AP Art history

Statues of votive figures Form

- bilateral symmetry - eyes exaggeration (beholding the divine) -gypsum and black limestone - Style is abstract/ no sense of portraiture / all unique in small ways (either in hair, feet, facial expressions) - scale = ranges from under a foot to almost 2 feet - figure is very cylindrical at bottom and flattened torso → torso is v shaped= sense of geometric patterning/ non naturalistic body Material = 8 from gypsum / 2 from limestone / 1 (smallest one) from alabaster = all painted / materials vary = some whitesell or black limestone Gypsum Inlaid with shell and black limestone -Small -Stylized(geometric[torso is v shaped], big eyes/same eyes, same beard and hair)- cartoonish Scale of hierarchy: eyes are HUGE. could represent a sort of wakefulness that they are always on duty to serve Gods

Standard Of Ur Form

- blue mosaic stone, precious lazuli, and red limestone form intricate patterns and details. - three registers -Wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, red limestone -Small(mobile)- hollow wood box -Elaborately decorated - figures and animals in 'twisted perspective' - Hierarchy of scale: king is bigger than everyone else- he literally breaks the frame - continuous narrative; a sense of motion within the registers - Small/Mobile art= scale - similar to egyptian art with side profile/ composite view -mosaic -hierarchic scale to show who was more important in society -front shoulds, body in profile

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khufu) and Great Sphinx Form

- cut limestone - very hard to assemble. Each of the limestone bricks weighed 5000 lb or more Sphinx: made of limestone -composite human- animal figure (body of a lion, head of a god or human, perhaps khafre) - cats were seen as sacred in egypt - once painted in red to stand out in the desert - Pyramid of khufu was largest - had mastabas = an ancient Egyptian mudbrick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof= this was for prominent members of court

Code of Hammurabi Form

- difference in pattern of clothing and detail on the figures - platform looking like a ziggurat with its tiered steps. -composite view of the god / Shamash King in composite view and king Hammurabi -black-stone stele with words carved in it -basalt -frontal shoulders, everything else profile -Carved object -Relief at top, stele at bottom- inscribed cuneiform -Top is prologue -Composite view -No hierarchy of scale→shows how powerful hammurabi was

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khufu) and Great Sphinx Content

- each pyramid has an accompanying causeway and mortuary temple (indicating the path that the Pharaoh's body was transported in burial) - mortuary temples and entrances were always oriented east (direction of sunrise→ ra (egyptian sun god) - the pyramid of menkaure was the most complex= has a chaber carved with panels / burial chambers -The great sphinx= lion with head of king = for king Khafre - there was a great gallery which lead up to kings chambers - in the pyramid for khufu = there are 7 boat pits for boats =this had to do with the funeral process - Pyramid was a part of a royal mortuary Complex - Khafre's Necropolis(cemetery) = Entrance hall/Columned courtyard/ Niches(small spaces inside the walls) for statues of the pharaoh/ Five storage chambers/ Inner sanctuary - Three pyramids were built. The Great Pyramid (of Khufu) is the largest, although Khafre's appears taller. Mekaure's pyramid is the smallest, although it has preserved many sculptures within.

Niobides Krater Form

- figures are stiff - early classical - severe style - made of clay - red figure bc bodies are part of red clay pot and then black background — lots of detail allowed/ - red clay on black allows for a tremendous amount of details - in the past: greek vases before this had only one "line" - now figures occupy different levels= sense of an illusion of space /foreground and background but all figures are the same size / suggesting depth - might be a copy of a wall painting by Polygnotus - he was credited with the thought of being the first artist to paint figures in depth - no ancient greek wall paintings have survived - - ancient greek vase - figures are placed all around Hercules (surrounded by reclining and standing warriors) -Stylized

Niobides Krater Content

- figures have a sort of "stiffness" - Illusion of space: some figures on top, some on bottom but they're all the same size. There's no difference in scale - depth on vase (the Greek hero Herecles (depicted on vase) was the child of zeus, a god, and Alkmene, a mortal) -one side: mortal woman named Niobe with 12 children would always brag to the goddess Leto that she had more children so Apollo and Artemis (Leto's children) take revenge for their mother by killing all 12 children -other side: Hercules (identified with club and lions skins) is actually a sculpture (contraposta) and Greek soldiers are offering tribute and prayer to protect them before going into battle

Palette of King Narmer Function

- found buried in the temple for the falcon God Horus (Found at Heirakonpolis capital of Egypt during predynastic) -original function: ritual object decidated to a god - grind and mix makeup to be ritually applied to pharoah -A ceremonial/ commemorative version of a tool used for mixing eye makeup -idea of order and chaos -represents the unification of Egypt and country's growth as a powerful nation - Contains some of the earliest heiroglyphics telling the story of Narmer unifying upper and lower Egypt into one kingdom with one ruler. also functions as a makeup palette for eye make up in the circle on the back of the palette.

Palette of King Narmer Form

- made of smooth grayish/green silstone - low relief carving - made from slate/ greywacke - divided into registers -Small, two sided Carved palette -Greywacke -Smooty, flat -Figures standing on a 'ground line', indicating registers -Hierarchy of scale (narmer towers over his enemies on one side, and dwarfs the figures on the other) -Composite view, twisted perspective -low relief -registers (like in the standard of ur) - there are a number of formal and iconographic (story-like) characteristics on the platelets that remain conventional in Egyptian two dimensional art = including the way the figures are represented, being organized in registers, use of hierarchy of scale to indicate importance - more than two feet in height

Tutankhamun's tomb Context

-New kingdom -Innermost coffin -Became king at age 9, died at age 15 or 16 -Ruled after Amarna age when his father turned religious attention of kingdom to the worship of god aten→he brought it back to god amun -Mystery how he died(injury, malaria, or both) -Death mask rests on shoulders of mummy in this coffin - married half-sister, it didn't produce air and left the line of succession and Clear - his coffin held three bodies of king outer to coffins, crafted in wood, and covered in gold along with semi precious stones, and innermost coffin was made out of solid gold Pressured by priests, changed his name and returned Egypt to normalcy. Tomb discovered is only one of a few intact (probably because of new Kingdom secrecy) 5,000 Objects discovered Crook and flail- symbols of royalty. Because of his link to Akhenaten, his name was struck from record, hiding his tomb.

Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall Context

-New kingdom -Largest religious room in the world -Tallest obelisk in egypt -Expanded Karnak as pharaohs made their mark there and more temples were built -Not many Egyptians allowed inside(further restricted the deeper you go) -dedicated by female pharaoh hatshepsut -Site first developed during the middle Kingdom - how are you been brightly painted?

King menkaura and queen Context

-Old kingdom - It was found within his burial complex in the pyramids of Giza and was a ka statue that his soul could inhabit. - There's no inscription because it was never finished/ so we don't know who is for - in the sculpture, the King's foot is stepped forward. This is customary for Egyptian males in sculptures, but unusual for females, who are generally depicted with your feet together. - stand that equal height= because there are equal heights people believe that she could've been queen mother and due to her, protective gesture

Seated Scribe context

-Old kingdom -buried in a tomb (preserved very nicely, created to accompany a high- ranking individual) = found in a necropolis (large cemetery) - scribes were one of the few people who could read and write at the time

Seated scribe Form

-Painted limestone -Symmetrical except for hands -Carved w/ delicacy(especially fingers) -Pronounced high cheekbones - fingers/ fingernails= long -Lots of pigment survived(red-brown skin, hair and eyes extenuated w/ black)because it was preserved in a tomb -Crystal eyes, red vein marble within eyes, organic material for iris- it creates a sense of alertness/awareness/intelligence - very lifelike / very human (not how gods were protrayed) = rolls of fat - thsi is very unqiue because of the amount of color and paint survived

Tutankhamun's tomb Function

-Preserve king for afterlife - back of death mask had sections from the book of the dead, which Egyptian's uses a roadmap for the afterlife

Lamassu function

-Protected the cities gates(temple and royal palace) -Fearsome, powerful looking(express power of king) -Eyes engaging beyond human realm -Honored god nergal(god of war/plague) - Supposed to advert evil influence - Protected city gates, Protected the temple and the royal palace/ This was at every gate/ they were fearsome / Look powerful, and also could be an expression of Assyrian king - Lamassu means Protective deity(Holy/god)/ Often with body of bull or lion, wings of eagle and human head -support doorways of Assyrian palaces -intimidate those who enter

Lamassu content

-Protective hybrid monster (apotropaic hybrid) -Head:Powerful -Body:Bull or lion -Inscriptions at bottom(power of king/what would happen to people if they went against him) -Very decorative - Guardian figures= Winged build with head of men = Protective, hybrid, monster with bearded head, Crown of God and wing body of bull or lion - Crown = Decorates with rosettes (A motif associated with divinity) then double horns that come around to top center, then ring of feathers on top very delicate - Face= Wavy hair that comes just below Crown/ connected eyebrows /Look overhead= can see beyond human realm - Under creature and around legs= Inscriptions in cuneiform show power of king and damnation for those who threaten the Kings worth - Sensitivity to anatomy= We can see the veins and muscles of the leg. We see the naturalistic nature of the sculpture.

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Content

-Sculpture: -Symmetrical -No space between arms, torso, legs -Masculine looking(breasts are de-emphasized, broad shoulders) - Sculptures of the pharaoh Hatshepsut line the temple, in which she is portrayed visually as a male- with little feminine features and traditionally male clothing. Her facial features and inscriptions of her name do, however, describe her as female. - kneeling due to ritual ceremony to gods - statue of Hatsheput kneeling: offering plants to Amen, the sun god -ascent up to temple -chapels and shrines dedicated to her - Hatshepsut proceeded to feminize Egypt - . Her reign included no great military conquests; the art produced under her authority was soft and delicate; and she constructed one of the most elegant temples in Egypt against the cliffs outside the Valley of the Kings. - Built beside the famous mortuary temple of Montuhotep I, Hatshepsut's version elongated the original design to produce a different aesthetic. - A long ramp ascended to a wide terrace from a courtyard filled with pools and trees. - Bordered by a sweeping wall of columns, the terrace stretched the length of Montuhotep's entire temple, and held a ramp that ascended to a second terrace, also lined by a sweeping wall of columns. - Atop its columned halls, whose walls were covered with lovely carvings, stood the temple proper whose smaller rooms contained statues of the queen. - Some wall scenes showed her birth as a divine event in which the god Amun, disguised as her father Thuthmose I, impregnated her mother, indicating that the god had personally placed her on the throne

Standard of Ur Function

-Theory:Military standard=Readily visible object held high on a pole and miss of combat and paraded and victory / was on poll and brought into battle(standard is something you bring into battle) →too big tho so it's name is misleading -Part of ritual -Maybe sound box -Maybe contained something important like money -Shows us the way we organize society is similar to back then (like how they have wealthy ppl and poor ppl) - Through mosaic sense, presents The actions of the Sumerian king - Don't knowIf it was ever in battle - shows the different classes of people

Akhenaton, Nefertiti and three daughters Form

- more realistic human form - lots of stylistic curves instead of straight lines - lots of movement in the curved lines -Limestone -Small -Sunken relief carving= placed in private domestic environment example of change in style -Informal= hieroglyphics = very informal, compared to most Egyptian art because you get a sense of the relationship and the couple I know they can ship with children and the love and the domesticity -Curvilinear= this is a big shift because Egyptian art in the past was very rectangular form -Drapery= gives off a sense of softness and it's an absolute contrast to the traditional Egyptian art -Composite view= still see a composite view of body profile view of face the frontal view of eye, one have faces us, but shoulder squared with us= as much of body is exposed in profile view - Monotheism, representation of Aten, god of light Akhenaten and royal family could worship Aten, everyone else had to worship THEM. Exaggerated realism Long head and necks narrow chests out of shape stomachs heavier hips rejection of cannon Didn't last long beyond the rule of Akhenaten

Doryphoros content

- nude figure for athletes to aspire to - more naturalistic - ideally beautiful in proportions and his muscles - newfound, carefully observed body - asymmetrical: body is unevenly distributed - original sculpture would have held a spear to relax on his left shoulder naturalistic -polykleitos what is the sculptor who wrote a book? We're here to find what beauty was in sculpture, and he made the sculpture in bronze to go with his book as a visual.= his original canon idea of Beauty = mathematical proportions and the portions of the body based on mathematical harmonies /balance and harmony between elements of body create a beauty - not a Portrait not seeing individual it is an ideal representation

Palette of King Narmer Context

-palettes were very widely distributed, as makeup in Egypt was accessible for men and women of all social classes -the unification of upper and lower Egypt under a single ruler was a very significant event in Egyptian history at this point in time, the duality of the piece with the king's two crowns and the two different faces of the palette represents their unity, while depicting their differences - so valuable it has never been allowed to leave egypt - narrative of the unificaiton of egypt under kind narmer's reign -Predynastic Egypt(before/during unification of upper and lower Egypt) -Sets the rules or standards for Egyptian canon of art -Found in temple - So I have interpreted as the initial unification of Egypt under one ruler, supported by Narmer, connecting upper Egypt and lower Egypt - The Narmer Palette is from Pre-dynastic Egypt, before/during the unification of upper and lower Egypt.

Seated Scribe Function

-shows that the scribe is important but not perfect like a pharoah -Intended to be seen from the front -Funerary sculpture meant for a tomb

Acropolis content

Content: -buildings, temples, statues -Parthenon (constructed under Pericles): -doric temple -East Pediment on parthenon: birth of Athena from the head of Zeus (Helios) -plaque of ergastines: procession held for Athena every 4 years -Temple of Athena Nike: commemorate Greek victory over the Persians -Victory Nike adjusting her sandal -building covered with sculpture= sculpture in metopes , sculpture in pediments and in frieze (interior of colons)= this was an ionic feature -pediment tells story of Athena and Poseidon the metopes symbolize Athenian triumph and having a civilization over barbarism and ration over chaos

Grave stele of Hegeso content

Content: -genre scene: slave bringing jewelry box to nike figure for her to examine the jewelry -inscription on pediment identifies Hegeso as daughter of heygo = women identified by relationship with men -Wealthy person sitting in chair -Maid is giving her a box

Athenian Agora Content

Content: -participated with government -democracy- didn't vote representatives but instead participated directly - only citizens (males) could be in government - started as a place for markets

Nike adjusting her sandal Content

Content: -Graceful Winged go ddess adjusts her sandal -Deeply incised drapery reveals her body -Depicts a goddess in a very normal, informal way - off balance pose; differed from other calm classical relaxed poses in acropolis sculptures / most classical sculptures are relaxed this is very different - Graceful Winged goddess adjusts her sandal

Acropolis context

Context: -Athens, Greece - high classical moment Athens most powerful city state and this marathon became more sacred rather than defensive this building is a model for many buildings today - after Persian and greek war and this can explain why they were so confident they won and this is why they drew themselves with gods

Anavysos Kouros Form

Extremely idealized male figure very muscular and lean Egyptian style stance Tense and flexing his muscles shows off the realistic and proportional anatomy Neatly Braided hair -vertical stance -frontal, symmetrical -nude figure, common in public spaces -nudity shows strength, masculinity, pinacle of life, pride -body is idealized and revealed, in order to show the perfection and rational appreciation for the body -marble with remnant of paint -archaic smile -Egyptian inspiration shown through the stance of one foot slightly in front of other - life size (larger) - marble with remnants of paint - body corresponding to a block of stone - left leg out to god -the body is more curvilinear than Egypt

Athenian Agora Form

Form: -long buildings (stoa) -covered places- public markets -at foot of Acropolis, road that leads up - Made of marble

Acropolis Form

Form: -marble (wealth) -winged figure (nike) -elevated - we see this as perfectly flat, but it's not - doric temple, although it has ionic elements - Doric identifiers = massive columns with shallow, vertical lines, columns, go directly into the floor= stylobate/at top the capital was simple and rise up directly to a rectangular block called abacus and above that are Triglyph and metopes -Building was brightly colored -greeks intelligence on how to make it look perfect in our eyes but it really was imperfect like with columns spacing was genius

Grave stele of Hegeso Form

Form: -marble with paint -hierarchic scale -drape accentuates the body - -Marble and paint -Wet drapery -Relaxed posture -Shading(makes it look more real) - stele decorated with relief sculpture - full width of body quiet reverence = high classical = style resembles close level of craving

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Form

Form: -sandstone -red granite statue -built into rock cliff - Sandstone, partially carved into a rock cliff, red granite(hard to make, hard to destroy) -Two colonnades(columned porches represent her divine birth and expansion into punt) - form she use that she adopted from early kings to make her look more like a king= uses of symmetry embedded in stone, no space between her arms and torso and legs, sense of timelessness - kneeling =hard to do= expression of power of king

Nike adjusting her sandal Form

Form: -High relief sculpture. Marble. High relief sculpture. Marble. Deeply incised drapery reveals her body (similar to 3 goddesses

Nike adjusting her sandal Function

Function: - adorn parapet of Athena nine temple, May be to remind worshippers to remove shoes - Depicts a goddess in a very normal, informal way

Grave stele of Hegeso Function

Function: -funerary object -put on graves in Classical period -commemorates the death of Hegeso -Grave marker -Reinforces role of women(they didn't go outside much) = women are identified by relationship with men -domestic scene memorizing her

Acropolis function

Function: -hold image of goddess Athen (in cella) -celebrate the female figure -civic pride (Athena) -commercial, civic, religious, and social building symbol of birth of democracy building is dedicated to Athena treasury symbol of cities wealth and power gift to Athena

Athenian Agora function

Function: -marketplace/meeting area -temple (pay tribute to Athena) used to b e a market, became philosophical discussions + debates that took place here - more citizenry to participate in government - business, political and legal center of Athens - philosophy behind democratic rule was set forth - dedicated to Athena (protector of city)

Acropolis

Greek for "high city". The chief temples of the city were located here/ .The upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city, usually devoted to religious purposes./ The citadel or fortress of an ancient Greek city, typically built on a hill.

Tutankhamun's tomb Content

Holding crook and flail(symbols of kings right to rule-represent his job as shepard and punisher and went with him into the next life) -Goddess nekhbet(vulture)and wadjet(cobra)inlaid with semiprecious stones stretch their wings across his torso→beneath goddesses, isis and nephthys, are etched into the gold lid - Gold coffin = image of pharaoh is that of God = gods were thought of to have skin of gold Egyptian gods were believed to have silver bones, blue hair of lapis and gold skin. This coffin depicts the pharaoh as a god. The goddesses Nekhbet, goddess of Upper Egypt and Wadjet, goddess of lower Egypt (vulture and cobra) are across his chest.

white temple and its ziggurat Content

City of Uruk was protected by Anu, (the sky god) -Elevated structure built at a high elevation in center of city so that Anu could 'descend' and 'communicate" with clergy and royalty in the temple - Uruk; Modern day Warka, Iraq - southern mesopotamia - Size are very broad and sloping, but broken up by recess strips of band from top to bottom, which made a pattern in morning or afternoon sunlight

Peplos Kore Form

Marble and Paint wearing a Peplos, a long flowing garment. Naturalistic face, tightened waist Archaic figure Has archaic smile= no expression of emotion, but expression of well-being. Her figure gives a sense of being transcendent, a sense of ideal, not engaging in the world of emotion and difficulty, but rising above this with us to believe that she's giving a sense of God is nice that represents ideal femininity Sense of movement - originally thought she was wearing a "peplos", which is an Ancient Greece costume, a rectangle of cloth - often linen that is pinned at shoulder and falls down

white temple and its ziggurat Function

Sumerian Worshiping temple for Anu / dedicated to this god (sky god) temple that is a meeting place for humans and gods in the center of the city Theocracy: A god rules while state officials/ royalty govern on their behalf. Very exclusive group. Not everyone was permitted in the white temple Because people saw it towering above the city, they could make a visual connection to the god/goddess honored there (religious practice) - temple showed the theocratic political system -top temple was only for royals or clergy to enter ziggurat = not only a visual focal point of the city, but also symbolic one - they were at the heart of the theocratic political system ( type of government where God is ruler and state officials act on God's behalf)/ seeing Ziggurat one made both of visual connection to a god or goddess, and recognize its political authority

Corinthian Architecture

These columns were very similar to Ionic columns The shafts were fluted, were sitting on bases, and capped by extremely ornate capitals. Some had volutes on the capital, but ALL had decorative acanthus leaves Least popular of all three styles IN GREECE (crazy expensive and time consuming). The Romans made this style famous Invented in the city of Corinth (Shocker!). an order of ancient Greek architecture similar to the Ionic, except that the capitals are carved in tiers of leaves

Apse

a large semicircular or polygonal recess in a church, arched or with a domed roof, typically at the eastern end, and usually containing the altar. semicircular/polygonal niche protruding from the end wall of a church and contains an altar. semicircular or polygonal termination to the choir, chancel, or aisle of a secular or ecclesiastical building.

Agora

an open marketplace found in Greek city-states where people would shop for goods from merchants along with exchanging ideas and discussing issues.

Doric Architecture

an order of ancient Greek architecture that features grooved columns with no grooved bases and an upper story with square sculpture called metopes/ This style of column features simple, heavy columns without bases.

Composite (architectural order)

put together from many different parts

Archaic smile

the curved lips of an ancient Greek statue, usually interpreted as a way of animating facial features The Archaic smile appeared on sculptures in the second quarter of the 6th century BC. This smile was used by Greek Archaic artists. It is noted as a small smile or smirk on the face of the sculpture. It is supposed that this smile was created to suggest that the subject of the sculptor was alive and in good health.

Tuscan Architecture

the simplest of the five orders of Classical Roman architecture, which were codified in the Renaissance. It resembles the Doric order but has a simpler base and an unadorned frieze. standard type of Etruscan column; resembles ancient Greek Doric columns, but is made of wood, unfluted, and has a base

Audience hall of Darius and Xerxes Function

- an audience hall. the hall could receive 10,000 people (apadana = audience hall) - meant for holding court and political functions (Persian culture didn't build temples) Makes it clear that king ruled over ambassadors and vassals -Ceremonial center and citadel for the city(royal hill) -Maybe had sacred connection to god mertha(mehr)and Persian new year festival(nowruz) -Where king receives gifts from visitors - The massive platform supported 4 structures= Residential quarters, treasury, ceremonial, places, and fortifications - columns are supposed to show kings power, and how much power he has over all the nations are supposed to be intimidating and show a political dominance

King menkaura and queen Form

-Greywacke= Capture is the physical ideals of time and creates a sense of eternity and immorality -Smooth -Lifesize -Traces of red paint on kings face and yellow on queens face - It looks like they're appearing as though they are emerging from the sculpture - Sense of individual and both figures faces. Both are not depicted in an idealized manner, but rather royal formality - -symmetrical -Egyptian style: one foot in front of the other

Statues of votive figures Content

- As this style of sculpting was distinct from more realistic sculpting at the time, these are thought to be intentionally abstract figures. -the hands are placed in prayful gesture - elite male and female figures -Most are men -Some holding cups for libations -Hands together -Broad shoulders -Looks humble -Image on base:Anzu bird clutching two horned animals(anzu-associated w/ king irsu[thunder god]and abu[vegetation god]) - hair is parted at scalp and comes down and wavelengths that spiral down to central Beard - large eyes / appeared deeply focused, staring straight forward - By the statue being a naturalistic, it gives a sense of timelessness/so it looks like they're always praying to God whereas they're not just passing through

lamassu context

-Neo assyrian -Entrance to palace of sargon(the king) -Was destroyed by isis -Protected the city's gates/gates of the citadel - Neo assyrian, Palace - Has victories and virtues of king, Saigon unscripted in it, and that anyone trying to harm his palace will be cursed - from the citadel of Sargon II (modern day Iraq) -Sumerian

Audience hall of Darius and Xerxes Content

- Bull Capitols on top of the Columns, very artistic element and a symbol of power -Twin headed bulls, eagles or lions(represents royal authority or kingship) -Two horses(one body, two heads) - Presents a visual microcosm of the Achaemenid empire Making clear through sculptural decoration that the Persian king ruled over all of the Subjugated, ambassadors, and vessels - The column capitals in the audience hall. Assume the form of either twin headed bulls, eagles, or lions all animals represent Royal authority, and kingship.

Niobides Krater function

- Ceremonial krater; practical kraters were used for mixing water and wine or storing liquids - large punch bowl that ancient Greeks used to mix wine and water - maybe an attempt to translate wall paintings

Niobides Krater Context

- Created during the classic period (look below for classic period pottery characteristics) Greek Pottery: - Made of terracotta (fired clay) - calyx- krater= basically means large punch bowl - by an artist called the "niobid" painter - attic red figure -Classical Greece - some believe that this is was influenced by a lot of Greek wall paintings I didn't survive

Peplos Kore Context

- From the acropolis - Archaic period - some people believe that it may not be a young woman, but rather a goddess clothed in an unusual way - known as Peplos Kore because we originally thought she was wearing a peplos ad a kore is it figure that was found throughout ancient Greece?

Akhenaton, Nefertiti and three daughters Function

- (iconography = Aten is present shown through the sun disc) -Panel tells us god is present -Way of showing new religion -Aten is giving life to these people(rays of light with hands at end are pointed towards nose and mouth) -shows intimacy of the family -conveys realistic fidgetiness of children -state religious shift in evolving Egyptian art=. New stylistic break of new anatomy meant to distinguish this new age /new religion

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut Context

- - Once a year a statue of (portraying the embodiment of) Amun-Re would be carried to the temple, and many of Hatshepsut's sculptures were posed with her kneeling and holding offerings in reference to said god.= ritual ceremony - -New kingdom -Very powerful person -Assumes authority of king pharaoh(she predicted she would be king) -Married her half brother, became regent for stepson but didn't let him rule -Commissioned many temples -Some were her as a Sphinx -Her stepson and later rulers destroyed images of her after she died(fragments found and put back together, might not be correct) -Valley of kings shaped around it(she is buried there with her father in her tomb) - a temple was a very dramatic location and had organic qualities because it was billed right from living rock - she was seen as a usurper and out of place, and had a negative effect until the 21st century - she create a mythology around her kingship that describes her divine birth, and the way in she would become king and rule over Egypt from more than two decades - she commission many temples, sculptures, and interested in the power of art to convey royal authority

Code of Hammurabi content

- -divine law code carved in stone -sun god, Shamash, giving laws to Hammurabi to be king - bas relief (ba): low relief - the figure sitting, God, is bigger, holding a staff, and the patterns are very intricate - the god is giving hammurabi two things: a rod and a ring (both are builders tools signifying the kings responsibility to build up the nation) - God of the sun -Language inscribed with all laws on the cylinder bottom -Top:King and shamash(sun god-god of justice) -God on throne(we know this because of his horned crown) -God is giving king ceptor and rings(signs of power) - tall steely object, carved in relief at top and inscribed at bottom and cuneiform in the language Akadian, which was language of the Babylonians - Script divided in 3 parts 1. Prologue= Talks about scene being represented at top 2. More than 300 laws on bottom, middle/ Legal precedents/ Not really written by king but laws based off of the judgments of the King made/ Describes punishments 3. Last part of text= Epilogue= Speaks to the importance of the King, and how he will be Remembered for all time

Peplos Kore Function

- Korai were generally offerings to the goddess athena - this might be a goddess herself =left arm is missing, so we don't know what she is carrying- but you can tell it's bent. We think that she might have been holding a bow with her left hand. Perhaps a reconstruction of the goddess Artemis Depiction of a Goddess

Last judgment of Hu-Nefer Context

- New Kingdom - the book of the dead was left in the tomb so that when Hu-Nefer experienced rebirth, he would have a set of instructions to navigate the series of tests etc. - Hu- Nefer was a scribe -New kingdom -From his tomb(page from book of the dead) -Fragments of a scroll, grows on nile - shows about rituals like opening of the mouth ritual

Audience hall of Darius and Xerxes Context

- Persia was huge, governed well and lasted for several hundred year. - Darius and Xerxes were the two most important Persian Rulers - conquered people would bring gifts (or taxes) to the Persian king to pay tribute to him ( if the people brought tribute to the new king everything went smoothly, however if they did not that was pretty bad news.) - The City of Persepolis (Iran) was burned by Alexander the great. The audience hall was found in an excavation during modern times. -Persian empire(Achaemenid empire) - Achaemenid empire = Was an imperial state of Western Asia burned by Cyrus the great/ Empire was vast/ The Empire is notable for a strong centralized bureaucracy. - Persian kings noted for their monumental, art and architecture used architecture to craft messages that helped reinforce their claims to power - persepolis Marked by Darius when he indicated the location of Royalhill as a special site that would serve as a ceremonial center - Darius directed a Massive building program that continued for Xerxes And remained an important site until it was sacked and loaded and burned under Alexander the great

King menkaura and queen Content

- Pharaoh Menkaure is standing in the standard pose for pharaohs alongside his queen. - Menkaure steps forward in the pharaoh pose. - NO NEGATIVE (Open/blank) space! This is so nothing breaks off the statue, upsetting the soul of the pharaoh. - Hands clenched at his side - Muscular, strong with a stoic expression, steady like the Nile, unwavering, broad shoulders, youthful body with no signs of age - She is his balance, feminine in a clingy dress, smiling and supporting him -She is the same height as him, also stepping forward, more straight while he is slightly on an angle -King wearing shirt traditional pleated kilt -Nemes headdress on head -Artificial royal beard -Holding ritual cloth rolls -He isn't perfect looking(facial features)= individualized he has prominent eyes and protruding lower lip, and the queen is a perfect female counterpart with youthful masculine virility beautifully sculpted, body, ideal mature feminine beauty, clearly royal female, stand that equal height -no expression on their faces-shows stability (represents the Nile) -creates a sense of eternity/immortality - His face is not ideal (perfect). We can definitely tell it is HIM because of his fleshy cheeks and defined facial features. - SHE actually faces directly forward while he is slightly at an angle so....maybe this was more for her than him? Maybe she's actually his mother or a goddess?

Akhenaton, Nefertiti and three daughters Context

- The Pharaoh Amenhotep rejected traditional Egyptian gods, moved towards monotheism, combatted power of priests of Amun. - One god: Aten-God of light. -Moved capital city to Akhetaten - Began a period of reign known as Amarna period - Resulted in a distinct form of art. -rays shining upon the family showing their divinity= he makes him and his wife, the only representatives of Aten on earth and uproots entire priesthood of Egypt. He made him and his wife, the only ones that access to this God. -Amarna period- only lasts as long as Akhenaton's reign does. total revolution in artistic style = Marks a real shift in style -Pharaoh changed his name from Amenhotep to Akhenaton , the name of the new sun god, Aten, is in the new name.= Egypt returns to old God after he's done rolling. It's a very brief period in history. -Akhenatoen decides to change the whole religion of Egypt, gets rid of polytheism = he was monotheistic, which was in such contrast to the pantheon of gods that traditional Egyptian religion counted on -Amarna becomes the new capitol, and the name of the period - Nefertiti was considered to be the most beautiful women in the world. - new kingdom - Amarna -Big change in art because ruler changed religion from amen to aten(sun god)—>Changed name to Akhenaton(aten is pleased) -Makes him and his wife the only representatives of aten on earth(this upsets priesthood of Egypt) -Brief period because after he died, Egypt went back to traditional religion (back to cannon) - art was consistent for almost 3000 years until he started ruling and it causes a radical break and changes the religion

Statues of votive figures Function

- To serve as representations of worshippers, permanently praying to their god. -placed in ziggurat to resemble the people that aren't allowed to be in the ziggurats -Votive:Object given in promise or vow -Placed before god to offer prayers 24/7 -Represents early forms of individual actions of faith -Represents elite people and how society was changing in early dynastic period - acted as "proxies" to pray in people's place since not everyone could enter the white temple/ziggurat - Found in temple, dedicated to God Abu

Last judgment of Hu-Nefer Content

- on papyrus, which is a unique Egyptian invention - the images tell a story, they're a narrative - Anubis is guiding Hu-Nefer through the afterlife, the weighing of the heart to a feather, and the before the God Osiris. - -Hu-Nefer being lead to final judgement -heart weighed on scale against Osiris (test to see if has a heavy heart) -sin must weigh less than feather -Hu-Nefer is accepted into afterlife - Top:Hu-Nefer speaking to line of crouching deities(gods) Bottom:Telling him if he has a place in the afterlife -Being brought by god associated with death to a scale(anubis). One side has a heart, the other side has ma'at's feather. If heart is lighter than feather, pure, if heart is heavier, eaten by crocodile. Since feather is lower, he passed and his heart won't be eaten by the creature -Hu-Nefer is then introduced to supreme god(osiris)and guardians of afterlife are behind him(wife and sister) - the time when he's being introduced to supreme god, Osiris, behind him is a Lotus flower, which symbols eternal life, and on his head is an ostrich feather, which also symbols internal life The crook and flail represent the jobs of the pharaoh as shepherd and punisher and went with him even into the next life. Anubis guides person through the process Heart (mummified with person) is weighed and judged Lighter than a feather = heart is pure Heavier = eaten by crocodiles Questioning before Osiris STILL conformed to original canon of proportions

Audience hall of Darius and Xerxes Form

- pillars: originally 36 columns, each were unique and decorative -Limestone -Very dense -Large= scale -Multicolored -Pattern of curls(accumulation of images of power in these halls[also guards]) -Supported by columns -Stairway(depicts people giving gifts to the king) - Audience hall= Hypostyle= Route of the structure is supported by columns - Call him support a roof of apadana - all was in color

Last judgment of Hu-Nefer Form

- repetition of Hu-Nefer and Anubis, the God of Mummification - presence of registers to break up the narrative -combination of letters and imagery -composite view - painted papyrus scroll -continuous narrative -Painted papyrus scroll -familiar forms(typical egyptian art) -Writing, drawn, painted Artistic traditions of Egypt focused on representing royalty and religious figures Architecture was religious or royal in nature Artistic style shows similarities to other new conventions Consistency of art remains throughout dynastic periods with Amarna period as exception. Embodies a sense of permanence Pyramids, Sculpture and wall art show distinct social differences in society.

Code of Hammurabi Function

- stele: tribute to power - first written law in world history, many copies were made but this is the best preserved - the top of the steel he shows the divine rule of king, Hammurabi and Shamash god of justice and sun god, it's giving him divine law - laws help show us, Babylonian life - -More than 300 laws -Acts and consequences (eye for and eye) -Reminder how advanced Mesopotamia was -tells us where the laws came from -exercises justice and divine authority to carry out the law

Code of Hammurabi Context

- sumeria was conquered by Babylon - king hammurabi was very much about 'eye for an eye' concept, strict and harsh ruler - form of political statement: the depiction of the god associating with hammurabi and gifting him with the rod and ring shows that the God approved of hammurabi -Susian (1760-1750 BCE) -Stele was made in Babylon -Broken into three parts -Sumarians kick Acadians out, Babylon takes over(hammurabi led the rise of Babylon) - Hammurabi conquered much of the northern and western Mesopotamia, most far reaching leader of Mesopotamian history

white temple and its ziggurat form

- temple used to be on top of the ziggurat - firm asphalt foundation - mud brick = stone was rare so common material used at time -colossal scale/ temple towered well above flat plane of crunk -built to resemble mountain - white temple was rectangular Ziggurat- a flat raised platform with 4 sloping sides literally, like bottom half of a pyramid -Was once coated with bitumen (a sort of waterproofing cement/asphalt/tar) to make it white inside and out -Temple also contains a cella (inner area) and several rooms where worshippers would wait for the gods to manifest towards them -Modestly sized temple (can't fit a whole congregation, rather just a few people) - had 3 entrances places strategically so visitors had to walk around the whole building to get in And appreciate its bright façade and powerful view,

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khufu) and Great Sphinx function

- the great sphinx Faces east towards the sun= towards sun god - massive monuments and tombs to deceased pharaohs Menkaure, Khufu, and Khafre (all in the 4th dynasty) - Pyramids were viewed as a place of reincarnation for deceased rulers - They were also a large cemetery of smaller, tombs known as Mastabas that filled the area around the pyramid, which was a great honor to be buried, near pharoah, and insured a prize place in the afterlife - Khufu large boat pits = Boat burials to transport king, and after life - Great sphix = lion was a royal symbol/ as well as being connected with the sun, as a symbol of the horizon, fusion of the powerful animal, with the head of arrow was an icon that survived - Served as mortuary complexes for three royals- Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure.

Palette of King Narmer content

- the hawk, Horace, is a god - scenes are organized into registers -- some interpret the scenes to be a historical narrative of the unification of egypt. Narmer is wearing the upper and lower crowns of egypt on each side -Contains early hieroglyphics telling the 'narrative' of Narmer unified upper and lower Egypt into one kingdom with one ruler -Wearing white crown -King smashing someone's skull -Human bull destroying city with horns(bulls=Strength of pharaoh) -Hawk(god Horus)with human arm reaching out shows approval of Narmer and what he is doing -red crown it's later connected to bloody battles fought by the sun god -white crown is related to dazzling brilliance of the full midday Sun, as well as the light from the stars/moon -these crowns are closely connected with the unification of the country that sparks full blown Egyptian civilization (the crowns are also believed to have divine power) - serpopards = leopards with long snakes necks = controlled by attendants / necks are the thing defining a recess (indent) where makeup holding took place - it is a canon of art -Front: Narmer (on large scale) looking on the beheaded bodies of his enemies wearing crown of lower Egypt, harnessed lionesses (symbol of unification), bull knowcking down a city fortress (Narmer knocking over enemies) -Back: Hawk=Horus, Narmer wearing bowling pin crown (symbol of unification), stands barefoot (he is a divine king), palette for eye makeup, hieroglyphics - The lowest register on both sides include images of dead foes, while both uppermost registers display hybrid human-bull heads and the name of the king. The frontal bull heads are connected to a sky goddess known as Bat and are related to heaven and the horizon. The name of the king, written hieroglyphically as a catfish and a chisel, is contained within a squared element that represents a palace facade. - Content may represent earliest historical record (unification of Upper and Lower Egypt)= The story is told in registers (horizontal lines) from top to bottom with bulls representing the strength of the Pharaoh against his enemies./ On one side, Narmer wears the crown of upper Egypt, and the crown of lower Egypt on the other (combining them = united Egypt) - Sets the rules

Akhenaton, Nefertiti and three daughters Content

- very recognizable Pharaoh (thin face, full lips) - very relaxed pose - a lot of love shown and unity because the figures reference each other -composite view - Nefertiti's throne depicts the symbols of both upper end lower Egypt, symbolic of her equal leadership with her husband/ and that she's queen of both his throne shows importance of her and how they rule Egypt together -couple receiving blessing from Aten (the sun god-rays shown) -show husband and wife seated with their children - Akhenaton holds oldest daughter ready to be kissed, Nefertiti holds other 2 daughters, Aton's rays are terminated with ankhs (symbols of life) pointing towards the pharaoh and his family, smoother curved surfaces, low hanging bellies, slack jaws, thin arms, private relationship with god, view into family life -Couple and their relationship with each other and children(love and domesticity) -Akanat holding oldest daughter, abt to kiss her -Youngest on moms shoulder playing with earring -Something wrong with their anatomy(swollen stomach, skinny arms, long skulls—>maybe there was something medically wrong with the king[marfan's], or maybe stylistic break/meant to distinguish this new religion from egypt's past)

White Temple and its ziggurat context

- ziggurats are unique to mesopotamia - people are afraid of gods - meant to appease the gods -Slaves helped build this because of how heavy it was/ It is believed that religious belief wasn't all that it took to build the temple, but also some form of labor most likely slavery -Sumerian - Temple gets its name from the fact that it was entirely white washed, which showed its strong brightness in strong sunlight

lamassu Form

-Alabaster, limestone, gypsum, breccia -Large -Carved out of monolithic stone(no cuts, single piece) -Frontal view and side view(five legs)(front looks still, side looks like it's moving)/ Also, to support architecture week -Microscopic traces of white, black, red, blue - scale = hugeee - As we approach, we see, it's still in watching us but if we are allowed to pass the gates, we see the animal move

Anavysos Kouros Content

-Archaic smile, in order to look life-like yet still hold back emotions -well formed physique, showing perfection -traces of paint shows it was supposed to be more lifelike at one point -not a specific civilian depicted (not individualized) - - kouros in greek means "youth" - a youth who fell in battle (we know this because of its inscriptions) - ideal, perfected body - sculpture is more normal, rounded and life like -weight is evenly distributed - archaic smile and traditional braiding of hair and headband that has a sense of aristocratic nobility - forms of face are more integrated - powerful motif in Greek culture= ideal male youth= uses monumental sculpture

Athenian Agora Context

-Archaic through Hellenistic Greek - classical era - the most important place in athens 5th century BCE

Nike adjusting her sandal Context

-Classical Period c.410 BC - Break from the normal idea of portraying deities in formal situations - Athena Nike: victory version of patron goddess of Athens. - Classical Period c.410 BC Break from the normal idea of portraying deities in formal situations.

Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall Form

-Cut sandstone and mud brick -One of the largest religious complexes in the world -Roof supported by columns -Brightly painted(some traces) -Capitals of columns were lotus, papyrus and palm to reflect the sacred nile Hypostyle halls: rows of tightly arranged columns held together with stone lintels Clerestory: elevated windows that allow sunlight to illuminate an interior obelick= made with one piece of red granite Hypostyle hall= massive columns made of sandstone -cut sandstone and mud brick -hypostyle hall -symmetrical plan, axial plan -open ceilings -colossal columns with sunken relief - Peristyle hall= A court enclosed on all sides by a colonnade (a whole Series columns)

Statues of votive figures Context

-Early dynastic period -Found buried in square temple at Eshnunna -Sumerian art - Ancient Mesopotamia - Found in the transitional period right after the Bronze Age and the tail end of the neolithic period when civilizations start to be formed - We know they were resemble mortals because they have inscribed bottoms or backs with personal names and prayers - Votive figures such as these were popular, and these particular pieces were found among 12.

King menkaura and queen Function

-Ensure rebirth for king in afterlife -Show royal queen(equal height, she is more forward than king) -Made with flaky paint to flake off overtime and reveal immortal flesh underneath - they both looked beyond the present and into the timeless eternity

Standard Of Ur Context

-Found in grave(royal tombs) -Sumerian - Early city Mesopotamia - Found in royal grave

Tutankhamun's tomb form

-Gold with inlay of enamel and semi precious stones -Black layer on top of gold(poured during burial ceremony) Death mask: -death mask= Two sheets of gold hammered together -Wearing striped nemes headdress -False beard -Broad collar, falcon ends -Spell on back(used as road map for afterlife→this spell protects his limbs as he moves into underworld)

Standard of Ur Content

-Three registers -Top is wealthy, bottom is common laborers War side: the sumerian king dismounts from his chariot to inspect naked prisoners of war. Chariots run over ppl in lower registers -war side: shows Sumerian king on larger scale descending from his chariot to inspect captives, lower register shows him riding over dead bodies in his chariot Scenes of violence bottom = war carts, each with Spearman and driver, drawn by donkeys, trampling fallen enemies, distinguish by their nudity and wounds with strip and blood/ symbolic= enemies= how many people have died in battle middle= Group of soldiers, wearing for clothes and carrying spears, naked enemies are excluded and paraded to the top band where more are killed/ shows line of soldiers, ready for battle army, marching = gives a sense of order and structure top = Center = king, holding long spear, physically, larger, head, breaks frame/ behind him are attendants , carrying spears and battle axes, and royal war carts, ready for him to jump in= sense of tram for moments of battle / on other side is soldiers bringing prisoners of war, naked, and wounded= sense of humiliation Peace side: See the people that are in kings are larger than others standing= shows hierarchy of society -peace side: food brought to a banquet, ruler wears a kilt of wool (larger scale) King is seated, wearing fancy clothes in it so large and breaks the frame food is brought to a feast with musicians while the king sits on a throne, celebrating good bounty and the king Animals being led to a sacrifice - celebration of king= Great agriculture abundance which is gotten by peace / shows how peace is possible because agriculture had been successful Starts to show organization of society with now having artisans rulers priests bottom register =men carrying produce on shoulders and bags and leading donkeys center register = men leading bulls and sheep's, and goats and carrying Fish top register = feast with comfortable seating and musical entertainment

Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall Functions

-Working estate for priestly community who lived on site -Temples were connected to creation of the world -Separated public from royalty -Believed by the uneducated masses to be the place of the gods - massive temple complex of Karnak was the the principal religious center of Amun-Re on Thebes during new kingdom(also gods mut and montu) - -used for festivities and prayer -only priests and pharoahs allowed

Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall Content

-columns are essential for the structure to stand, HYPOSTYLE -Gateway of temple represents horizon(go further, floor rises until it reaches sanctuary of god—>giving impression of rising mound like during creation) -Sphinx lined entrance as protection for god - obelisk = Dedicated to female pharaoh

Doryphoros Form

-contrappasto: one leg supports body while other is relaxed -counterbalanced relaxed side -relaxed legs, less frontal and rigid -idealized yet realistic - Roman marble copy of the Greek and bronze Archaeological Museum Naples - contrapposto: shifting of axes of body - proportions of body based on mathematical harmonies- a "perfect", and relaxed body - Male figure who is ideally beautiful, not only in proportions, but also in muscle Potential for movement

Doryphoros Context

-copy made by romans, bronze was melted down, or lost at sea -relies heavily on proportion, polykleitos wrote "The Canon" which was lost - found in the palestra (gymnasium) of ancient Roman city Pompeii - ancient city, early classic= this is when sculptures started moving out from stiffer, more symmetrical or obstructed representation of human body, and started moving to more naturalism and carefully observe body - changes in sculpture because it's not bronze and it's marble, and they need to make some changes to make it more stable

Seated Scribe Content

-depicted with sagging body (realistic not ideal), thin face -Less important person(more naturalistic looking since their soul in the afterlife wasn't as powerful) -Out of shape, less muscular -Holding rolled piece of papyrus, maybe brush or pen was in other hand -Sitting in crossed position= looks relaxed, but also frontal -Wearing kilt

Anavysos Kouros Function

-grave marker to aristocratic family's son - offerings in sanctuaries - sometimes, more rarely represented god (apollo)

Last judgment of Hu-Nefer Function

-guide people to the afterlife and make journey from life to death Had spells and prayers for dead in the afterlife -Used for people of high status

Doryphoros function

-illustrate Polykeitos' idea that beauty can be created with a mathematical formula, creating a proportion and perfect ratio -attempt to evaluate perfection and godliness, emulating ration like Apollo - polykleitos's idea of a well- rounded, fit greek man - it was placed where athletes were as an ideal figure some thing for athletes to aspire to

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut Function

-mortuary temple for Hatsheput but she wasn't buried there -statue shows her power in male ways (beard and kneeling is priest-like gesture -Temple on cliff—>wall of living rock emphasizes stability impermanence, which we think she was trying to reassure after a period of instability -Sculpture created for this temple(on her knees, offering something to god)—>glorifies power of king -Used for funeral, not for burial - even though they were other woman rollers, she did Normas power and influence in the architecture. She commissioned was an important, standard and inspiration for later works of new Kingdom. - the temple glorifies her, and her power / and honors the gods - Built to mirror the landscape as "part of Egypt" - Used for funeral, NOT for burial. - Two Colonnades: Columned porches represent Her divine birth Her expansion into Punt - Would have been lined with sphinxes, lush vegetation and wall decorations, mostly destroyed. - Lifesize statue of her making offerings to the gods, usually only done by men.

Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khufu) and Great Sphinx Context

-old kingdom -Giza, Egypt - The three pyramids were built over the span of three generations, by the rulers of Khufu, Khaffre and menkare - The construction of these pyramids took many people - at top of pyramid would have been an capstone known as a pyrimdon that would have been covered in gold so you can see in distance - also built Smaller, pyramids= for queens -Because of democratic views, may have seen pyramid building as oppressive. - Actually builders were treated well, paid in bread and beer, clothed - Willing to work in order to ensure continued success of civilization. - The Old Kingdom was the only time pyramids like those at Giza were built in Egyptian history. = Size and wealth screamed "rob me"!/ Invasions = robberies--> tombs became more hidden, later replaced by temples for funerary practices or to honor the gods, not to display wealth of the pharaoh. - Used wall decoration as a way to direct the soul, not the pyramids.

Ionic Architecture

2nd of Greek architectural styles, had base, fluted columns, and volutes(scrolls) on the capital. This is a Greek column with short, fluted shafts and scroll-like decorations on its capital.

Anavysos Kouros Context

Archaic period = figures became more natural as time went on Unknown artist Found in the cemetery

Peplos Kore Content

Broken hand fitted into the socket and probably held an attribute; may have been a goddess; hand emerges into our own space; tightened waist; breasts revealed beneath drapery; named for the peplos, thought to be one of the garments she is wearing; Rounded and naturalistic face; much of the paint still remains; hair falls naturally beside body - Peplos kore: a type of figure that was found throughout ancient Greece. A female figure that's clothed and the counterpart to the male kouros who was nude - fist is drilled in such a way that it could have easily been holding an arrow - A sense of movement in the figure. Has an archaic smile, a symbol of well- being - lots of holes on her head, giving us the impression that the probably wore a metal diadem, a kind of metal crown with rays that would have come up which suggests her divinity