AP Art History ALL REQUIRED WORKS

156. Great Serpent Mound. Adams County, southern Ohio. Mississippian (Eastern Woodlands). c. 1070 C.E. Earthwork/effigy mound.

-1300 ft long, 1-3 ft high -can't see whole thing from any one location -head east tail west with seven coils -possibly used to mark solstices, time and seasons? -head could be open eye, egg, or animal being eaten -snake used in spiritual practices -not a burial, not a temple, or artifacts -slightly unknown who built it

15. Seated scribe. Saqqara, Egypt. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2620-2500 B.C.E. Painted limestone.

-1ft tall -limestone more commonly found and easier to carve -not super buff, sitting all day -scribes high rank in society -found in tomb

172. Power figure (Nkisi n'kondi). Kongo peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo). c. late 19th century C.E. Wood and metal.

-3 ft tall, many of them -each has specific name and function but common ritual -nganga (activator) puts offerings (herbs, shells, etc) in stomach cavity -you would go to him, offerings made in cavity, take piece of metal and something personal (clothing, saliva) and drive it into the figure -activates it/promising to do what nganga tell you to do -you go to him for a specific problem -prayer, singing, etc and then decision is made for what you should do -more offerings, more powerful

29. Sarcophagus of the Spouses. Etruscan. c. 520 B.C.E. Terra cotta.

-Archaic smile -Relaxed (laying down) -Man and women lying down on piece of furniture -Drapery not flowing like Classical; like Archaic -Hands moving, talking (Italian) -will be in tufa (little rounded building) -ashes of body in it -would have been painted -etruscan tombs designed as house for dead: windows, doors, cozy, paintings -"Death was simply a joyful continuation of life" -not upset to be dead

9. The Ambum Stone. Ambum Valley, Enga Province, Papua New Guinea. c. 1500 B.C.E. Greywacke.

-Not known who carved it or what original purpose is -8 inches tall, smooth, zoomorphic - anteater? -Possibly used as a pestle to grind taro -Fracture lines of stone -Used by the Enga people as a ritual object connected to ancestors; supernatural powers, sacrifices made -Stone became "primitive art" bc of new explorers; sold to Australian Art Gallery -Papua New Guinea rule: no export of objects of antiquity or relevance to country culture -Stone was dropped and shattered recently; raised questions as to why it was in Australian gallery

11. Terra cotta fragment. Lapita. Solomon Islands, Reef Islands. 1000 B.C.E. Terra cotta (incised).

-Shaped by hand -Not fired in kiln (clay combined with sand to make more durable) - placed in open fires to harden -have stamped motifs/patterns (follow rules, as patterns are restricted) -Paste of white coral lime applied to make pattern stand out -Not used to cook, more storing and serving -Materials are not from places where shards are found - either materials or pots themselves traveled -Pieces have been found on islands across pacific -Came from Taiwan area to Bismarck Archipelago, then went to Samoa and Tonga, and finally to Hawai'i, Easter Island, New Zealand -Patterns got simpler over time

32. Tomb of the Triclinium. Tarquinia, Italy. Etruscan. c. 480-470 B.C.E. Tufa and fresco.

-Tufa: soft rock -fresco: wall painting, mural -people in composite view, some are nude -one continuous story; party celebrating people who died -colors on top that are laid out in a symmetrical pattern; pediment style -figures laying with materials on top of them -curls at the bottom - water? -people with lighter and darker skin tones -servants and then couple laying on bed -triclinium: three couch room -paintings on tomb walls would only be for wealthy people -showing fun events that lead them to the afterlife -one figure holding egg: symbol of regeneration

155. Yaxchilán. Chiapas, Mexico. Maya. 725 C.E. Limestone (architectural complex).

-abandoned -three parts: base, building, roof comb (decorative) -each structure in the complex gets higher and higher (hierarchical scale) with highest building for king -legitimizing king's power and remembering them -many decorations did not last, but the lintels did

35. Acropolis. Athens, Greece. Iktinos and Kallikrates. c. 447-410 B.C.E. Marble. Plan

-acropolis: city on a hill, any city can have it -highest point in city -all buildings randomly placed -walk up steep hill to entrance -all about worshipping specific characteristics of athena

23. Tutankhamun's tomb, innermost coffin. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty. c. 1323 B.C.E. Gold with inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones

-after akhenaten they move the capital back, return to polytheistic faith, and go back to og style -sarcophagus -mummified body placed in this -idea that mummification preserved body so ka could reside in it -removed parts of your body: brain, stomach, intestines, lung, liver: stored in drawers -would pack it in linen and precious objects, then use salt to preserve it-"the goddesses nekhbet (vulture) and wadjet (cobra) stretch their wings across his torso" -covered in gold with inlaid -arms laid in cross across chest holding symbols of leadership (crook: kinship and flail: fertility of land) -body then two wooden coffins and one gold outside coffin (like a nesting doll) -headdress of gold and enamel, with uraeus -he was really young when he died

214. Moai on platform (ahu). Rapa Nui (Easter Island). c. 1100-1600 C.E. Volcanic tuff figures on basalt base.

-ahu = platform, moai = statue -bridge of earth to supernatural realm; spiritual -some stand, some partially submerged, some buried -living faces of ancestors -top things are crowns -heavy eyebrow ridges, elongated ears; stylized! -backs facing ocean (face inward) so they protect -white volcanic glass for eyes (europeans took them out) -platform is a place to put ashes of the ancestor they're commemorating -moved with ropes and levers from island quarry -in situ

217. Female deity. Nukuoro, Micronesia. c. 18th to 19th century C.E. Wood

-amalau: religious building of community; stored here -stylized, abstract; no facial features -elongated torso and arms; legs not in proportion -breasts = female, some have vaginas too -up to 7ft tall -dressed up when it was time to celebrate deity (to awaken power) -not sure how they carved it

44. Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater). Rome, Italy. Imperial Roman. 70-80 C.E. Stone and concrete.

-amphitheater: full circle, theater: half circle -flavian is family that built it -levels for stadium seating -gladiator fights and animals for entertainment -would want to build stadium a) to show power b) to entertain people and c) so they could like him -flavian put colosseum on top of nero's villa (made from parts he took from people) -colossal statue used to be outside - lead to colosseum -row of arches: arcade -concrete allows Romans to build cheaper faster and bigger -barrel vault: one continuous arch; supported by buttress to keep it steady -groin vault: two barrel vaults intersected (look up and see x) -can create a clerestory with groin vaults -basilicas originally political buildings -dome: 360 arch -lower 76 arches for entrances -tuscan, ionic, then corinthian column orders going up -columns are actually just decorative (engaged within building) -using lighter order of columns to make weight of building seem less -emperor sit closest and people of less importance (women and slaves) sit at top -performers in basement underneath stage (used trapdoors to bring them up elevator style) -made a retractable awning on top (velarium) -brick over concrete -50k spectators

1. Apollo 11 stones. Namibia. c. 25,500-25,300 B.C.E. Charcoal on stone.

-animal bodies in charcoal -called apollo 11 bc found around space exploration -smaller size -found in multiple caves; traveled with nomadic people?

6. Anthropomorphic stele. Arabian Peninsula. Fourth millennium B.C.E. Sandstone.

-anthropomorphic -stele: stone slab -head, necklace, two ropes holding an awl, double-bladed dagger in belt -found throughout middle east as grave markers -size: 20-40 inches

48. Catacomb of Priscilla. Rome, Italy. Late Antique Europe. c. 200-400 C.E. Excavated tufa and fresco.

-arches; groin vault -brick, stairs -no windows -Priscilla donated land so people could be buried here -cemetary on outskirts of town -some buried were christian and some were jewish -tufa: volcanic rock, they covered it in brick -cubiculum: small room (for rich) -loculi: smaller space for shelves -christian martyrs were buried here too -54 million dead -put plaster over brick (stucco) -would paint on it to decorate -orant: faithful praying figure -central woman is an orant -two other scenes from her life -left is getting married in front of the bishop -right is breastfeeding her child -face looking towards the heavens -used shadows to create 3 dimensionality -jesus as the good shepherd -shown with sheep around shoulders in the beginning -similar to greek archaic face and more classical/roman legs -contrapposto -shown without beard -carrying ram to save the people -will borrow heavily from past religious figures to overlap imagery and create a new meaning

35. Acropolis. Athens, Greece. Iktinos and Kallikrates. c. 447-410 B.C.E. Marble. Temple of Athena Nike

-ionic columns with fluting (can see frieze) -dedicated to athena nike/nike as victory -frieze tells battle but not a god battle - about Athenian battle with Persians -put a fence around temple so people wouldn't fall off - it was right by a cliff -fence decorated with reliefs of nike

35. Acropolis. Athens, Greece. Iktinos and Kallikrates. c. 447-410 B.C.E. Marble. Parthenon Pediment Figures

-artists both also write a treatises -east and west pediments -east pediment tells us about the birth of Athena (protector of Athens) -west pediment tells about battle between Poseidon and Athena to be patron deity of Athens -Zeus in middle of pediment, Athena is popping out of his head -far left side: horse heads, Helios is riding them in his chariot -then Dionysus, naturally posed, drinking wine; no smile, idealized muscles -currently in British Museum as British guy Elgin took them -women cloth is fluid, loose, in motion -not stiff, leaning naturally against each other -really deeply cut to play light and shadow

12. White Temple and its ziggurat. Uruk (modern Warka, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 3500-3000 B.C.E. Mud brick.

-base (still there today) is solid = ziggurat -slope-sided base and decorated with clay mosaics; no imagery to show -on top is white temple; raised so you're closer to the gods -only priests go up here -dedicated to anu

38. Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon. Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). Hellenistic Greek. c. 175 B.C.E. Marble (architecture and sculpture).

-battle between giants and gods and goddesses of Mount Olympus -mythical battle for control of earth -metaphor of victory of greek culture over unknown and chaotic forces of nature -represents military victories over other places -fire lit at the top of stairs for zeus -statues at the bottom almost spilling out -in high relief, some rest their knees on the stairs -would be on the acropolis, walk up hill, and find altar of zeus surrounded by great library -athena in the middle, fighting titans -pulling one of them by the hair out of the earth; athena snake biting him -his mother, gaea, is on the other side at the bottom unable to help but full of fear -athena crowned by winged nike from behind -motion and dramatic -athena shield in center -many diagonals and in high relief (shadows vs highlights) -very opposing and strong poses -zeus fragment has drapery on his bottom -fighting three titans at once -has eagles fighting one, zeus fights another, and just vanquished a third on the left with a thunderbolts -sense of heroism and balance

170. Sika dwa kofi (Golden Stool). Ashanti peoples (south central Ghana). c. 1700 C.E. Gold over wood and cast-gold attachments.

-believe that stools hold your soul; if you get up, you put it down sideways so no one can sit and steal your soul -this golden one fell from the heavens with all ashanti peoples' souls -stool is more important than king -british person went to sit on stool, led to war

26. Athenian agora. Archaic through Hellenistic Greek. 600 B.C.E.-150 C.E. Plan.

-birds eye blueprint of Athens -lots of temples -agora: big open area for people to meet -talk about government, sell goods, worship -lots of stadiums and theaters for physical competitions and plays -randomly placed -every structure like every greek entity was unique and meant to be encountered separately within its own environment; why they're mostly random -everything was painted to be lifelike; sculptures, buildings; also held metal

161. City of Machu Picchu. Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1450-1540 C.E. Granite (architectural complex).

-built as royal estate for emperor for feasts, religious ceremonies -shows power of emperor bc he was able to build such a thing on a mountain -also power of engineering -workers and farmers living here (emperor only visited once, he lived in cusco) -steps things are terracing for farming -200 buildings most houses, some temples and baths ~1000 people -have an observatory/temple of the sun -two windows and solstice would shine directly through -winter on left, summer on right -curved walls -cosmological powers as well as physical astronomy -carved stone in a ritual site again worshipping sun -stone channels built: rain gathers first at emperor's house and funnels down to all the way -created whole water system to channel to central water fountains and agriculture

157. Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 C.E. Volcanic stone (The Coyolxauhqui Stone).

-called "she of the golden bells" which references her jewelry -would have been painted -she is broken, dismembered -she and her 400 brothers tried to kill her mother Coatlicue -mother had gotten mysteriously pregnant; dishonorable -Cut off mothers head and another person was newly born -took she of golden bells and killed her -stone found at bottom of pyramid -blood needed to be given to gods to appease them -as enemies are captured and sacrificed they are thrown down mountain

180. Veranda post of enthroned king and senior wife (Opo Ogoga). Olowe of Ise (Yoruba peoples). c. 1910-1914 C.E. Wood and pigment.

-carved for entryway, five feet tall; structural supports -artist was master carver and well known in society -head shape draws attention to crown, elongated and forward necks, square shoulders -head holds spiritual power and strength -hieratic scale; king is at eye level in original setting and his feet don't touch ground -king crown is decorated with four heads and bird with elongated beak -three figures at the bottom represent other common figures in court; kneeling woman is lesser queen -queen has beautification (filing of front teeth) and scarification -painted dynamically with color

174. Portrait mask (Mblo). Baule peoples (Côte d'Ivoire). Early 20th century C.E. Wood and pigment.

-carved hair -slightly open eyes so you can see out of it -things on top represent animal horns (just decorative) -man wears mask with costume (has to be family member) -costume is of woman being honored -commissioned by family members to celebrate woman/represent her way of being -woman has to be present for ceremony to happen -elder woman chosen to be represented -scarification, small eyes, mouth, and ears

154. Mesa Verde cliff dwellings. Montezuma County, Colorado. Ancestral Puebloan (Anasazi). 450-1300 C.E. Sandstone.

-caves would be cooled places and protection from natural elements -150 rooms, reach three or four stories high -rainwater collected in specific area as it dripped through stone -mesa verde = green table -round rooms called kiva that are spiritual spaces (firepit, ventilation shaft, used for ceremonies) -kiva would have roof

181. Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple. Nabataean Ptolemaic and Roman. c. 400 B.C.E.-100 C.E. Cut rock.

-central city for nabataeans (nomadic people) -cut into rock -500 royal tombs but no remains found -narrow walkway through canyon was siq -corinthian columns, pediment, dynamic frieze (hellenistic influence) -"broken" pediment at top with rounded part at top (tholos) -relief under broken pediment of gods from different cultures (greek, egyptian) -looks here from lots of different locations (multicultural) -apadana, lots of columns, hypostyle -sandstone, pinky hue -shows development of civilization -place to worship -whole place shows that it doesn't follow the rules (mixing cultural influences)

49. Santa Sabina. Rome, Italy. Late Antique Europe. c. 422-432 C.E. Brick and stone, wooden roof.

-christians worshipped in home until 400s and then it became official religion of Rome -basilicas were used as court judgement places so then churches were modeled after Roman basilicas because people would come to church to be judged -apse on the end -clerestory on the top -arches -basilica: place where christians worship -apse: rear of building where altar would be placed -clerestory: raised window -side aisle: side of building on the other side of the column from the nave -nave: middle section inside the building -standing in nave -side aisles on the side -spolia: corinthian columns taken from other buildings and put in here -using old materials to show conquering of past beliefs -row of arches connecting the columns: arcade -lets us know what old st. peter's church looked like -built around the same time -St. Peter's got torn down 1500s

25. Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq). Neo-Assyrian. c. 720-705 B.C.E. Alabaster.

-citadel held these at an entrance with paintings all around it in relief -guardians of throne room, keeping out evil spirits -would have been painted -human head with beard and horned crown like shamash, bird with wings, horse with hooves -cuneiform in between legs: talk about power of the king and death to those who threaten him -built in with the wall -five legs: looking straight on it has two legs, side view looks like its walking -crown and wings give them divine status

213. Nan Madol. Pohnpei, Micronesia. Saudeleur Dynasty. c. 700-1600 C.E. Basalt boulders and prismatic columns.

-constructed on artificial islets -held Saudeleur dynasty rulers - political, ritual, and ceremonial -most islets were residential -legend: stones used for building flown in by black magic -constructed by putting large rocks/fill on top of coral reefs to form raised platforms -1000 people, social hierarchy -controlled rivals by making them move here instead of mainland (Pohnpei) to monitor activities -est weight 750k metric tons - how did they move it? -no mortar/concrete; solely crisscross positioning -oral story: canals made to let eels through and turtles were sacrificed to feed eels

222. Malagan display and mask. New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea. c. 20th century C.E. Wood, pigment, fiber, and shell.

-contain both animal and human attributes -mohawk; young men would shave one side of their head -used after monsoon season for death rituals -months sent carving items and put on display -religious ritual: announce celebration of deceased -young men wear mask to send souls to other world -masks then thrown aside into forest after celebration and left to decay -each mask is unique

34. Doryphoros (Spear Bearer). Polykleitos. Original 450-440 B.C.E. Roman copy (marble) of Greek original (bronze).

-contrapposto: counterbalance; harmonious movement, proportions; accurate weight shift -spear bearer, looks like he's holding a spear -head tilted -many Greek statues made of bronze -Romans conquered Greeks so they copied all of it in marble and melted down the bronze -left arm flexed but right leg holding weight; opposites -"doriferis" -made by Polykleitos: "beauty arises in the commensurability of parts...in fact of everything to everything, as it is written in the Canon of Polykleitos...he made it according to his treatise, his Canon." -full nude body to show full beauty of person

35. Acropolis. Athens, Greece. Iktinos and Kallikrates. c. 447-410 B.C.E. Marble. Parthenon

-doric columns -building constructed in 4:9 ratio; about a harmony of proportions and their beauty -length to depth, height of columns compared to space between them -raised up floor in center and changed spacing in between columns to make it seem straight and even -columns bulge in the middle (entasis); look like it's holding the building up -columns lean in and back to be seen as straight -tons of columns inside and thick walls -two rooms: treasury room and naos: room for statue of athena -athena parthenos: looks like she's made of copper and ivory, holding small nike, contrapposto -pediment: bronze medallions decorate entablature

16. Standard of Ur from the Royal Tombs at Ur (modern Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 2600-2400 B.C.E. Wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone.

-empty slope-sided box -carried on pole for parade from royal tombs to cemetery -buried with royalty in tomb -on top register, man facing other way and wearing reeds skirt is most important -he's in composite view -more important people at top -one side peace (a party), other side war -lapis lazuli outlining figures -not found in iraq, but in afghanistan -tells us that they traded -red limestone from india, shells from iraq -all stylized -organized story

173. Female (Pwo) mask. Chokwe peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Late 19th to early 20th century C.E. Wood, fiber, pigment, and metal.

-female mask worn by man -body then covered in raffia and man would do very slow graceful dance (with wooden breasts, metal bells, etc) -about honoring female ancestors; specifically ones that had babies -young boys would see this in initiation/manhood ceremony -meant to be ideal woman -eyes and mouth closed, small ears; meditative -elaborate hairdo, eye scarification, earrings -white powder around eyes connect to spiritual realm

18. King Menkaura and queen. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2490-2472 B.C.E. Greywacke.

-figures smooth and platform not finished sanding -idealized proportions -naturalized -broad shoulders narrow hips, toned -king holding roll with prayers -symmetrical and stiff -both feet flat on the ground yet hips are center (not natural) -he's wearing head cloth -she's wearing sheer dress and wig -her foot is slightly back more (less in relief) which shows she's less powerful -her holding him shows their connection through marriage -7ft tall, greywacke very hard so only king would have used it -found in memorial temple (necropolis) and used for worship -would have been painted red -uraeus: cobra of kingship

4. Running horned woman. Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria. 6000-4000 B.C.E. Pigment on rock.

-flowing rafia (dried reed) -breasts are by right arm and dotted -visually lot going on, scenes of chaos -thought to be grain at the top, raining down; providing food? -dots/lines are scarification; beauty, power, ceremonial -ppl in back all smaller and in same expression, silhouette of body; stylized -big size = most important, power -in composite pose

35. Acropolis. Athens, Greece. Iktinos and Kallikrates. c. 447-410 B.C.E. Marble. Plaque of the Ergastines

-ionic frieze of Parthenon -tell one continuous story -athenians bringing offering up to offerings -offering is of a peplos (clothing) -panathenaic procession that went through agora -once a year ceremony where women would walk up to give to Athena Parthenos -ergastines: women who made peplos -middle person has contrapposto -clothing is flowing, moving -other part is showing the gods seated -same line as the gods, showing that they're proud and equal

45. Forum of Trajan. Rome, Italy. Apollodorus of Damascus. Forum and markets: 106-112 C.E.; column completed 113 C.E. Brick and concrete (architecture);

-forum: open civic (political, citizens) space -economics, social concerns, governments -each emperor built own forum -apollodorus flattened a mountain to put the forum there -enter through triumphal arch (decorative, huge statue of horses and people on top) -courtyard with covered walkway (portico) and equestrian statue in the middle -attached to the portico are seating areas called exedra -next is center building with basilica (places for courts and civic duties) -rounded shapes on side are called apse -after are libraries on either side full of scrolls (one greek one roman texts) -between libraries is column of trajan -at the back is temple -markets of trajan on the right side of the forum -arches with groin vaults -over 150 stores for people to sell and buy -made of concrete

160. Maize cobs. Inka. c. 1440-1533 C.E. Sheet metal/repoussé, metal alloys.

-found inside temple -lifesize corn -objects made out of sheet metal and colored to look like gold (combined silver and copper) -agriculture vital to society -represented cosmos, environmental diversity in empire, and important crops to them

46. Pantheon. Imperial Roman. 118-125 C.E. Concrete with stone facing.

-fountain in front with obelisk (came from egypt, rome conquered them) and cross on top -columns and pediment in front -built by emperor Hadrian -pantheon: all gods -frieze just has words -front had courtyard with triumphal arch -actually a dome shape in the back -light only coming in from top (oculus) and front door -commune with gods through oculus -floor made out of marble (purple part from egypt) -functioning church today -small holes on the floor that they can push the water into sewer system underneath -birds also come in and out -diameter of 142 feet -diameter and height equal -small pediments on second register above niches that hold statues -corinthian columns -bigger niche for alter to be today -dome sits on drum with buttressing on side -dome made out of concrete but it gets narrower on top to be lighter -coffers (square things) take more weight off dome

39. House of the Vettii. Pompeii, Italy. Imperial Roman. c. second century B.C.E.; rebuilt c. 62-79 C.E. Cut stone and fresco.

-fourth style wall painting -framed painting in center of large solid colors -space shown in "framed paintings" -ornamental/decorated

50. Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis. Early Byzantine Europe. Early sixth century C.E. Illuminated manuscript (pigments on vellum).

-genesis is one chapter of the old testament -illuminated manuscript: text with pictures -make vellum (animal skin) of what it's on -scribe who writes the text -illustrator who draws -camels -woman and man near camels -woman holding bucket of the well to feed the camels -rebecca twice (woman in pink) -woman at the bottom has her breasts exposed representing water (personification of water) -eliezer took ten camels and prayed at well to get a wife and rebecca gets water and helps camels and comes -early christian storytelling elements with roman imagery -originally was purple with text written in silver (wealthy materials)

36. Grave stele of Hegeso. Attributed to Kallimachos. c. 410 B.C.E. Marble and paint.

-grave markers for wealthy family, stele -private sculpture disappeared in the classical period but reemerged -hegeso is the woman, seated, opening jewelry presented to her by a servant -would have been a necklace in paint that she's holding -shown in domestic setting; pediment above her -women were defined by the men in their lives -inscription identifies her as only a daughter of a man -drapery -follows style of parthenon frieze -no part touching the ground; foot on a platform

21. Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut. Near Luxor, Egypt. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty. c. 1473-1458 B.C.E. Sandstone, partially carved into a rock cliff, and red granite.

-hatshepsut pharaoh -cut into hillside -tiered structure with lots of columns as support and statues (her and other deities) -would have been filled with plants and trees -place to worship her in death and place offerings -praying and giving offerings to gods -kneeling unlike other pharaohs -beard of pharaoh and nemes (headdress) -subtle breasts -she was hated so when she died her stepson broke everything -could have been for her ka so it almost doomed her to roam and not find a home -ruled for 20 years -individualized but part of a "collection"

42. Head of a Roman patrician. Republican Roman. c. 75-50 B.C.E. Marble.

-head of an old man -eyes may have been painted -naturalized -verism: truthful -probably wasn't this wrinkled -more aged showed how hard you worked and the energy you put into work -to show experience you would show age -memorializing them to worship in death -would be displayed in a cupboard/cabinet in tablinum to how others your relatives

19. The Code of Hammurabi. Babylon (modern Iran). Susian. c. 1792-1750 B.C.E. Basalt.

-hierarchical scale -standing one is hammurabi (feet on ground) and sitting is god Shamash (feet on platform) -hammurabi believed in "eye for an eye" - it was law -he put the laws on a stele -at top, god is giving hammurabi power to rule -saying he is liked by the gods so he has the power to rule and is almost a god himself -cuneiform first written language -prologue, 300 laws: agriculture and family, epilogue -shamash is more elaborately dressed and wearing horn hat -flames coming off of his shoulder - like a halo

24. Last judgment of Hu-Nefer, from his tomb (page from the Book of the Dead). New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty. c. 1275 B.C.E. Painted papyrus scroll.

-horus and people holding ankhs -person sitting far right on platform for salt; he is god osiris -papyrus and lotus right next to him -isis and nephtys behind him -composite view -weighing heart on scale -first guy on left repeated three times (he is hu-nefer) -judgment of Hu-nefer -he needs directions for afterlife so this is a long scroll placed in tomb where ka could read it and know what to do -horus brings him to scale and heart must be lighter than feather -if it's not then it gets eaten by devourer -he does good and is presented to osiris and other twos -hu-nefer is also up top praying to gods giving offerings -afterlife called field of reeds but they first had to pass terrible monsters

5. Beaker with ibex motifs. Susa, Iran. 4200-3500 B.C.E. Painted terra cotta.

-ibex: mountain goat -motif: repeated image/pattern -terracotta: type of clay -handmade, no pottery wheel, yet it's still symmetrical -goat with triangular body and long horns, stylized dogs on top, stylized birds -found in temple on acropolis in a burial place

50. Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel, from the Vienna Genesis. Early Byzantine Europe. Early sixth century C.E. Illuminated manuscript (pigments on vellum).

-jacob wrestling angels -was leading family, women and children across water -becomes separated from family and ends up fighting an angel -angel blesses jacob and family goes on to Israel -reminds of frieze -jacob in brown -angels in blue -in europe they loved realism and veracity -medieval artists valued symbolism and abstraction -want to make difference between themselves and polythiestic faith of Romans

158. Ruler's feather headdress (probably of Motecuhzoma II). Mexica (Aztec). 1428-1520 C.E. Feathers (quetzal and cotinga) and gold.

-ketzahl feathers -taxed luxury goods like the feathers (bird has like two feathers, headdress has 400) -about ability to gather items from across a huge network -given by donations to motecuhzoma -gold and bead embellishments -part of costume -has energy as king walks in ceremonies -created by specific feather workers

171. Ndop (portrait figure) of King Mishe miShyaang maMbul. Kuba peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo). c. 1760-1780 C.E. Wood.

-king commissioned statue to preserve his reign -used to cement history that would otherwise be changed through oral transmission -kuba are known for large artistic legacy; learned through apprenticeship -rounded contours, defined collarbone -stylized: represent more ideal of a king not actual observation -king identified through geometric motifs/emblems -holding drum with severed hand, ikul: knife in left hand -head is ⅓ statue; kuba peoples valued intelligence -often buried with them

28. Peplos Kore from the Acropolis. Archaic Greek. c. 530 B.C.E. Marble, painted details.

-korai: female statue -peplos: large rectangular piece of material folded vertically and hung from the side -found on acropolis -might have been a goddess making an offering to Athena -smile, same stiff look

27. Anavysos Kouros. Archaic Greek. c. 530 B.C.E. Marble with remnants of paint.

-kouros: young nude male -anavysos is his name -grave marker -stiff, idealized, muscular, lifesize -inspired by egypt -archaic smile: giving him life -not a portrait -parents made this for son who died in war

159. City of Cusco, including Qorikancha (Inka main temple), Santo Domingo (Spanish colonial convent), and Walls at Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman). Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1440 C.E; convent added 1550-1650 C.E. Andesite.

-laid out purposefully to look like puma -capital of Inka empire but spanish came and destroyed it -Inka rulers and local leaders from different parts of empire lived here -women were pulled from empire to serve as acllas: weave textiles and make corn beer, sometimes wed to Inkas -young men brought to learn culture and be educated -walls on outside of town almost acts like fortress, but it's unknown -help create the head of the puma -stones to build brought in with labor tax (able-bodied men must serve) -Qorikancha is center of city, where puma heart would be -for sun god -dark wall is what's left of the inka part -spanish made them become christians and literally built on top of their old temple -made with ashlar masonry (not using any binding agent; just cutting and placing) -little garden thing inside where sun would make golden objects sparkle

17. Great Pyramids (Menkaura, Khafre, Khufu) and Great Sphinx. Giza, Egypt. Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty. c. 2550-2490 B.C.E. Cut limestone.

-large cut bricks : fully solid -would have been white limestone that covered pyramid (gone now) -khufu then son khafre and his son menkaura -on top of each one would have been a little gold cap -connected to sun god; gold at top with sloped "lines" of sun -king's body face east to west (same as sun) -pyramid sides all face cardinal directions -more important=bigger pyramid to please ka (full of gold and jewels) -people would break in a steal it -also used to be river nearby so body would travel down and then bring mummy through processional causeways and pray, leave offerings, etc -khafre's pyramid had the burial in the middle -khafre's structure had a sphynx -human face, lying body of lion -wearing a head cloth (nemes) which kings wore as well, connecting it to the king -guardianlike human-animal figure Backstory: -mastaba: tomb -body wouldn't be buried in this, but underneath -place to give offerings in it as well -imhotep decided to pileup mastabas in stepped pyramid -necropolis: city of the dead for ka to experience -now slope sided with mortuary temple out in front

14. Statues of votive figures, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq). Sumerian. c. 2700 B.C.E. Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone.

-large eyes; to see the gods -all in the same position: hands together (prayerful), standing tall -found buried in a temple -based on elite members of society that commissioned them to be done -hieratic scale; more important ppl get bigger statues -stylized -men wear skirts and have beards, women wear one shoulder dresses

52. Hagia Sophia. Constantinople (Istanbul). Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. 532-537 C.E. Brick and ceramic elements with stone and mosaic veneer.

-lots of gold -symmetrical -columns not original (islamic) -originally built as church in byzantine empire, then ottomans took it over and made it a mosque -architects were actually mathematicians/physicists -hagia sophia: holy wisdom -240 ft wide (bigger than pantheon's spanned space without interruption) and 270 ft long -popular in byzantine churches: icons - religious image on a wooden panel used for prayer and devotion (way to communicate, teach) -iconoclasm: destruction of the icons because people started praying directly to the icons -iconostasis: fencing, material, in front of altar with icons on it (to cover when priest when blessing communion)

218. Buk (mask). Torres Strait. Mid- to late 19th century C.E. Turtle shell, wood, fiber, feathers, and shell.

-mabu yag island -three parts: human face with raffia hair, frigate bird, feather -only one part of elaborate costume of a ritual -worn when moving in front of an audience; making bird gestures as well? -maybe face of hero or ancestor (lattice work suggests beard) -european sailors made them burn the masks/practices -kept in special houses of stone - items of prestige -circles on wings may represent ornaments worn only on special occasions -totemic object, connection between ancestor and item

40. Alexander Mosaic from the House of Faun, Pompeii. Republican Roman. c. 100 B.C.E. Mosaic.

-made of little pieces of glass called tesserae -Alexander (greek) on left, Darius (persian) on right -battle to take over Persia -spears, horses -Darius is retreating -may have been made by women -tell story through angle of spears (upward, leaving) and chaos (action, gestures, placement of figures, looks) -person in center right to to get on horse and get away -foreshortening: creating an illusion of space; shortening the figure, using shadows and light to do it

179. Reliquary figure (byeri). Fang peoples (southern Cameroon). c. 19th to 20th century C.E. Wood.

-man with closed eyes, protruding belly button, stylized -hands touching, almost meditative -carved to be seated -young face with older looking body -would sit on bark box that held bones of ancestors to protect them -only men would be able to see the bones -meant to ward off eyes of women, children -nomadic people so they moved it all over, hence the light wood

47. Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus. Late Imperial Roman. c. 250 C.E. Marble.

-many people fighting except one in middle with gesture (ludovisi) -two soldiers on the side (romans) with the leaders -fighting goths (from france) -holds a dead body (moving away from cremation) -made of marble -figures piled up with no real, natural space -don't care about classical -empire losing power, look changing as well

169. Wall plaque, from Oba's palace. Edo peoples, Benin (Nigeria). 16th century C.E. Cast brass.

-middle person (king) is riding a horse -background patterns reference to christianity? -had traded with portugal for the brass -side people holding fans, fan royalty -dressed with weaponry -actually a series of 900 plaques that tell the lives of several kings -plaques were on walls of palace without writing down what story they told or the order -taken by british and all messed up -hieratic scale: one guy is bigger than everyone else

157. Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 C.E. Stone (temple)

-multiple expansions -solid base with two temples (tlaloc left and huitzilopochtli right) -one represents wet season and other sun/sky

2. Great Hall of the Bulls. Lascaux, France. Paleolithic Europe. 15,000-13,000 B.C.E. Rock painting.

-multiple types of animals -painted on white walls; blank canvas to work on -animals arranged in migration pattern, overlapping, facing diff directions; possibly to help them have a successful hunt -found by four kids but you can no longer visit the real thing -would chew/grind berries, dirt, etc to paint -animals not all painted at one time

37. Winged Victory of Samothrace. Hellenistic Greek. c. 190 B.C.E. Marble.

-nike: personification and goddess of victory -18 ft tall -originally in sanctuary of great gods at a high vantage point -drama in the wind of the drapery -matched the actual way the wind blew as she was positioned by an ocean -landing on a ship -pull down of legs but upward movement of upper body; theatrical -hand outstretched -may have commemorated victory over island of Rhodes

7. Jade cong. Liangzhu, China. 3300-2200 B.C.E. Carved jade.

-normally found with round disks called bis (bee) in graves -made for the burials of wealthier citizens (jade = very heavy, hard to crack) -carved with abrasive sandpaper -imagery of faces/animals (elements like horns, tails, etc); belief in cycle of life from animal to human -many found burnt/broken but arranged around body

51. San Vitale. Ravenna, Italy. Early Byzantine Europe. c. 526-547 C.E. Brick, marble, and stone veneer; mosaic.

-octagonal -dome at top -made of brick -arched window openings -apse off the back -mosaics everywhere -many little ins and outs -three levels -arches -central -tons of mosaics -walking around central dome area is called ambulatory -in between apse and central area is called choir -exedrae: little recessed niches -second floor is gallery; where women worshipped -men worshipped at the bottom

22. Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters. New Kingdom (Amarna), 18th Dynasty. c. 1353-1335 B.C.E. Limestone.

-of a pharaoh but looks really different -children -traditional to see pharaoh and wife sitting next to each other -kissing kid on left -playing with the baby on the right and other baby sitting on shoulder -sun god at top (Ra); rays are ankhs that reach to noses -touching nose bc gods are giving them life/breath -hieroglyphs around it; circles around certain ones are called cartouche (show names) Armana: akhenaton changes everything: moves capital and establishes Aten (another name is Ra) -not super idealized: skinner arms, elongated neck, and little gut (things are different now) -composite view mostly in eye and a bit in torso -in sunken relief -nefertiti sitting on throne carved with lotus and papyrus -placed in altar in a house

51. San Vitale. Ravenna, Italy. Early Byzantine Europe. c. 526-547 C.E. Brick, marble, and stone veneer; mosaic.

-on the left side of the apse -justinian and his assistants -person in middle (justinian) with circle around head seems like main person in image; holding paten (gold bowl) -bread of the eucharist would be put in paten -men wearing something different, with shield (represents military) -thing on shield is chi-rho-iota (first letters of jesus's name) -men in right holding cross made of gold and jewels and has cross on robe -other right man holding book with jewels on cover (religious shaved head) -incense holder as well -participating in mass by bringing bread -justinian is earthly representative of Jesus which is why he has a halo -also wearing purple robes -bishop in gold (writing above is his name) -justinian's arms in front of bishop but bishop's feet are in front -feet are flat, frontal, floating, and formal -break from 3d shadowed classical look (four f's) -two people in between soldiers and justinian are government officials

178. Aka elephant mask. Bamileke (Cameroon, western grassfields region). c. 19th to 20th century C.E. Wood, woven raffia, cloth, and beads.

-part of a performance -worn with red feather headdress and leopard skin pelt -elephant and leopard symbol of king rule (thought the king could turn into elephant) -worn by court officials, warriors, etc; shows hierarchical power -main pattern is isosceles triangle; relates to leopard print -other designs represent animals but highly stylized -still performed today -beads local and traded

31. Temple of Minerva (Veii, near Rome, Italy) and sculpture of Apollo. Master sculptor Vulca. c. 510-500 B.C.E. Original temple of wood, mud brick, or tufa (volcanic rock); terra cotta sculpture.

-plan of a temple -three cellas (inner room of a temple) -tuscan columns: podium, no fluting -porch covering (not pediment), statues on top of roof, no entablature -can only enter in the front -not that decorated and colorful -building didn't last -drapery has lines but not flowing -looking, reaching out, motion -long twisted hair -symmetrical patterns on base -most close with archaic (smile) -suggested naturalism -static: stiff -dynamic: moving -figure is both (arms legs dynamic, cloth static) -part of story about hercules, he is chasing him

215. 'Ahu 'ula (feather cape). Hawaiian. Late 18th century C.E. Feathers and fiber.

-worn by male leaders, warriors (chiefs) -yellow feathers more sacred than red -500k feathers -as feathers sewn into base w/ coconut fiber, the women would chant names of wearer's ancestors -putting ancestors power into cape -red color for royalty, yellow is intimidation -as europeans came they were gifted some

39. House of the Vettii. Pompeii, Italy. Imperial Roman. c. second century B.C.E.; rebuilt c. 62-79 C.E. Cut stone and fresco.

-public and private parts of your house -front of house is place to do business -where client would meet patron/patrician -atrium is entrance area, then impluvium (open air area) and there's a little pool to collect water -back is covered area (tablinum); could have an armoire style thing -triclinium: dining room -second open air garden area: peristyle -no windows because it was right next to the road -square columns (pier) and round columns -painted their walls -grecoroman: look greek and roman

157. Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 C.E. basalt (Calendar Stone).

-records the origins of the aztecs origins and cosmos -five movements -center deity with knife tongue and ear spools represents fifth movement -connected to sun god; rays of sun in cardinal directions -four movements: four dots, glyph word for movement -first movement death by jaguar, 2: death by wind, 3: death by rain of fire, 4: death by water, 5: death by earthquake (not happened yet) -band of 20 days of calendar, outside band is fire serpents -strong lines, in relief, very big -sun god and another god sacrificed themself to make the sun move, we must give sacrifices as well -reign of Moctezuma II

33. Niobides Krater. Anonymous vase painter of Classical Greece known as the Niobid Painter. c. 460-450 B.C.E. Clay, red-figure technique (white highlights).

-red figure vase -no registers -krater: type of vase -punch bowl used for mixing wine and water -where there is black, there's paint -figures both composite (egyptian influence) and naturalized poses (¾ poses too) -flower styles framing it are an Eastern influence (China?) Left side: -Niobe had seven children that were more beautiful than Lito's children (some were Artemis and Apollo) -Lito sent the twins to kill Niobe's kids because of it -kids look like they're falling over a cliff Right side: -Heracles in composite view -soldiers on the bottom asking for protection in battle -Athena also up there

30. Audience Hall (apadana) of Darius and Xerxes. Persepolis, Iran. Persian. c. 520-465 B.C.E. Limestone.

-relief on the walls of the entranceway (very archaic and a bit egyptian) -figures bringing offerings to king from all different areas they conquered; in composite view -capitals have all different animals -representative of royals -forest of columns that have classic greek look; hypostyle hall-big receptions; king would have people come see him -water flowed through the bottom and to the houses in the village -burned down by Alexander the Great

43. Augustus of Prima Porta. Imperial Roman. Early first century C.E. Marble.

-rome: city of seven hills -young man -holding flowing drapery -raised arm tells us he's talking, leading -shows lots of power -baby is part of the structure to hold up the marble -baby is cupid, son of aphrodite, and is riding a dolphin -augustus is first emperor of Rome -was octavian, got title of augustus -cupid being there represents he is connected to the gods (his ancestors) -wearing leather cuirass: shows parthian king returning a standard, all the gods watching, witnessing Pax Romana (establishing peace) -wife had this made (was dead at this point) and was placed in garden of villa prima porta -shows the power and leadership in a youthful appearance

20. Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall. Karnak, near Luxor, Egypt. New Kingdom, 18th and 19th Dynasties. Temple: c. 1550 B.C.E.; hall: c. 1250 B.C.E. Cut sandstone and mud brick.

-ruins -row of sphinxes walking up with a pylon gate -open courtyard and then in the back is where a cult statue (god being worshipped) would be -only priests, pharaohs, etc can go there -get darker as you go further back -temples in egypt about beginning of world: mound of creation rose up from the waters -literally have artificial lake to represent this idea -home for gods on Earth -built by pharaohs -hieroglyphs on outside -again covered in limestone like pyramids instead of cut rock -stripped it off and used in other places -hypostyle has clerestory: raised section of roof with windows below -columns have hieroglyphics on them in sunken relief -tell story of king, how he's divine, how to keep order, etc: power and job -top of column is called capitol -tall capitol has papyrus blossom and lower capital is meant to look like lotus flower -making it look like bundles of papyrus and lotus -clerestory didn't really let in light, so it was darker and more mysterious, magical -dark but colorful -new kingdom use pharoah now -extended egypt borders, wealthier, larger -after sphinxes, ten courtyard, hypostyle hall (term for columns hall and roof)

3. Camelid sacrum in the shape of a canine. Tequixquiac, central Mexico. 14,000- 7000 B.C.E. Bone.

-sculpted bone (equal and precise) -camelid: member of camel/llama family -sacrum: bone at the base of spine -sacrum is sacred in mesoamerican religions; spiritual purpose, made as mask -taken from original location without proper identification and in private location

41. Seated boxer. Hellenistic Greek. c. 100 B.C.E. Bronze

-seated position, turned head, nude, beard and cauliflower hair -hands wrapped in leather -hunched back and somber expression -scar (copper wounds) -agd head but a youthful body in a more expressive and less ideal form -you only hit on the head when boxing in greece -athletes competed in the nude

167. Conical tower and circular wall of Great Zimbabwe. Southeastern Zimbabwe. Shona peoples. c. 1000-1400 C.E. Coursed granite blocks.

-silo (granary) -about power of king; he can give food -did not use mortar; just cut and placed together so they stand today -used to have houses as well -walls not for defense just to separate areas

221. Navigation chart. Marshall Islands, Micronesia. 19th to early 20th century C.E. Wood and fiber.

-stick charts -visualization of wave patterns -tracking waves -did not take on voyage; would memorize and then use that knowledge to find your way -wave currents created by wrapping around islands

153. Chavín de Huántar. Northern highlands, Peru. Chavín. 900-200 B.C.E. Stone (architectural complex); granite (Lanzón and sculpture); hammered gold alloy (jewelry).

-sunken and circular plazas -when you're in the complex and there's singing or sounds inside, it would reverberate out into the valley -hidden passageways would eventually find lanzon (blade) -has carvings you would not know how to read; only chavin members could read -contour rivalry: two images share parts or outlines -eyebrows snakes, eyes and mouth come from caiman (alligator/lizard thing), one hand goes up and one goes down -representing heaven and earth with hand directions -meant to be deliberately confusing -channel in back that offerings would be poured down -located between two rivers that also held spiritual importance

216. Staff god. Rarotonga, Cook Islands, central Polynesia. Late 18th to early 19th century C.E. Wood, tapa, fiber, and feathers.

-tapa: bark cloth -religious and spiritual -hung feather and shells from them -top part is large stylized head with smaller figures beneath -carved by men -attached to staff and then wrapped up in tapa -tapa is to protect deity that is represented by top head -ancestors power -phallic figure, smaller figures and females giving birth -representing soul of god -stand up in center of town to provide protection and worship -europeans forced them to change their ways, toppled them over

51. San Vitale. Ravenna, Italy. Early Byzantine Europe. c. 526-547 C.E. Brick, marble, and stone veneer; mosaic.

-theodora (justinian's wife) -"entertainer" before wife -waiting to participate in something -person on left holding open curtain to corinthian column -she's holding chalice to bring to communion -same purple robes, lots of jewelry -bottom of dress has image of three men (reference to three magi who brought gifts to Jesus' birth) -four byzantine f's -water may be reference to baptism -not very individual (clustered faces)

35. Acropolis. Athens, Greece. Iktinos and Kallikrates. c. 447-410 B.C.E. Marble. Nike adjusting her sandal

-this is what's on the fence around the temple -flowing drapery, balancing on one leg, body hunched over, leaning -she's an attendant -very elegantly doing it because she had wings -classical because of the way drapery naturally reveals accurate body

155. Yaxchilán. Chiapas, Mexico. Maya. 725 C.E. Limestone (architectural complex). Lintel 24

-three stone slabs for the three doorways that tell story -origins of him becoming king -stylized -in this lintel, left person is king and other one is queen (lady xooc) -there are glyphs -she's wearing elaborate crown, lots of jewelry -holding rope and it's going through her tongue -blood from tongue is traveling down to codex -king would also give blood with barbed rope through penis -second lintel shows serpent rising out of codex and armed ancestor rising out of snake mouth -last lintel has king in same spot and queen handing him a jaguar helmet, making him king -mayan creation story: gods gave blood to create mayans, so that's why the mayans give blood

45. Forum of Trajan. Rome, Italy. Apollodorus of Damascus. Forum and markets: 106-112 C.E.; column completed 113 C.E. marble (column).

-trajan's column is still standing -in relief that wraps all the way around like a ribbon -trajan main part of story -would have been painted -on top is statue of trajan -lot of gathering materials, getting in line, etc (only 2 scenes of actual battle) -dacians are the enemy; they look messy while the romans look organized -propaganda for trajan -stairwell in the middle to go up -base was a burial

13. Palette of King Narmer. Predynastic Egypt. c. 3000-2920 B.C.E. Greywacke.

-two sides, 1 ½ ft tall, composite view, stylized, in relief, registers, hierarchical scale -discovered in a ritual deposit by a temple of Horus -version of a daily palette used for mixing makeup that blocks sun -about unification of upper and lower egypt -king narmer from upper egypt is killing king of lower egypt -hieroglyphs at the top middle -left of king is a sandal bearer (works for king) and falcon on right is Horus -lotus is symbol of upper egypt and papyrus is lower egypt -lower register: dead foes with walled city -narmer wearing "lower egyptian costume", priest wearing leopard skin with four smaller people to carry standards, enemies decapitated/castrated with head in between legs (birds eye view) -big register: serpopods with intertwining necks making a circle for mixing makeup (twisted necks also symbolize uniting the two egypts) -connected to balance of order (ma'at) and chaos (isfet)

177. Lukasa (memory board). Mbudye Society, Luba peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo). c. 19th to 20th century C.E. Wood, beads, and metal.

-used in oral retellings of history as a mnemonic device -highlights role that object played in authority and power -local area had a wealth of natural resources -used by elite mbudye society members ("men of memory") -small enough to hold in left hand; narrow center for ease -read by touching with right forefinger -interpreted many ways and will often be changed to fit the audience

157. Templo Mayor (Main Temple). Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City, Mexico). Mexica (Aztec). 1375-1520 C.E. jadeite (Olmec-style mask);

-very small, sit in palm of hand -not aztec, from older olmec territory -they carved massive heads of leaders so this is similar -found buried under temple -heavy lidded eyes, long nose, almost a crown, baby face -aztecs collecting these objects and ritually burying them -reverence for historical cultures and have large trade networks

162. All-T'oqapu tunic. Inka. 1450-1540 C.E. Camelid fiber and cotton.

-wear like a poncho, individual to people -each symbols tell story -only male royals wore so they're commissioned -Inka took weavers from parts of empire and forced them to weave these tunics -fibers part of taxation system (more important than gold) -luxury, rare, and symbols of power of king -believed to be spiritual; provided protection to wearer -weaving done on backstrap loom -chose materials because cotton grew well in area in natural colors and camelid lived in area -traditionally woven in a single piece: believed cutting it off the loom would destroy its spiritual significance -Woven with a head slit, then folded and sewn together to create arm holes

176. Ikenga (shrine figure). Igbo peoples (Nigeria). c. 19th to 20th century C.E. Wood.

-when owner dies it's no longer in use -ram horns (power) -human like face/body -power of right hand (always holding sword, pen, etc) -enemy's head sometime held in left hand -commissioned by powerful men - specifically made for you -would keep it in house in altar area, give it offerings -about traditional views of masculinity

10. Tlatilco female figurine. Central Mexico, site of Tlatilco. 1200-900 B.C.E. Ceramic.

-wide hips, spherical thighs, thin pinched waist -No hands or feet -Always great attention to hair -While this one has two heads, that is uncommon (duality main concept in culture?) -female figurines much more common than men -Always handmade, and paint/finish (red, yellow, black) is well preserved -Tlatilco was close to a lake and found in burials -No written records, so not much known about Tlatilco community

166. Black-on-black ceramic vessel. Maria Martínez and Julian Martínez, Tewa, Puebloan, San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico. c. mid-20th century C.E. Blackware ceramic.

-work in harmony with nature, never take more than necessary -her pot is not useful just decorative -traditionally used for food and made by men -railroad came and destroyed puebloan culture -worked in archaeological dig where fragments were found and that became inspo for her pots -she would sign other people's pot so they would sell for more to support community -potmaking is done by whole family -abstract styles, pioneered the matte black style

164. Transformation mask. Kwakwaka'wakw, Northwest coast of Canada. Late 19th century C.E. Wood, paint, and string.

-worn in potlatch ceremony (gift-giving feast to ancestors) -part of a sensory dance experience -would pull string and it would open to sides and reveal human ancestor mask -painted with crests specific to family and thus person who's going to wear it -filled with energy of ancestors -take a very long time to make and yet decays quickly -passed between family members

175. Bundu mask. Sande Society, Mende peoples (West African forests of Sierra Leone and Liberia). 19th to 20th century C.E. Wood, cloth, and fiber.

-worn on top of head -elaborate hairdo -small ears, eyes, mouth (to teach a lesson - don't gossip) -worn by women shown to initiate girls into womanhood -girls caked in white and then taken into woods and taught things (cook, have baby) -practiced female genital mutilation -represents spirit of sowo (water goddess) -making spirit come to life -neck rolls under head

8. Stonehenge. Wiltshire, UK. Neolithic Europe. c. 2500-1600 B.C.E. Sandstone.

Three construction phases -pits filled with bluestones (mined from wales) or limestone -wooden posts set in henge -about 25 holes emptied and used as burials of adult males -30 more burial pits also dug -circle of stones with lintel stones on top -enclosed five trilithons in horseshoe shape -processional ave -who planned this and who worked on it? team effort? who are these burials of? mark of status? -techniques and planning similar to modern woodworking - tongue and groove joints, post and lintel, shaped large at top so it looks even on ground -summer solstice sunrise and winter solstice sunset perfectly framed in between stones -stone came from 240 km (150 miles) away