in Canada, where many Surinamese women have immigrated. Wekker's research shows that "lesbianism" and "mati work" are two names for essentially the same cultural phenomenon.
occur before or after relationships with men, or at the same time as relationships with men
Gloria Wekker's fieldwork focuses on mati, women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women. At her field site, Paramaribo, about 5 percent of the women engage in "mati work." These relationships may occur before or after relationships with men, or at the same time as relationships with men. Mati work is significantly present in Canada, where many Surinamese women have immigrated. Wekker's research shows that "lesbianism" and "mati work" are two names for essentially the same cultural phenomenon.
occur before or after relationships with men, or at the same time as relationships with men' In contrast to Western notions of fixed, "either/or" sexual identities, mati may engage in sexual relationships with both women and men—sometimes simultaneously, sometimes consecutively.Research and analysis of same-gender sexuality must recognize that the identical physical sexual acts between same-gendered people may be understood in multiple ways and have vastly different social significance in different cultures and historical periods.
Elite Japanese corporations often organize evenings at hostess clubs for their employees where female hostesses serve drinks, and flirt with and entertain these professionals. Anthropologist Anne Allison analyzed the cultural meaning of these practices. Identify the social practices that occur within Japanese hostess clubs.
occurs in Japanese hostess clubs - expression of male dominance -male bonding does not occur - sexual activity - female empowerment through eroticization
Select the highlighted passages that represent accurate statements about landfills, waste, and social inequality. Anthropologist Josh Reno worked for nine months as a sanitation worker in a hotel in order to understand the social life of waste. Various stages in waste disposal are interconnected. Landfills concentrate risks of leakage, pollution, and contamination to those living nearby, often poor, rural communities and communities of color. Landfills constitute the primary problem of social inequality in waste. Other areas of the waste industry have risen to meet global standards of worker and environmental justice.
often poor, rural communities and communities of color
is the process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people
radicalization
Identify possible reasons why it is difficult for people in the United States to acknowledge the continuing existence of racism.
reason * color blindness is seen as a solution to racism in the United States * people believe that mainstream U.S. society is a meritocracy not a reason * U.S. laws are enforced equally regardless of race * there is no longer institutional racism in the U.S.
Wealth is the total value of what a person owns, minus any debt the individual has. In the United States, the wealth gap has reached new heights and is still increasing. Identify the causes for the widening wealth gap in the United States.
reason for widening wealth gap in the US * shifts In U.S. tax code, increase in debt, collapse of the housing market NOT * increasing wages
Identify whether or not these reasons are why it is impossible to distinguish clear genetic boundaries between one human population and another
reason-human variation changes gradually in a geographic continuum.-Humans are 99.9 percent genetically the same.-Humans have been exchanging genetic material for 200,000 years. not a reason - human genes are incredibly diverse, varying from person to person
A racial ideology is a set of ideas about race that justify and normalize discriminatory actions. Identify the situations shaped by racial ideologies.
shaped by racial ideologies - European settlers' beliefs that they had the right to civilize the American west - white colonists beliefs that slavery was natural not shaped by racial ideologies - police officers' beliefs that they could cut off poor whites' livelihood in florida - upper-class Dominicans' beliefs that they are black
In his research of the French education system, Pierre Bourdieu noted a phenomenon he identified as _______whereby social and class relations of prestige are passed from one generation to the next. Key to this phenomenon is ______ which is the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from family that individuals can use to gain access to valuable resources in society.
social reproduction cultural capital
Identify the statement that most clearly explains the Flint water crisis as a hydro-social process
the emergency manager of the city of Flint influenced the distribution of water in ways unfavorable for human consumption Hydro-social processes involve water intersecting with human systems of power. On a global scale, the distribution of water reveals the distribution of social power along intersecting lines of class, race, gender, and age.The water crisis in Flint offers particular insights into the complicated workings of class and inequality in U.S. culture. Water is a vital resource, and it is important to question who has access to it, who controls its flow, and who organizes its distribution
Max Weber argued that class stratification does not just happen. Identify the most important way that the state influences class stratification.
the state perpetrates class stratification through its exersize of power
Beginning in the 1400s, many European countries began colonial activities to further their economic power. Identify the correct definition of colonialism.
the use of military, economic, and political power beyond a country's borders to enhance its global powers
Clean water is a basic necessity, yet obtaining clean water is a daily struggle for millions of people worldwide. Identify why the poor of Mumbai, India, have difficulty getting access to water.
they do not have a permanent residence
Identify each statement as true of twentieth-century sexology, or not.
true -Studies found that human sexuality did not fir into simplistic categories false Researchers defined homosexuality as a perversion of the natural order-Studies used anecdotes and impressions, because it was considered impolite to survey people about sexual behavior-Researchers defined heterosexuality as a perversion of the natural order
Anthropologists often use the term racisms in plural. What does this term refer to?
variety of ways race has been constructed among people of different places
Identify the anthropological research question that most clearly takes an intersectional approach to race.
why do middle-class African Americans experience racial discrimination, despite their class status?
Historically, race relations in the United States have been primarily centered on white and black relations. Place the major events in this narrative in order from the first to the most recent account.
witness defined in public document emancipation proclamation declares slavery illegal kkk is founded Supreme Court overturns the legal prohibition of interracial marriage
Place the events of the Flint water crisis in chronological order
~The water source for Flint residents was switched from Lake Huron to Flint River.~Public protests and complaints broke out about health problems.~City officials denied there was a problem.~Researchers reported elevated levels of lead.~City officials restored the water source to Lake Huron.
Colonial powers controlled sexual activities in colonized countries through legal action. The Dutch East India Company had strict laws concerning marriage and sexual relations. Identify the individuals that would have been able to receive Dutch legal status in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. sort: Would Have Received Dutch Legal Status in Colonial Times v. Would Not Have Received Dutch Legal Status in Colonial Times
Would Have Received Dutch Legal Status in Colonial Times * children of European men and women born in Dutch colonies Would Not Have Received Dutch Legal Status in Colonial Times * children of European women and local men born in Dutch colonies (The Dutch East India Company restricted European women from coming to Dutch colonies between 1622 and 1822) * children of European men and local women born in Dutch colonies (Despite the many children that resulted from relations between European men and local women, these children did not have legal rights in Europe) * local women who married European men (Local women were not able to marry European men - These laws were often difficult to enforce, especially later in the colonial period. For example, in Dutch colonial Java, nearly 75 percent of the people who obtained European legal status were of mixed race)
Anthropologists see ethnicity as a cultural construction that is learned, taught, and practiced. Match the following practices that maintain ethnic ties with their definitions.
a story told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identityorigin mythan individual's self-identification with a particular group that can shift according to social locationsituational negotiation of identitya practice or belief, such as food, clothing, language, shared name, or religion, used to signify who is in a group and who is notethnic boundary marke
During the 1980s in Managua, Nicaragua, machismo was an important concept in men's sexual relationships with other men. "Real" men—masculine men—are __________ But this macho status is always at risk. Machismo must be _______ to retain one's social status
agressive constantly performed
Identify the following societies as examples of egalitarian societies, ranked societies, or neither.
amish - egalitarian hutterites - egalitarian Kwakiutl - ranked US - neither
heterosexuality
attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the opposite sex
Homosexuality
attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the same sex
Bisexuality
attraction to and sexual relations with members of both sexes
this country has many nuanced racial categories and has been referred to as a "racial democracy"
brazil
In the 1990s, anthropologist Leith Mullings conducted the Harlem Birth Right Project study on how race, class, and gender intersected to affect women's health and infant mortality in Harlem, New York City. Identify the factors that contributed to the decline of women's health and the elevation of infant mortality in this community.
contributed * low-quality housing * location of six bus depots and a sewage treatment plant in Harlem * decrease in jobs in the middle-wage sector did not * expansion of local gov
Archaeological evidence has shown that evolutionary success relied upon a few key factors. Identify these factors.
cooperationsharing of food and responsibilities NOT:hierarchyviolence and aggression
Chinese immigrants first arrived in the United States in large numbers during the 1850s. Identify the ways those in the initial wave of Chinese immigrants experienced racial prejudices
correct * called derogatory names * no legal standing in court incorrect * allowed to have jobs * stereotyped as better at math
