AP Bio Ch 40

Based on graph (a), one observer suggests that a group of 100 ground squirrels would consume the same amount of oxygen per hour as 1 dog because 100 ground squirrels have the same total body mass as 1 dog. A second observer disagrees. 1-The second observer is correct; 100 ground squirrels will consume more oxygen per hour than 1 dog. 2-The first observer is correct; 100 ground squirrels consume about 10 liters of oxygen per hour, the same amount as 1 dog. 3-The first observer is correct; 1 dog consumes about 3 liters of oxygen per hour, the same amount as 100 ground squirrels. 4-The second observer is correct; 100 ground squirrels will consume less oxygen per hour than 1 dog.

1-The second observer is correct; 100 ground squirrels will consume more oxygen per hour than 1 dog.

Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians _____. A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures B) alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C C) are endotherms but become thermoconformers when they are in water D) become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C

A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures

If you were to view a sample of animal tissue under a light microscope and notice an extensive extracellular matrix surrounding a tissue, which tissue type would you most suspect? A) connective B) epithelial C) nervous D) striated muscle

A) connective

As the size of some animals has evolved to greater sizes, the effectiveness of their adaptations that promote exchanges with the environment have also increased. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with _____. A) more branching or folds B) increased thickness C) larger cells D) decreased blood supply

A) more branching or folds

The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a _____. A) simple squamous epithelium B) stratified squamous epithelium C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium D) simple columnar epithelium

A) simple squamous epithelium

Examine the figure above. Near a goose's abdomen, the countercurrent arrangement of the arterial and venous blood vessels causes the _____. A) temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to be minimized B) venous blood to be as cold near the abdomen as it is near the feet C) blood in the feet to be as warm as the blood in the abdomen D) loss of the maximum possible amount of heat to the environment

A) temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to be minimized

Independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectoderm, the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of A) water consumed in one day. B) carbon dioxide produced in one day. C) food eaten in one day. D) oxygen used in mitochondria in one day. E) heat generated in one day. water consumed in one day.

A) water consumed in one day.

Select the correct statement describing feedback control in animals. a) An animal may be a regulator for one environmental variable but a conformer for another. b) Ectotherms are regulators with respect to temperature. c) Positive feedback loops contribute to homeostasis.

An animal may be a regulator for one environmental variable but a conformer for another.

Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that grow larger as the animal grows larger. What is the reason for this increase in gill size? A) The young of these animals are much more active than the adult, which leads to a higher BMR (basal metabolic rate) and, therefore, a higher need for oxygen. B) Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need. C) The young have a higher basal metabolic rate. D) Relative to their surface area, the young have more body volume in which they can store oxygen for long periods of time.

B) Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need.

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is _____. A) epithelial tissue B) connective tissue C) skeletal muscle D) nervous tissue

B) connective tissue

Much of the coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by the _____. A) respiratory system B) endocrine system C) integumentary system D) excretory system

B) endocrine system

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the _____. A) thyroid gland B) hypothalamus C) subcutaneous layer of the skin D) liver

B) hypothalamus

_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport.

Blood

Look at the graphs and choose the correct statement describing the relationship between BMR (basal metabolic rate) and body mass of mammals. (Look carefully at the quantity being displayed on the y-axis of each figure.) A) Large mammals have lower basal metabolic rates than small mammals. B) BMR is roughly proportional to body mass squared. C) Small mammals have lower BMR, but use more calories per kilogram than large mammals.

C) Small mammals have lower BMR, but use more calories per kilogram than large mammals.

Interstitial fluid is _____. A) the internal environment inside animal cells B) identical to the composition of blood C) a common site of exchange between blood and body cells D) found only in the lumen of the small intestine

C) a common site of exchange between blood and body cells

The metabolic breakdown of specialized brown fat depots in certain animals is substantially increased during _____. A) acclimatization B) torpor C) nonshivering thermogenesis D) shivering thermogenesis

C) nonshivering thermogenesis

To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmoths _____. A) relax the muscles completely until after they launch themselves into the air B) decrease their standard metabolic rate C) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth D) reduce the metabolic rate of the muscles to rest them before flight

C) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? A) feathers or fur B) vasoconstriction C) wind blowing across the body surface D) blubber or fat layer

C) wind blowing across the body surface

Sweating allows a person to lose heat through the process of _____. A) conduction B) convection C) radiation D) evaporation

D) evaporation

The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by _____. A) countercurrent exchange B) acclimation C) vasoconstriction D) evaporation

D) evaporation

Connective tissues typically have _____. A) little space between the membranes of adjacent cells B) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses C) the ability to shorten upon stimulation D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

The type of muscle tissue surrounding the intestines and blood vessels is _____. A) skeletal muscle B) cardiac muscle C) intercalated cells D) smooth muscle

D) smooth muscle

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that A) positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems. B) positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors. C) positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental. D) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it. E) the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback it can only decrease the parameter.

D) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.

You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm? A) You know from its high and stable body temperature that it must be an endotherm. B) You note that its environment has a high and stable temperature. Because its body temperature matches the environmental temperature, you conclude that it is an ectotherm. C) You measure the metabolic rate of the reptile, and because it is higher than that of a related species that lives in temperate forests, you conclude that this reptile is an endotherm and its relative is an ectotherm. D) You know that it is an ectotherm because it is not a bird or mammal. E) You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.

E) You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.

Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) A) are both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species. B) are both standard measurements of mammals. C) are used to compare metabolic rate between hibernating and non-hibernating states. D) are used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, while BMR is measured at rest. E) are both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state.

E) are both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state.

Which component of a homeostatic system compares sensory information to a target value?

Integrator (An integrator sends instructions to an effector based on sensory information.)

Which of these describes loose connective tissue?

It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.

Which term describes a steady state in which the internal conditions of an organism are kept within a narrow range without regard to the external conditions?

Regulatory homeostasis

Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment?

Sensor (A sensor perceives changes in some parameter of the environment.)

Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body?

Shivering

_____ muscle is attached to bones.

Skeletal

Tunas, sharks, penguins, and dolphins all have a basic fusiform shape, tapered at both ends. What explains this similarity in shape? a) All fast-swimming aquatic vertebrates have this shape. b) The similarity is due to homology, based on shared ancestry. c) The similarity is due to convergent evolution, because all these animals share similar environmental challenges.

The similarity is due to convergent evolution, because all these animals share similar environmental challenges.

True or false? Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions.

True

Which of the following primarily involves heat transfer by convection? a) As you lie on the sand, you can feel the sun's warm rays on your skin. b) After sunset, you can feel heat from the warm pavement. c) The water in the lake is so cold that your legs become numb. d) You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through. e) You sweat profusely as you mow the lawn on a hot summer day.

You roll down the car window to allow the cool breeze to blow through.

Which of the following animals uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation?

a desert bird

Which statement about endotherms and ectotherms is correct? a) Ectotherms are more abundant and diverse than endotherms. c) Endothermy is a more successful strategy for thermoregulation than ectothermy. c) Ectotherms are more primitive than endotherms.

a) Ectotherms are more abundant and diverse than endotherms.

Choose the list that correctly ranks metabolic rates per gram of body mass, from lowest to highest. a) fish, dog, mouse b) human, cat, mouse, salamander c) gazelle, lion, elephant d) hummingbird, dog, mouse e) human, rabbit, snake

a) fish, dog, mouse

What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries? a) smooth muscle b) skeletal muscle c) striated muscle d) voluntary muscle e) cardiac muscle

a) smooth muscle

Cartilage is found _____.

at the ends of bones such as the femur

In a physiological system operating with positive feedback, _____. a) the range of acceptable values for a given parameter will be narrower than if the system were regulated by negative feedback b) a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change c) a stimulus will initiate a response that returns the system to near its initial parameters d) only an effector and control center are necessary to complete the control system e) a stimulus will prevent a small change from becoming too large

b) a change in a variable will amplify rather than reverse the change

You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment changes. The new species can tolerate small changes in this way, but dies from large changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels. What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels? a) regulation b) conformation c) integration d) assimilation e) all of the above

b) conformation

Negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control that _____. a) operates independently of most signaling mechanisms b) ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points c) produces a response by lowering the set point of an organism's metabolism d) increases the speed and rapidity of negative responses to environmental stimuli e) promotes decreases in metabolic rate rather than increases

b) ensures that conditions in an organism do not vary too much above or below their set points

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed _____. a) physiological chance b) homeostasis c) static equilibrium d) balanced equilibrium

b) homeostasis

Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers.

branched

Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback response? a) The onset of contractions during childbirth stimulates the release of a hormone that stimulates further contractions. b) The arrival of platelets at a wound site stimulates the recruitment of more platelets to form a clot. c) After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels. d) A person who loses 3 pounds continues to diet to lose an additional 10 pounds.

c) After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels.

Which of these is an example of negative feedback? a) As a blood clot begins to form, the process of its formation gets faster and faster. b) After you eat, glucagon stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels. c) After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels. d) The digestive enzyme pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid; pepsin itself can then convert pepsinogen into pepsin. e) Once labor begins, contractions increase in frequency and intensity.

c) After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels.

How do endotherms and ectotherms differ? a) Endotherms are warm-blooded and ectotherms are cold-blooded. b) Endotherms are regulators and ectotherms are conformers. c) Endotherms and ectotherms differ in the means by which they regulate their body temperature.

c) Endotherms and ectotherms differ in the means by which they regulate their body temperature.

Homeostasis is the _____. a) correlation of structure and function b) cooperation of body parts to form tissues, organs, and systems c) maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment d) exchange of materials with the surrounding environment e) idea that all vertebrates are built in a similar way

c) maintenance of a relatively constant and optimal internal environment

A countercurrent heat exchanger enables an animal to _____. a) absorb heat from the environment b) slow metabolism when food is not available c) reduce the loss of body heat to the environment d) produce more heat when needed e) increase heat loss by evaporation

c) reduce the loss of body heat to the environment

What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients? a) stratified cuboidal epithelium b) simple cuboidal cells c) simple columnar epithelium d) stratified columnar epithelium e) stratified squamous epithelium

c) simple columnar epithelium

What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces? a) simple epithelium b) squamous epithelium c) stratified epithelium d) simple cuboidal cells e) columnar epithelium

c) stratified epithelium

Nervous tissue functions _____. a) as a physical barrier to the invasion of pathogens b) to physically move the body c) to sense stimuli d) to physically support the body e) in the absorption of nutrients

c) to sense stimuli

Which of the following actions is not a function of the epithelium? a) Regulates the excretion of waste. b) Controls the exchange of nutrients between the internal and external environments. c) Creates an internal environment that is different from the external environment. d) Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment.

d) Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment.

Which of the following is a correct statement about an organism and its environment? a) The gastrovascular cavity provides the nutrient exchange surface in mammals. b) Animals isolated from their environments live longer than those exchanging matter with the environment. c) An animal is a closed system that is separate and distinct from its environment. d) The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals.

d) The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals.

When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of _____. a) positive feedback b) protein-protein interactions c) catalytic feedback d) negative feedback

d) negative feedback

What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules? a) stratified squamous epithelium b) stratified cuboidal epithelium c) simple squamous epithelium d) simple cuboidal cells e) stratified transitional epithelium

d) simple cuboidal cells

Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion? a) stratified squamous epithelium b) simple cuboidal cells c) stratified cuboidal epithelium d) simple squamous epithelium e) simple columnar epithelium

d) simple squamous epithelium

Metabolic rate is____. a) typically higher in an ectothermic animal than in an endothermic one b)determined when the organism is vigorously exercising after consuming a fatty meal c) the amount of heat gained by an animal in a unit of time d) the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time e) directly proportional to body size

d) the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

A neuron consists of _____.

dendrites, a cell body, and axons

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is a) skeletal muscle. b) epithelial tissue. c) nervous tissue. d) smooth muscle. e) connective tissue.

e) connective tissue.

An animal's inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs a) if the animal is an endotherm, which must always take in more energy because of its high metabolic rate. b) if it is hibernating. c) never; homeostasis makes these energy and material budgets always balance. d) if it is actively foraging for food. e) if it is growing and increasing its mass.

e) if it is growing and increasing its mass.

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has a) less surface area. b) the same surface-to-volume ratio. c) a smaller average distance between its mitochondria and the external source of oxygen. d) a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio. e) less surface area per unit of volume.

e) less surface area per unit of volume.

The four major categories of tissues are _____. a) bone, muscle, blood, and adipose b) muscle, epithelial, bone, and cartilage c) blood, nervous, connective, and muscle d) simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and stratified squamous e) nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle

e) nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The __________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the __________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.

elephant; mouse

Bats and hummingbirds are examples of _____.

endotherms that are also poikilotherms