Antimicrobial Resistance

Some estimates indicate that, if left unchecked, AMR would cost the world up to ______________ USD by the year 2050. 100 million 100 billion 100 trillion

100 trillion

Match the term with its description.

A resistance gene is received from a "parent" microbe during replication Vertical transmission Resistance genes are exchanged between microbes (for example, via plasmids) Horizontal transmission The multiplication of resistant microbes when antimicrobials kill susceptible ones Selective pressure The inappropriate use of medicines (for example, when antibiotics are used as growth promoters for livestock) Irrational medicines use

AMR is likely to affect patients in which way? Increase health care costs Extend or prolong the duration of illnesses Require longer treatment with medicines that can cause more severe side effects All of the above

All of the above

Choose the BEST answer. Antimicrobial resistance can occur in: Bacteria Viruses Parasites All of the above

All of the above

From which of the following ways can a microbe become resistant to an antimicrobial agent? By absorbing resistant genes from the external environment By inheriting resistant genes from its "parent" microbe By acquiring resistance genes from another microbe All of the above

All of the above

Which groups of people are at especially high risk if AMR continues to grow? Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy or other patients with suppressed immune systems Patients undergoing complex surgery Patients requiring organ transplantation All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following contributes to the development of drug resistant HIV? Medication adherence challenges associated with long-term treatment Rapid replication rate of HIV Patients being placed on sub-optimal treatment regimens All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following situations contributes to the spread of AMR? Excessive use of antimicrobials in the raising of livestock Prescribing antibiotics for non-bacterial, viral illnesses like the common cold or flu Poor infection control practices in health care settings All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following statements about multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) are true? (Select all that apply.) Can cost up to 200 times more than treatment of uncomplicated cases Is effectively treated with isoniazid and/or rifampin Can require treatment for 2 years or more Is curable in most patients

Can cost up to 200 times more than treatment of uncomplicated cases Can require treatment for 2 years or more

A resistant infection affects the patient in which of the following ways? (Select all that apply) A. Psychologically B. Physically C. Financially D. B and C only E. A, B, and C

E. A, B, and C

Which of the following are drug-resistant bacteria that have been classified by the CDC as urgent public health threats in the United States? (Select all that apply) Enterobacteriaceae MRSA Staphylococcus aureus Human papillomavirus Acinetobacter

Enterobacteriaceae MRSA Staphylococcus aureus Acinetobacter

AMR is primarily a concern for low- and middle-income countries.

False

The acronym MRSA stands for: Minocycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Minocycline-resistant Streptococcus aureus Methicillin-resistant Streptococcus aureus

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Match the term to its definition.

Microbe An organism of microscopic size Antimicrobial An agent that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms Plasmid A small piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of a cell which can replicate independently

Choose the treatment for malaria below for which drug resistance has NOT been observed. Chloroquine Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine Artemisinin combination therapy None of the above

None of the above

For which of the infections below is antimicrobial resistance NOT an issue? Tuberculosis HIV/AIDS Fungal infections None of the above

None of the above

Which of the following statements is true? Monotherapy, or use of one drug, is now the gold standard in the treatment of diseases like malaria and HIV since it reduces overall use of antimicrobial medicines. Penicillin is 100% effective in treating pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae Resistance has been observed against most medicines currently available to treat gonorrhea Cases of fungal infections which are multidrug resistant are decreasing

Resistance has been observed against most medicines currently available to treat gonorrhea

The term "antimicrobial resistance" refers to: The inability of microbes to colonize an environment due to the presence of an antimicrobial Bacteria rising up against oppressive occupying forces The ability of microbes to withstand the killing or suppressing effects of an antimicrobial medicine

The ability of microbes to withstand the killing or suppressing effects of an antimicrobial medicine

Antimicrobial resistance is a natural phenomenon.

True

Some strains of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and drug-resistant gonorrhoeae have demonstrated resistance to even last-line medications and have the potential to become untreatable.

true