Anthropology Practice
what are the three main methods of cultural evolution or change?
1) innovation 2) invention 3) diffusion
Financial globalization began in the ___ Though it was interrupted by two world wars, it has accelerated over the last 70 years. Many transnational corporations have set up shop in countries with low hourly wages and/or lax environmental regulations. And they have accumulated vast amounts of capital assets in the process. For example, if Walmart were a nation-state, it would have the world's 24th largest economy.
1870s
Breastfeeding was universal in the United States until baby formula was developed when?
1950s
We can begin to trace anthropological study of the spread of cultural attributes from one society to another to the early ___ century diffusionist such as ___ and his students
20th cent. , Franz Boas
being subjected to alien cultural influences
A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are
they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
the layout of the factory in which they are built
A commodity chain analysis applied to motorcars would be interested in all of the following except
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence development programs from within
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the reduction or elimination or tariffs to promote trade
A key feature of financial globalization is
true
A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.
A visual representation of family relationships is called a
A kinship chart
all of the above
A multi-sited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork (where):
Fijian objects were seen by most collectors as evidence of a
A savage and bloodthirsty society
it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology
A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except
A WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY IS IMPORTANT FOR ALL OF THE FOLLOWING REASONS EXCEPT
A. it is useful for analyzing postcolonial conditions B. it highlights resistance at the periphery C. it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology D. it explains how and why global capitalism has disrupted so many societies Answer is C
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as...
A: Advocated of poor and marginalized people
Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication...
A: Mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is...
A: The first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence development programs from within
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that...
A: They explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity
Financial globalization has allowed for...
A: corporations to move factories from one country to another
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called
Action anthropology
A key way that objects are used to manipulate people comes through which of the following?
Advertising
A good example of the process of medicalization is found in the changing understanding of which of the following conditions as a "disease"?
Alcoholism
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called
Archaeology
World systems theory helped anthropologists...
B: Better explain the historical emergence of development patterns throughout the world
The process of promoting one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, is referred to as...
B: Cultural imperialism
Hybridization is about...
B: Cultural mixing
If a developmental anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably have to emphasize the...
B: Overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors
Some social networks are so spatially disbursed that migrants participate in a community that spans multiple countries, referred to as...
B: Transitional community
Globalization is the...
B: Widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries
COCA-GLOBALIZATION: FOLLOWING SOFT DRINKS FROM NEW YORK TO NEW GUINEA
BY ROBERT J FOSTER
Anthropologist George Gmelch studied which sport where he found that players used a lot of magic?
Baseball
JAMES FERGUSON, WHO IS AN ANTHROPOLOGIST OF DEVELOPMENT, ARGUES THAT DEVELOPMENT EXISTS
C. to expand state power
___ are people who are expelled by authorities of their own home countries.
C: Exiles
Cultural differences are often caused and amplified by...
C: Interconnections between societies
Often, anthropologists use the term _____________ rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.
C: Transnational
Clans come in three types: matrilineal, patrilineal, and
Cognatic
The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called _________________ and was a driving force in anthropology.
Colonialism
If the world is not becoming homogenized, what is actually happening? Anthropologists remain divided on this question, but two to consider are:
Cultural convergence Hybridization
includes research and planning aimed at identifying, interpreting, and protecting sites and artifacts of historic or prehistoric significance.
Cultural resource management
THE PROCESS OF PROMOTING ONE CULTURE OVER OTHERS, THROUGH FORMAL POLICY OR LESS FORMAL MEANS, IS REFERRED TO AS
D. cultural imperialism
A KEY FEATURE OF FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION IS
D. the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade
Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnograpy?
D: Comparative
___ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries.
D: Migrants
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists...
D: To expand state power
One way that Anthropologists help local communities and cultures as well as organizations and corporations who are trying to settle into a different location is through
Development anthropology Anthropology of development
Who was responsible for the theory of social evolutionism?
E.B Taylor
diffusionists
Early twentieth-century Boasian anthropologists who held that cultural characteristics result from either internal historical dynamism or a spread (diffusion) of cultural attributes from other societies
The so-called cannibal forks of the Fijians were of great interest to collectors in England because
English collectors interpreted Fijians a savages and wanted examples of their savagery for the collections they displayed in their homes
in the 1950s, ____ ____ suggested that non-western societies could not be understood without the reference to their place within a global capitalist system
Eric wolf
Cultural Convergence Theories (1983) suggest that local traditions are gradually fading as Western ideas replace those in non-Western communities. Another version of the theory is called "McDonaldization" Yet another version of the theory is called "Coca-Colonization" To whom is this theory attributed to?
Ernest Gellner
Cultural convergence theories:
Ernest Gellner, McDonaldization, and Coca-colonization
Bronislaw Malinowski developed the __________ method, which requires the researcher to live with people for years in order to develop the "native's point of view."
Ethnographic
__________ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations
Evolution
T/F Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally practiced in the same way for all humans
False
T/F Anthropologists believe that the "native point of view" is better than their own.
False
T/F Anthropologists care about how objects are created but not really how they are destroyed.
False
T/F Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields.
False
T/F Anthropologists use just three methods—interviews, fieldnotes, and participant observation.
False
T/F Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences.
False
T/F Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do.
False
T/F For early anthropologists, primitive religions were based on a fundamental error in thinking.
False
T/F Genetically speaking, humans are a remarkably homogeneous species: there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them.
False
T/F In the Kula and Sagali exchanges the prestige lies in receiving items such as armbands and skirts, not in giving them
False
T/F Languages change very slowly, taking generations or even centuries
False
T/F Most anthropologists see the consumption of an object or commodity as an antisocial act.
False
T/F Most mammals use some form of call system to communicate with others of their species. Dogs and chimpanzees share an additional linguistic characteristic because they can communicate simple combinations of ideas about things they are not currently seeing.
False
T/F Sex is a simple product of nature and biology.
False
T/F Studies have shown that marriage is mostly about sex.
False
T/F The central point of the concept of spheres of exchange is to make a distinction between general- and limited-purpose money.
False
T/F? Anthropologists are generally ignored by "development" experts at institutions like the World Bank.
False
T/F? Globalization is so exciting to anthropologists right now because they have never studied interconnectivity before.
False
T/F? People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.
False
The circulation of clothing globally assists clothing manufacturers in developing countries, such as Zambia.
False
The theory that posits that cultural practices and beliefs serve purposes for society is called
Functionalism
What is an example of Development Anthropology?
Gerald Murray worked to reduce deforestation in Haiti in the 1970s and 1980s.
true
Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics
false
Globalization is exciting to anthropologists right now because they have never studied interconnectivity before.
_________ are important for an anthropologist to write down because they reflect his or her private observations, which can also be useful data.
Headnotes
On the north coast of Papua New Guinea, a religious cult leader name Barjani was remembered through which object?
His hat
the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors
If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, they would probably emphasize
the unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans, and officials from different countries
In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on
Many anthropologists are wary about traditions because while they may feel ancient to some people, they are often
Invented
ANTHROPOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT CONT Anthropologist ____ ____ points to developing agencies as not knowing the cause of some of the conditions they are trying to fix. For example, instead of trying to introduce modern capitalism into a society who already use that system, understand that the reason they are impoverished is because their work is being exploited. Introducing new methods to getting their product to market isn't going to solve the fact that there are socioeconomic inequalities and subordination.
James Ferguson
Which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups?
Jews, Italians, and Finns
The early anthropologist who wrote the book Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies and was the first to distinguish between biological sex and gender roles was
Margaret Mead
what are some convergence theories?
McDonaldization, Coca-colonization
Ethnocentrism
Means you think your culture is superior to other culture
Another key feature of the changing scale of globalization is the mobility of people.
Migrants Immigrants Refugees Exiles
An anthropologist who studies how societies control sexuality would likely be most interested in the following situations
Obstacles in access to birth control
global Integration creates an opportunity for local cultures to express themselves
One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that
Ferdinand de Saussure made a distinction between the formal rules of language (langue) and the ways people speak it (
Parole
on their own terms
People around the world often think of development as undermining self -determination but will often accept it when it is_______________
___________ assumes ethnicity is largely a natural phenomenon, based on biological, linguistic, and geographical ties to those with whom individuals have obvious similarities of appearance, geography, language, or socioeconomic context.
Primordialism
Coca-colonization
Process by which products and customs associated with Western-European culture and introduced into indigenous groups, challenging, altering, or displacing traditional culture; creates cultural imperialism
WHAT ARE THE OUTCOMES OF GLOBAL INTEGRATION?
Promoters of globalization emphasize the "winners" of this interconnectedness (unprecedented prosperity, economic growth).Opponents emphasize the "losers" (poverty, widening gap between rich and poor). An anthropological analysis of globalization must explore cultural nuances of global interconnections: inequality, confrontation, domination, accommodation, and resistance.
the more open a country is to foreign trade, the better the economy will be
Promoters of globalization highlight which of the following?
Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study
Qualitative
Europe and the People Without History (1984) challenged popular stereotypes of indigenous people as isolated, passive "victims of progress" (Bodley, 1999). Who is this work attributed to>
Reic Wolf
What are some limitations to the Cultural Convergence Theories?
Shared foods, entertainment, and clothing do not necessarily mean that humans are culturally homogenous in other aspects. As such, one major limitation of convergence theories is that they equate material goods with cultural and personal identity
Anthropologist Daniel Miller suggested that shopping for and consuming objects are fundamentally as much acts as they are economic acts.
Social
Which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally?
Surnames
false
The authors think that cultural diversity persists in the world because cultures have been isolated from each other for so long but that diversity is bound to disappear as cultures intermingle more.
Anthropologists who look at the negative aspects of development are
The correct answer was: a. anthropologists of development.
Immigrants are people who
The correct answer was: a. leave their country with no expectation of returning.
A commodity chain is
The correct answer was: a. linked elements that contribute to the manufacture of an object.
Franco moved to the United States three years ago owing to conflict in his home country. He is a(n)
The correct answer was: a. refugee.
Transnationalism and globalization are
The correct answer was: a. synonyms.
Exiles are people who
The correct answer was: b. are expelled by the authorities of their home country.
U.S. president Harry Truman defined the world in what binary?
The correct answer was: b. developed-underdeveloped.
The idea that cultural characteristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another is
The correct answer was: b. diffusionism.
Wanjira was an outspoken poet who had to leave her home country after publishing a dissenting play about the government. She is a(n)
The correct answer was: b. exile.
The reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade began in the 1880s and was the beginning of
The correct answer was: b. financial globalization.
By watching TV and consuming spaghetti noodles, people are participating in
The correct answer was: b. globalization.
Eric Wolf rejected the idea that
The correct answer was: b. people in the periphery were passive.
World systems theory posits
The correct answer was: b. rejection of the idea that global interconnections are anything new, identifying the late fifteenth century as the beginning of a new capitalist world order that connected different parts of the globe in new ways.
The expansion of capital accumulation and European colonialism had what affect on societies of that time?
The correct answer was: c. It disrupted them..
Localization is
The correct answer was: c. a phenomenon whereby greater global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves.
The theory of the clash of civilization
The correct answer was: c. argues that cultural differences have not disappeared and are dividing the world into civilizations in perpetual cultural tension with each other.
Hybridization theory emphasizes
The correct answer was: c. border crossing.
Frank and Wallerstein developed a theory that distinguishes between which types of countries?
The correct answer was: c. center and periphery.
Karen Tranberg Hansen studied the sale of what in sub-Saharan Africa?
The correct answer was: c. clothing.
Migrants are people who
The correct answer was: c. leave their home to work for a time in other regions or countries.
Strikes, protests, and spirit possession are examples of
The correct answer was: c. resistance.
Development is
The correct answer was: d. a set of institutions ostensibly aimed at alleviating problems.
When influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations, this is called
The correct answer was: d. cultural imperialism.
The expansion of capitalist markets is a feature of
The correct answer was: d. development.
Paula moved to New York City from Poland twenty years ago when she married her husband. She is planning on retiring in the Seychelles next year. She is a(n)
The correct answer was: d. immigrant.
The flip side of globalization is
The correct answer was: d. localization.
Refugees are people who
The correct answer was: d. migrate because of political oppression or war.
Cultural convergence theory
The correct answer was: d. posits that as globalization spreads cultural diversity will decline and local distinctions will gradually fade.
An anthropologist who is studying how a former British colony looks at the way unequal power relations are shaped because of imperialism is which type of scholar?
The correct answer was: d. postcolonial.
Globalization is
The correct answer was: d. the contemporary widening of scale of cross-cultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas.
Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society; this is often referred to as
The interpretive approach
accumulate prestige
The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to
cultural imperialism
The promotion of one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, like the spread of technology and material culture.
localization
The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of
it highlights how people impose local meanings on objects
The research that anthropologist Karen Tranberg Hansen has done on secondhand clothing in Zambia is interesting because
When anthropologist Robert Welsch had a very high fever from malaria in Papua New Guinea, why did the Ningerum villagers want to take him to the health center many miles away?
They did not want to be suspected of bewitching him with sorcery
Often, anthropologists use the term " " rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.
Transnational
Financial globalization began in the 1870s. Though it was interrupted by two world wars, it has accelerated over the last 70 years. Many transnational corporations have set up shop in countries with low hourly wages and/or lax environmental regulations. They have accumulated vast amounts of capital assets in the process. For example, if Walmart were a nation-state, it would have the world's 24th largest economy.
True
Some anthropologists avoid the term "globalization" in favor of "transnational," which refers to relationships that extend beyond nation-state boundaries without assuming they cover the whole world.
True
T/F Beliefs get most of their power from being socially enacted repeatedly through rituals and other religious behaviors.
True
T/F Judaism, Christianity, and Islam became state religions, whose religious message and ritual supported the government of the state.
True
T/F Patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans.
True
T/F Racialization has identified different markers of racial identity in Latin America than in the United States.
True
T/F Repatriation is the act of returning human remains or cultural artifacts to the communities of descendants of the people to whom they originally belonged.
True
T/F Secular rituals that celebrate the state or nation, particular occupations, or other identities may achieve many of the same ends as religious rituals
True
T/F The prophet Mohammad had a Christian wife.
True
T/F There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly.
True
T/F? A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.
True
T/F? Localization is the flip side of globalization.
True
The process of globalization affects us all, especially anthropologists who seek to understand the differences and similarities between human groups and cultures.
True
Today, most migrants stay within the same major region of the world in which they are born.
True
Contemporary international development is promoted by the
United Nations, government aid agencies, lending agencies, and nongovernmental organizations.
comparative
Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?
it explains why conflict is growing in the world
Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?
better explain the historical emergence of development patterns throughout the world
World systems theory helped anthropologists
a historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism
World systems theory would be most suited to which of the following research projects?
invention
a combination of existing cultural elements into something new. New art forms or new theories may be considered inventions.
An anthropologist who practices participatory-action research would most likely use this method in a study of
a low-income neighborhood where a toxic waste dump is located
Hijras interest anthropologists mainly because they are
a reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female
An anthropologist who studies unearned privilege would be most interested in which of the following?
a situation in which an upper-class man gets accepted at an Ivy League university because his father and grandfather went there
innovation
a variation on an existing cultural pattern that is accepted or learned by members of a society. Most innovations are modifications of already existing habits of behavior or thoughts. An innovation may arise unintentionally or through deliberate experimentation
relative deprivation
a view of social change and movements, according to which people take action for social change in order to acquire something (for example, opportunities, status, or wealth); ex.- joining the movement for gay marriage in order to acquire the right to marry
The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to
accumulate prestige
The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to:
accumulate prestige
The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to: imitate European consumers steal and resell secondhand clothes accumulate prestige all of the above
accumulate prestige
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as
advocates of poor and marginalized people
A synonym for hybridization is: syncretism friction creolization all of the above
all of the above
The major goal of "development" is: improving health expanding capitalist markets alleviating poverty all of the above
all of the above
A synonym for hybridization is:
all of the above syncretism friction creolization
A synonym for hybridization is:
all the above
The major goal of "development" is:
all the above
"clash of civilizations" theory
alternative to convergence theories; argues that consciousness of culture is growing and people come together because of cultural similarities; conflict is not primarily ideological or economic, but rather cultural in character.
multisited ethnography
an ethnographic research strategy of following connections, associations, and putative relationships from place to place; seeks to track cultural themes as they express themselves in distinct places/settings that are typically connected in some way; useful in studying transnational phenomena like environmentalism, the media, extensive religious societies, spread of tech
what are the two distinct anthropological approaches to development?
anthropology of development and development anthropology
Migrants
are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries.
Advertisers have trained American consumers to focus on the newest and most exciting products through their
attempts to constantly frame their products as new and improved
A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are
being subjected to alien cultural influences
A key illustration of a ________ __________ on male and female differences is how anthropologists are rethinking sexual dimorphism among the human species.
biocultural perspective
Today, most migrants stay within the same major region of the world in which they are ___
born
what is a problem with the world systems theory?
capitalist expansion actually did meet opposition by the periphery peoples
Innovations like ____, _____, _____ allow rapid and frequent communication between any two parts of the world.
cell phones, the Internet, and e-mail
Globalization illustrates how people ____ their cultures because of their connections with other ____
change, groups
A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a
cognatic clan
People's fascination with having the newest Nike shoes or iPhone is an example of which of the following anthropological concepts?
commodity fetish
When objects begin to take on mystical powers and engender obsessive desire and worship it is called
commodity fetishism
Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?
comparative
Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography? analytical comparative genealogical rooted local
comparative
Which of the following best describes the methodology of multisited ethnography?
comparative
the methodology of multi-sited ethnography
comparative
world systems theory: Andre Frank and Wallerstein According to this theory, the world is divided between a dominant "___" and a dependent "______." Core nations develop their economies at the expense of ______ nations. The role of the periphery is to provide ___ AND ___ ___ for the ____ consumption, resulting in the periphery's poverty, underdevelopment, and dependency on the core.
core and periphery periphery labor and raw materials for the cores consumption
Most families function as groups of real people who work together toward common ends. Such family groups are referred to as
corporate group
As such, one major limitation of convergence theories is that they equate material goods with
cultural and personal identity.
An anthropologist who studies the new ways in which class identities are combined with racial and ethnic identities, such as the idea that WASP signifies white or Jew signifies middle class, takes what type of approach?
cultural constructivist
__________________ (two words) occurs when influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations.
cultural imperialism
hybridization emphasizes a world based on c
cultural mixing, border crossing, and persistent cultural diversity.
what are some arguments against the hybridization theory?
culture-mixing is a supernatural phenomenon; it ignores the fact that boundaries have not disappeared; ignores real political/economic power/inequalities
The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it
demonstrates that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising political power
People around the world often think of _______ as undermining self-determination but will often accept it when it is on their own terms.
development
why is defining globalization a challenge?
different academic disciplines define globalization differently, difficult to tell whether it's a process, system, or goal
What is the most striking difference between a physician's approach to a sick patient and a medical anthropologist's perspective?
doctors will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologists will want to look at the illness from all perspectives
When people consume films cross-culturally, they
embed local concerns and interpretations into the storytelling
Globalization: Interconnections should not imply that everyone is an ____ participant in the process of globalization. Unfortunately, the word "globalization," with its emphasis on globe, exaggerates the span of ___ and ___ interconnections.
equal, financial and social
_________________ are people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries.
exiles
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists:
expand state power
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists: to alleviate poverty to improve working conditions for farmers expand state power all of the above
expand state power
until the 1980s, mainstream anthropology was locally focused on research. in ___-to____ ____ settings
face to face village
People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.
false
The circulation of clothing globally assists clothing manufacturers in develolping countries, such as Zambia.
false
When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.
false
the circulation of clothing globally assists clothing manufacturers in developing countries, such as Zambia.
false
Anthropologists commonly refer to the ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize males, females, and those who do not fit either category as
gender/sex systems
The __________ ________ refers to the ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize males, females, and those who do not fit either category.
gender/sex systems
One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that
global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves.
One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that _____
global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves.
According to anthropologists, ____________ is the contemporary widening of scale of cross-cultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas.
globalization
Many arguments over ________ are about winners and losers, but anthropologists are just as interested in cultural nuances such as inequality, confrontation, domination, and resistance.
globalization
When anthropologists go into the field, they
go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered
Ernest Gellner suggest that local traditions are
gradually fading as Western ideas replace those in non-Western communities.
Anthropologist Ashraf Ghani's successes as a finance minister and presidential candidate in Afghanistan can be attributed to what?
his attentiveness to local social norms and priorities
Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?
history
If anthropologist Daniel Miller were studying the production of a commercial product like blue jeans, he would likely want to understand:
how blue jeans create images of social status and position within a community
A visual anthropology perspective is applicable to all of the following except
how ppl need to work to buy things
Just as in the days of colonialism, technologically advanced capitalist countries are the model for ___ social and economic development.
ideal
Cultural ________ occurs when influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations.
imperialism
The major goal of "development" is:
improving health expanding capitalist markets alleviating poverty all of the above
The major goal of 'development' is
improving healthexpanding capitalist marketsalleviating poverty all of the above
A multi-sited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork
in a government hearing on immigration policy by traveling with migrants as they cross borders in the Southwest by interviewing border officials
As globalization has increased pace, anthropologists now realize that too narrow a focus gives an ______ understanding of peoples' lives and the underlying causes of cultural differences.
incomplete
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
integrated
Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?
it explains why conflict is growing in the world.
What is the combined effect of having surnames that are inherited from a child's father and having a woman take her husband's surname at the time of marriage?
it is easier for the family to forget the surnames of women after several generations
For a society to have a separate occupational category of artist, it needs to have which of the following characteristics?
it must have a considerable degree of social stratification and lots of different kinds of occupational categories
The US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to
language death
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
linguistic anthropology
Development Anthropology: Development anthropologists guide development projects in ways that are beneficial for ___ _____, in addition to the plans of ____ agencies. For example, Gerald Murray worked to reduce deforestation in Haiti in the 1970s and 1980s. Murray bridged the gap between the goals of the planners and those of the farmers, suggesting efficient, mutually beneficial solutions. Think of development anthropologists as advocates for the people who often work with agencies like USAID to better the lives of local populations.
local people, outside
The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of __________________.
localization
Eric wolf says that
long distance trade and cultural interaction was around long before European colonialism.
who do development anthropologists see themselves as advocating for?
marginalized people (poor, small farmers, women, etc.)
A culture of is a term that refers to the cultural perspectives and social processes that shape and are shaped by how goods and services are bought, sold, and used in contemporary capitalism.
mass consumption
A culture of _____________ is a term that refers to the cultural perspectives and social processes that shape and are shaped by how goods and services are bought, sold, and used in contemporary capitalism.
mass consumption
Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication
mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world
What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?
medical anthropology
Another key feature of the changing scale of globalization is the ___ ___ ____ Looking at the past, these maps show that migration out of Europe was popular and usually for economic reasons and colonialism. Post World War 2 saw a reversal and instead of heading out of Europe people headed back to Europe.
mobility of people such as migrants, immigrants, refuges, and exiles
Why were American birth rates low from 1942 to 1946?
most young married men were serving in the military
The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as
natural selection
If you wanted to study ongoing racialization processes in the United States, you would most likely focus on
new patterns in which people are dropping ethnic identification in favor of whiteness
world culture
norms and values that extend across national boundaries
While use of these technologies is taken for granted in the United States, only ___ in _____ people in sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa) has computer access. ___ and ____ play a large role in a person's ability to participate in global communication.
one in 5,000 Wealth and poverty
If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize the
overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors
exiles
people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries
immigrants
people who enter a foreign country with no expectation of ever returning to their home country
migrants
people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries
refugees
people who migrate because of political oppression or war, usually with legal permission to stay in a different country
hybridization
persistent cultural mixing that has no predetermined direction or end-point; also called syncretism and creolization
A common element among fundamentalists is a
pervasive sense of belonging to their group
Leni Riefenstahl's 1935 film Triumph of the Will celebrated and glorified the Nazi regime with footage of actual rallies and conventions. Although every frame of this film was authentic and nothing in it was staged, many people describe it as a film because of the way it manipulated the footage to glorify Hitler and the Nazis.
propaganda
transnational
relationships that extend beyond nation-state boundaries without assuming they cover the whole world
A biocultural perspective on gender variance would emphasize all of the following except the
relative allocation of sex-specific hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, that influence whether a person is male or female
Which of the following social structures was identified as a way that African societies maintained order?
religious practices and beliefs
Anthropologists study ____________________, ranging from open rebellion to subtle forms of protest and opposition. Some forms of resistance are so subtle that they might not be recognized by outsiders. For example, females in a Malaysian factory protested working conditions via spirit possession, making them violent, loud, and disruptive. Examples like this interest anthropologists because they show how people interpret and challenge global processes through local cultural idioms and beliefs.
resistance by groups on the periphery
An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize
responsibilities toward the host country and the people being studied
periphery (world systems theory)
rest of the world besides home countries; provide labor and materials for core's conumption
Until the early 1900s, anthropologists believed that their role was to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble indigenously-made objects because those lifeways would soon disappear—an approach referred to as the
salvage paradigm
A key feature of religious beliefs and behavior is that they are rooted in:
social behavior and social action
ANTHROPOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT: Some anthropologists support the work of development anthropology by exploring what kinds of __________________________ Others challenge that development inevitably causes harm by giving more control to outsiders, worsening social inequality, and perpetuating the ethnocentric and paternalistic attitudes of the colonial era. this group works more toward the benefit on the ____
social conditions might help projects succeed project
The "natural" order represented in social hierarchies of any society is supported by
social institutions
A synonym for hybridization is
syncretism, friction, creolization
Which of the following explanations of political relationships among the !Kung would be least likely to come from a traditional political anthropologist?
the !Kung have to navigate complex politics as ethnic minorities in states that don't want them
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that they explain
the apparent decline of cultural diversity
development anthropology
the application of anthropological knowledge and research methods to the practical aspects of shaping and implementing development projects; branch of applied anthropology; started because planners did not take local cultures into consideration
Which of the following is an ethnocentric reaction to African art?
the craftsmanship is poor because Africans have no artistic skill
localization
the creation and assertion of highly particular, often place-based, identities and communities; side effect of globalization; creates opportunities for local cultures to express themselves more vividly
Cross-dressing rebel soldiers in Liberia is an excellent illustration of what?
the fact that gender identities are rooted in local concepts and practices
The idea that things have social lives refers to which of the following?
the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives
anthropology of development
the field of study within anthropology concerned with understanding the cultural conditions for proper development, or, alternatively, the negative impacts of development projects
postcolonialism
the field that studies the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism
If you wanted to study patterns of kin relations in a community, which method would you use?
the genealogical method
core (world systems theory)
the home countries; win by exploiting periphery
The exercise of political power in state and nonstate societies is different in all of the following respects except
the importance of personal connections
A commodity chain analysis applied to motorcars would be interested in all of the following except
the layout of the factory in which they are built.
commodity chain
the linked elements--labor, capital, raw materials, etc.--that contribute to the manufacture of a commodity
Promoters of globalization highlight what?
the more open a country is to foreign trade, the better the economy will be
An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as
the natural abilities of more civilized people to control less civilized people
disaster capitalism
the practice (by a government, regime, etc) of taking advantage of a major disaster to adopt liberal economic policies that the population would be less likely to accept under normal circumstances; ex.- 9/11 and resulting increased security measures
McDonaldization
the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant (efficiency, calculability, predictability, technology over human labor) are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world
Why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences?
the specific cultural content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different
diffusion
the spread of cultural elements from one culture to another. The cultural element is out of the context in which it was first developed. A diffused cultural trait may be readily accepted and altered to fit within the new culture. Or there may be conflict within or between cultures over newly diffused traits. This often happens when the traits are forced upon other cultures.
world systems theory
the theory that capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange throughout the world, creating a global market and global division of labor, dividing the world between a dominant "core" and a dependent "periphery"; rejects theory that global interconnections are new
In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on
the unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans, and officials from different countries
In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on
the unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans, and officials.
globalization
the widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries; includes interactions in areas like communication, migration, and finances
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists
to expand state power
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
traditions
Often, anthropologists use the term ________ rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.
transnational
Often, anthropologists use the term _____________ rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.
transnational
Some anthropologists avoid the term "globalization" in favor of "________l," which refers to relationships that extend beyond nation-state boundaries without assuming they cover the whole world.
transnational
A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.
true
Eric Wolf usefully argued that people on the periphery shaped global capitalist systems but that they are often ignored by elites who write their histories.
true
Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics.
true
The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies.
true
Colonial governments referred to their duty to bring civilization to the "____" parts of the world
uncivilized
in 1949, president harry Truman sought to help the ________ world. it seemed natural that everyone would want to be ____
underdeveloped developed
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to
understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community
the process of globalization affects ___ ___ especially anthropologists who seek to understand the ____ and ____ between human groups and culture
us all, differences and similarities