AP 4 midterm study guide part 2

cushings syndrome is:

all (cause of a great decrease in tissue protein, caused by hypersecretion of cortical hormones, cause of high blood glucose and sodium concentrations)

addisons disease:

all (decreased blood na+ and increased k+, caused by the hyposecretion of cortical hormones , results in low BP

the meninges consist of:

all (dura, arachnoid, and pia matter)

reflexes help to control:

all (heart rate, digestive activities, BP)

growth hormone:

all (increases the rate of protein synthesis, increases rate of fat metabolism, enhances the movement of amino acids into cells)

treatment of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus usually involves:

all (maintaining good weight, exercising regularly,controlling the diet)

the condition called spina bifida is characterized by an:

all (open vertebral column, exposed spinal cord, abnormality in neural tube development)

steroid hormones:

all (soluble in lipids, ct by causing the synthesis of messenger RNA molecules, combine with protein receptor molecules)

neurons are ____ whereas neuroglial cells are:

structural and functional units of the nervous system; accessory cells in the nerve tissue

a hormone is defined as a ___, and the target cell is defined as ____:

substance that has metabolic effect on another cell, that possesses specific receptors for hormone molecules

a decreased blood calcium concentration is likely to be accompanied by:

tetanic skeletal muscle contractions

nonsteroid hormones act upon their target cells by causing:

the activation of adenylate cyclase; or causing a 2nd messenger to be formed

which of the following is not part of the diencephalon:

the anterior pituitary gland

which has both endocrine and exocrine function:

the pancreas

oxytocin is sometimes administered to women following childbirth to stimulate:

uterine contractions

another name for antidiuretic hormone is:

vasopressin

masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear:

white

simple goiter is most likely to affect people who live in regions where soil lacks:

iodine

saltatory conduction:

is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber

the pressure of cerbrospinal fluid is usually measured by introducing a hollow needle into the subarachnoid space between:

lumbar vertebrae

if the area of the cerebral hemisphere corresponding to broca's area is damaged what is the result:

motor control of the muscles associated with speech is lost

in addition to a drop in blood calcium concentration a symptom of hypoparathyroidism is:

muscle cramps

as a rule, hormone concentrations are controlled by:

negative feedback mechanisims

which of the following are descending tracts in the spinal cord:

none (fasciculus grtacilis, spinocerebellar, spinothalmic)

a deficiency of hormones from the adrenal medulla is likely to produce:

none (no increase in heart rate, blood sugar, or BP)

an example of a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla is:

none (not glucocortoid, mineralcortoid, aldosterone)

the structure that contains nerve tracts connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres is the:

none (not hypothalamus, basal ganglia, or rubrospinal nuclei)

what produces myelin in the brain and spinal cord:

oligodendrocytes

all hormones are:

organic compounds

ischmic cells change is caused by a lack of:

oxygen

which ion passes thorugh cell membranes most readily:

potassium

the primary motor areas of the brain are located in the:

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

most cerebral spinal fluid is secreted from the choroid plexuses in the:

3rd ventricle

the surface area of the cortex is approx:

5 sq ft

a person under stress has increased:

BP

which is a type of neuroglial cell:

all ( astrocyte, ependymal cell, oligodendrocyte)

which of following hormones exerts its effect primarily upon the reporductive organs:

FSH

what is the function of cerebral association areas:

all (analyze and interpret sensory experiences, reasoning and judgement, memory)

which vertabra would mark the end of the spinal cord:

L1

hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex leads to:

addisons disease

insulin causes:

a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is caused by:

a disorder of the immune system

the condition called diabetes insipidus is caused by:

a lack of insulin

myelin is defineds as:

a lipoprotein cell membrane on the outside of axons

cortisol is useful in controlling inflammation reactions because it:

all (stabilizes lysosomal membranes, inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins, decreases the permeability of capillaries)

diabetes mellitus is characterized by:

all (thirst, urine, with high osmotic pressure, glucose in urine)

the structure of the spinal cord can be described as:

all except having gray matter that is composed of myelinated nerve fibers

the most common form of hyperthyroidism is called graves disease and is caused by:

an autoimmune disorder

as a result of the general response to stress, the blood concentrations of epinephrine:

and cortisol rise

target cells for releasing hormone are in the:

anterior pituitary gland

which of the following is secreted by nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary:

antidiuretic hormone

an inflammation of the meninges called meningitis most commonly involves the:

arachnoid and pia matter

an infants response to stimuli are coarse and undifferentiated by its nerve fibers:

are not completely myelinated

one difference between the central and peripheral nervous systems is the extent that nerves regenerate after injury. what is the reason for this defference?

axons of the CNS lack the connective tissue sheaths

parkinsons disease which is characterized by slow movements and difficulty initiating voluntary muscular actions results from a disorder in the:

basal ganglia

in order for a severed peripheral nerve to regenerate and recover its original function, nerve fibers must sprout and enter tubes formed by:

basement membranes and connective tissue

which neurotransmitter relives pain sensations:

beta-endorphin

the hormone that causes calcium to be deposited in the bone is:

calcitonin

when an action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic knob, the contents of vesicles are released in responce to the proesence of:

calciums ions

cancer patients often develop endocrine disorders because:

cancer cells sometimes secrete hormones inappropriately

a nonsteroid hormone acts on a target cell by:

casuing a 2nd messenger to be formed

the part of the brain that functions to coordinate voluntary muscular movements is the:

cerebellum

brain waves are recordings of activity occuring in the:

cerebral cortex

when the cerebrum is permanently damaged due to an interruption of blood flow to the brain, the condition is called:

cerebrovascular accident

cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ____ and it functions to ____:

choroid plexuses in the ventricles, protect the brain from blows to the skull

secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled by the:

concentration of blood calcium

which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus:

control postural reflexes

if the general interpretive area of the dominant hemisphere is damage in a child, the:

corresponding region on the opposite side of the brain might take over the interpretative function

basal ganglia are located in the ____ and function to ____:

deep regions of the cerebral hemispheres; aid in control of motor activities

the cytoplasmic extensions that, together with the cell body, provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are:

dendrites

the area of skin suplied by sensory nerve fibers from a particular dorsal root is called:

dermatome

resting potential is defined as the:

difference between the inside and outside of a resting nerve cell membrane

the final active form of vit D required for the absorption of calcium from the GI tract is:

dihydroxycholecalciferol

a steroid hormone acts on a target cell by:

directly causing protein sythesis

in the case of a subdural hematoma resulting from a blow to the head, blood accumulates between the:

dura mater and arachnoid matter

if a neuron receivesa series of stimuli whose affect is excitatory but subthreshold, the neuron is more excitable to incoming stimulation than before and is said to be:

facilitated

if a resting potential becomes more negative, the membrane is said to be:

hyperpolarizing

a person with an abnormally high metabolic rate, who is underweight with protruding eyes has symptoms of:

hyperthyroidism

where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made:

hypothalamus

the condition called cretinism is caused by:

hypothyroidism

beverage alcohol causes an increase in urine production by :

inhibiting ADH

noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus results from:

insensitivity of cells to insulin

melanocyte stimulating hormone which regulates the formation for the melanin is produced by the:

intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland

choose the order of increasing brain complexity:

primary cortex, unimodal cortex, heteromodal cortex, and supramodal cortex

which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion:

prolactin

action potentials are related to nerve impulses int the:

propegation of action potentials along a fiber consitutes a nerve impulse

various anti-inflammatory drugs act by inhibiting:

prostaglandins

the blood concentration of growth hormone:

rises at puberty and levels off after adolescence

the somatic nervous system consisits of nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the _____ whereas the autonomic consists of fibers that connect to _____:

skin and skeletal muscles; CNS to the visceral organs

what is the correct part of the sequence of events that follow a threshold potential:

sodium channels open diffuse inward, the membrane becomes depolarized, potassium channels open and potasium ions diffuse outward, the membrane becomes repolarized

during an action potential, calcium ions cause:

sodium channels to close

when a nerve fiber is polarized the concentration of:

sodium ions is higher on outside and k+ is higher on inside

a nerve cell membrane may become depolarized as a result of:

some ion channels being opened while others are closed

cortisol acts to:

stimulate the production of glucose from non-carbohydrates

which of the following is most closely associated with the diencephalon:

the thalmus

the most rapid nerve impulses are conducted on fibers that are:

thick and unmyelinated

triodothyronine is a hormone secreted by the:

thyroid gland

aldosterone promotes the homeostasisof ions by causing the kidneys:

to conserve sodium and secrete potassium

the cerebrum is separated from the cerebellum by the:

transverse fissure

if the reticular formation is injured the affected person might exhibits signs of:

unconsciousness or coma