AP Human Geography - AP Test Review
Elderly support ratio
# of working age people divided by the # of people 65 and older
Paris Climate Agreement
An agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change dealing with reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adaptation, and financing this process starting in the year 2020.
Von Thunen Model
An agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.
Census tracts
An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.
Food oasis
An area where healthy foods are readily available
intervening obstacle
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.
Peter's Projection
An equal-area projection purposely centered on Africa in an attempt to treat all regions of Earth equally.
Gender Inequality Index (GII)
An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.
Absorbing barriers
An obstacle which completely stops an idea from diffusion
Religion
An organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural, along with associated ceremonial practices by which people try to interpret and/or influence aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control.
Micropolitan Statistical Area
An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.
Slash and burn agriculture
Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris.
-ancestors of most African Americans arrived around 300 years ago from places in Africa that weren't yet organized into independent countries -records weren't yet kept of the ethnic origin of African Americans who arrived as slaves
Give two reasons why it is harder to pinpoint more precisely the ethnic origins of African Americans?
40%
Globally, how much of the work force is occupied by women?
in Asia or Africa (except for one exception that is in Central America)
By 2030-2035, where will most of the world's largest cities be located?
Shatterbelt Theory
Cohen's theory predicted that armed conflicts after 1950 would likely occur in area within the Inner Crescent (Middle East)
Agribusiness
Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
Possibilism
Geographic viewpoint- a response to determinism- that holds that human descision making, not the environment, is the critical factor in cultural development.
Pattern
-The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area/in space
Empire
-an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority -ex: Roman Empire
LDC (Less Developed Country)
A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
No tillage
A farming practice that leaves all of the soil undisturbed and the entire residue of the previous year's harvest left untouched on the fields.
Dairy Farm
A form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products
Pastoral Nomadism
A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals in dry climates, where planting crops is impossible
Shifting Cultivation
A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.
Transnational corporations
A globalization of the economy has been led primarily by who?
Ecosystem
A group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact
Plantation farming
A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country.
Examples of stimulus diffusion
-burgers at McDonald's spread to India, but without beef because of the cow being sacred there -using a touch screen on a phone to access the internet rather than using a keyboard or mouse
Physical Map
A map that focuses on landforms, such as mountains, rivers, etc.
Mash up map
A map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service suh as Google Earth or Google Maps
Political Map
A map that shows government boundaries (countries, states, major cities, etc.)
Location (5 Themes of Geography)
A particular place or position
Swidden
A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.
Racist
A person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism.
Multi-Nuclei Model
-developed by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman -a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve -examples of nodes: port, neighborhood business center, university, airport, park -activities are attracted to particular nodes,w ehreas others try to avoid the -for example, the university node may attract well educated residents, bookstores, pizza places, or the airport node might attract hotels, etc. -heavy industry and high class housing RARELY exist in the same neighborhood
Griffin-Ford's sector model of a Latin American City
-developed by Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford -it is a type of SECTOR MODEL -showed that in Latin American cities, elites push out from the center in a well-defined elite residential sector -elite sector forms on both sides of a narrow spine that has offices, shops, and amenities that attract elites such as restaurants, theaters, parks, zoos, etc. -also, elites are attracted to the spine since it has many public services -the wealthy and middle class don't live near sectors of "disamenities", which are land uses that are noisy, polluting, or just house poor people -example of city that follows this model is Sao Paulo, Brazil
Denominations
-divisions within a branch (religion) -ex: Quakers part of Protestant branch of Christianity
ranching
-don't move much -commercial animal grazing of livestock over a large area -southwest united states - cattle -Argentina, south Brazil, and Uruguay - cattle -Australia - sheep
Redlining
-drawing lines on a map to identify areas in which financial firms refuse to loan money -as a result of this, families who try to fix up houses in the area have difficulty borrowing money -can also include denial of other services such as health care, supermarkets, etc. -although redlining is illegal, enforcement of laws against it is frequently difficult -this has contributed to long term decline of low-income, inner-city neighborhoods and the continuation of ethnicity minority enclaves
Vegetative planting
-earliest form of plant cultivation; reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots -most likely ORIGINATED in southeast Asia
Zoning Ordinances
-encourage spatial separation by preventing mixing of land uses within the same district -in particular, single-family houses, apartments, industries, and commerce were kept apart because the location of one activity near another was considered unhealthy and inefficient
White Flight
-expansion of black ghettos into American cities was made possible by this -this term is defined as the emigration of white from an area in anticipation of blacks immigrating into the area -for example, Detroit
Adherents
-followers of a particular religion -ex: Jewish people of Judaism
Branches (religion)
-fundamental divisions withing a religion ex: Protestant
Nationalization
-government of a now independent colony will buy companies in their country that were from the colonial country and then they will operate these countries at a national level -this can also go wrong if the government can support this anymore or if people can't buy these products -it is one of the outcomes of the dependency theory
Restriction on the free use of internet: violated user rights
-governments attack physically and imprison people because of their internet activity -ex: Gambia makes it a criminal offense to use the internet to criticize public officials -government can access to data from local server that is owned by a corporation -3 worst offending countries: China, Iran, and Syria -Russia and Turkey have suffered most severe declines in internet freedom in recent years
Desert physical boundaries
-hard to cross and sparsely inhabited -mostly found in Africa and Asia -ex: Sahara Desert
Metacity
-has more than 20 million people -only 3 of the 11 metacities are in developed countries: Tokyo, Seoul, New York
Europe
-includes 36 countries -different from Asian regions; 3/4 of people live in cities and not many farmers -most live near rivers and coasts or historical cities such as London and Paris -includes Russia, the world's largest country -fewer than 5% are farmers -highest population concentration in Europe and are near major rivers and coalfields in Germany and Belgium as well as historic capital cities such as London and Paris
Western Hemisphere
-includes northeastern U.S. and the southeastern Canda -most people live in cities
East Coast of North America
-includes southeastern Canada -100 million people extends from Boston to Newport New, Virginia and westward along the Great Lakes to Chicago
Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family
-includes two divisions: East and West -East: -Hindi -West: -Persian -Pashto -Kurdish
Theocracy
-leaders are selected based on religious beliefs -leaders keep power as long as "GOD" follows -leaders don not share power -government has complete control -leaders make the laws -ex: Tibet (with the Dalai Lama)
Dictatorship/Totalitarian Government
-leaders take control and are not selected -leaders keep power as long as they want to -leaders don't share power -government has complete control -leader makes the laws -ex: Syria
Federal States
-local governments have the ability to adopt local laws -usually multi-national states -effective for large states (Russia, Canada, U.S., Brazil, and India)
Elongated state shape
-long narrow shape -advantages: variation of landscapes and resources through state -disadvantages: poor internal communication -ex: Chile, Italy, Vietnam, etc.
Business services
-main purpose is to facilitate activities of other businesses -1/4 of all jobs in the U.S. are for these services -3 main types of this service: professional services, transportation services, and finance services
Public Services
-main purpose is to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses -1/10 of all U.S. jobs are for these services -if educators are excluded, then 1/6 of public sector emplyees work for the federal government
Consumer Services
-main purpose is to provide services to individual consumers who desire and can pay for them -1/2 of all jobs in the U.S. are for these services -4 types of this service: retail, health, education, and leisure
outliers of a cultural region
-mark the edge of a cultural region
Mixed Crop/Livestock Farming
-mixing of crops and livestock, where most of the crops are fed to animals and livestock supply manure to improve soil fertility -more than 3/4 of the income comes from the sale of animal products like beef, milk, eggs, etc. -most common crops in U.S. are corn and soybeans
Society Pillar of Sustainability
-modifying the WANTS of cultures in regards to shelter, food, and clothing to objects that are sustainable -humans need certain resources like food, colthing, homes, etc. to live properly. -Consumer choices support sustainability (not eating species of fish that might be near extinction or wearing clothing made from natural or recycled products rather than ones made ditectly from petroleum. -society's values are the basis for choosing which resources to use
Intraregional migration
-movement within a region -usually rural to urban
Cornucopians
-optimists who question limits-to-growth perspectives and contend that markets effectively maintain a balance between population, resources, and the environment -believe in Cornucopian Theory and that people are a valuable reosurce
Prorupted state shape
-otherwise compact with large projecting extensions -advantages: provide state with access to natural resources and it separates two states that would share a boundary -disadvantages: some regions may be isolated or hard to reach -ex: Thailand: Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Oklahoma, etc.
Seed Agriculture
-planting with seeds/reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization -starting during the first agricultural revolution -diffused from Southwest Asia across Europe and through North Africa -It also diffused eastward to India from Southwest Asia -Another hearth is southern Mexico and northern Peru and from there, it diffused through the Western Hemisphere
Supranationalism
-political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation among national states to promote shared objectives -tendency for states to give up political power to a higher authority in pursuit of common objectives (political, economic, military, environmental) -venture involving multiple nationals states with a common goal -ex: NATO/Warsaw Pact, NAFTA, UN, OPEC, AU, etc.
Colonialism
-practice of establishing political dominance over another people for economic, political, and territorial gain, and cultural principles are imposed upon the country bein imperialised -ex: 13 colonies in the U.S.
Separate but equal
-provided separate but equal treatment to blacks and whites, and equality didn't mean that whites had to mix socially with blacks -once the Supreme court did this, southern states created laws to segregate blacks
Place (5 Themes of Geography)
-refers to the physical and human aspects OF a location -associated with the toponym (name of the place), site (description of the features of the place), situation (the envionmental conditions of the place) -for example, it can help geographers distinguish between Antarctica and the Sahara desert (one is a cold desert, while the other is a hot one)
Movement (5 Themes of Geography)
-refers to the translocation of human beings, their goods, and their ideas from one end of the planet to another -deals with studies of population immigration, emigration, and distribution in countries around the world
Adaptation (Human Environment Interaction)
-relate to how humans modify themselves, their lifestyles, and their behavior to live in a new environment with new challenges -for example, the different types of clothing created show how humans have to adapt to different environmental changes/challenges
Renewable resource
-resource produced in nature faster than it is consumed by humans -example: oxygen, water, solar energy, and biomass
Nonrenewable resource
-resource produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans -example: petroleum, natural gas, and coal
Hutus
-settled farmers -grew crops in fertile hills and valleys of present day Rwanda and Burundi, known as the Great Lakes region of Central Africa
Folk culture
-small scale traditionally practiced primarily by small, homogeneous groups living in isolated areas
Hierarchical diffusion
-spread of an idea from people, nodes, or entities of power to other people and places -spreads from highest to lowest rank (this could be social rank or ranks based on the size of the population) and based on areas with similar characteristics -this is how MOST POPULAR culture spreads -ex: spread of the Catholic church by Rome
Topography
-the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area. -a detailed description or representation on a map of the natural and artificial features of an area. -a descrption of surface features of land -the shape of the land
Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
-urban renewal ends up remodeling the whole place by tearing down the slums and squatter settlements -gentrification restores the factory, building, or whatever to its original state (it does not tear the thing down and remodel it). It might also re-purpose the inside of the place
How is gentrification different from urban renewal?
-hamlets -villages -towns -cities -megacities -metacities
How would you rank the following from smallest to largest: town, cities, megacities, hamlets, villages, metacities?
Non-material culture
Human creations, such as values, norms, knowledge, systems of government, language, and so on, that are not embodied in physical objects
the tropics would be hit the hardest and some of the general impacts that the tropics would suffer would be increased drought and aridity (dryness), increased impact on agriculture and ecosystems, sea level would be 15-20% higher than the global mean, more flooding, more hotspots to pop up that fuel some volcanoes, etc.
If climate change were to occur, which region on the earth would be hit the hardest? What would be some of the impacts?
Dispersed concentration
If objects in an area are relatively far apart
people choose to go to other market areas and other nodes
If people are closer to the periphery of a market area, then where do people go to obtain services?
Clustered concentration
If the objects in an area are close together
a pure good
If the ratio between the weight of localized raw materials and the weight of finished products in the material index is equal to 1, then what type of good do you have?
a gross good
If the ratio between the weight of localized raw materials and the weight of finished products in the material index is greater than 1, then what type of good do you have?
a ubiquitous good
If the ratio between the weight of localized raw materials and the weight of finished products in the material index is less than 1, then what type of good do you have?
people carry languages with them when they move from place to place (Relocation diffusion)
How do languages mainly spread?
(# of people under 15 and over 65)/(# of people between 15 and 65)
How do you calculate age dependency ratio?
since it is the process through which the world comes together and becomes more integrated, people start to move around the world, and this can accelerate things like the spread of disease (which can result in higher death rates and a lower population) or it can result in the spread of education to LDC's where women might become more educated and give birth to not as many kids
How does globalization affect population and migration?
it reveals variations in, and different interpretations of, data
How does looking at patterns and processes at different scales do for us?
-ex of this: women fashions change frequently and women need sufficient income to update their wardrobe
How does popular culture clothing reflect income?
it can spread the culture in various places around the world that weren't previously accessible or it an create obstacles for a certain folk culture (such as changes in food habits)
How does urbanization and globalization construct and change culture on small and large scales?
power became split between the U.S. and the USSR and the world sided with either one of these superpowers
How had the balance of power changed after WW2?
59%
In Latin America and the Caribbean, what percentage of the informal sector do women make up?
it is slowly starting to close
In MDC's what is happening to the gap in wages and labor force between men and women?
its economics
In urban hierarchy, what factor of the city is ranked more heavily than political or cultural factors?
-The production of food needed to survive -Examples: In southwest India, in Bangladesh, in Myanmmar, etc await the annual monsoon rain for agriculture
In what major way does climate influence human activities (give an example)?
North America and North Africa
In what two regions are geometric boundaries especially prominent?
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Head of Navigation
The farthest point of travel possible by one means of transportation
-same culture -religious acceptance -same language -ethnic unity and tolerance -social equity -economic equity -just and fair legal system -nationalism -history: common heritage
What are some examples of centripetal forces that keep a place, state, country, etc. together?
-physical geography that divides regions and populations -ethnic cleansing -terrorism -economic imbalance in a country -social problems -irredentism (the effort to unite people who share cultural elements, but are divided by a national boundary)
What are some examples of devolutionary factors (factors that cause the transfer of political power from the central government to subnational level governments)?
Hinduism, Judaism, Confucianism, Daoism, Animistic religions, etc.
What are some examples of ethnic religions?
-farming -fishing -forestry -mining
What are some examples of extracting raw materials, which occurs in the primary sector of the different economic sectors?
Russia, Canada, U.S., Brazil, and India
What are some examples of federal states?
ex: Indonesia, Tanzania, Russia, Angola, etc.
What are some examples of fragmented states
Copenhagen in Denmark, London in U.K.
What are some examples of primate cities?
-Democratic Republic of Congo is prorupted to give it access to the Zaire -Namibia is prorupted to east called the Caprivi Strip
What are some examples of prorupted state shapes?
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism
What are some examples of universalizing religions?
-a world center -it is a primary node in the global economic network
What is a global/world city?
recent spread of English
What is a language that has spread through expansion diffusion?
Latin (Roman Empire)
What is a language that has spread through hierarchical diffusion?
English (British English vs American English)
What is a language that has spread through stimulus diffusion?
A representation usually on a flat surface of the whole or part of an area
What is a map?
a collection of individual vendors who come together to offer goods and services in a location on specified days (and it is where services as the lower end of the central place hierarchy may be provided)
What is a periodic market?
-there's higher urbanization -new inventions/tech are introduced -economy is boosted and so there's more money for building infrastructure
What is a positive economic impact that international trade might have on a specific region?
-too much rain and heat depleted nutrients from soil
What is a reason why wet lands are inhospitable, causing them to be sparsely populated and have a scattered population?
Helps us undertsand the world around us
What is a region's purpose?
Christianity
What is a religion that has spread through hierarchical diffusion?
buddhism
What is a religion that has spread through relocation diffusion?
-having adequate and permanent housing (squatter settlements) -adequate sanitation
What is a social challenge for cities in less developed countries?
-a residential area developed without legal claims to the land and/or permission from the authorities to build; inadequate infrastructure and services -they're like slums -examples: Mumbai, India has them, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil has them, Jakarta, Indonesia has them, and there's also the Kibera squatter settlement which is in Nairobi, Kenya
What is a squatter settlement?
limits on number of Chinese immigrants in the 1880's
What is an example of Nativism?
Bangladesh
What is an example of a country where gender equity has been a challenge?
the Vatican in Italy
What is an example of a perforated state?
the Berlin Wall that used to exist and divide west and east Germany
What is an example of a relic boundary?
-housing challenges (affordability) -energy challenges (they use so much energy that there has to be ways to sustain all this energy use, lower carbon emissions, etc.) -climate change challenges (ice caps melting, fresh water decreasing, etc. and this ends up affecting our supply of natural resources that we need to fuel the city and that we need for things like agriculture) -there could be so much urban growth that could spread into and destroy farm land and farm land also may be destroyed by climate change
What are some of the urban challenges that MDC's face?
boundaries that were created among the states in the U.S.
What is an example of a subsequent boundary?
a teenager gives up the folk music of his/her homeland and submerges into American pop music
What is an example of assimilation?
through social media such as tik tok, instagram, reddit, etc.
What is an example of how phrases in popular culture can spread through contagious diffusion?
-river valley civilizations -sedentary agriculture (agriculture that stays in one place) -formation of city-states -development of government -religious centers -colonialism -imperialism -core-periphery countries -globalization -cities
What are some physical and human factors that help determine population distribution?
-climate: extreme areas have a low population density -water bodies: river valleys may also promote human settlements -landformsL rugged terrain restricts the concentration of population in any area
What are some physical characters that influence population distributions?
-standardization of laws and their implementation across the country -patriotism or pride in one's country is increased due to uniformity -efficiencies are achieved through less duplication or faster countrywide implementation of laws or governmental services across multiple scales -fewer government or taxation agencies, or fewer scales of government or taxation -the potential for corruption of local government reduced -creation of a national identity that reduces the potential for devolutionary processes
What are some positive impacts of unitary states?
-convenience/better accessibility -diversified cultures -it allows evolution to act through natura selection on humans and their surroundings
What are some pros of humans manipulating the environment?
-What does the terrain look like? -What patterns do you see? -Do you see water? -Do you see roads? -Do you see agriculture?
What are some questions that geographers ask when analyzing patterns related to site?
-what makes this area unique? -where is this place in RELATION to others? -is it near water? -is it near roads?
What are some questions that geographers ask when analyzing patterns related to situation?
-to provide a state with access to a resource, such as water -separate 2 states that'd otherwise share a boundary
What are some reasons for why the shapes of states are prorupt?
changing diets, role of women in agricultural production, and economic purpose
What are some societal effects of agriculture?
railroads, elevators, steel frames, automobiles, highways, air conditioning, and airplanes
What are some tech that changed U.S. population distribution?
-Rostow's Stages of Economic Theory -Wallerstein's World System Theory -Dependency Theory -Commodity Dependence
What are some theories that help explain spatial variations in development?
political, economic, and social processes, including the provision of services
What are some things that population distribution and density can affect?
-interdependence among nations -investment from core countries into LDC's, which creates co-dependency, where periphery countries are dependent on core countries for finished goods and core countries are dependent on the periphery and semi-periphery countries for raw materials (this is all part of the dependency theory)
What are some things to think about when thinking about the global pattern of economic development?
-the physical movement of poeple has allowed humans to inhabit all continents and isalnds and also explore the oceans and other planets -the transport of goods from one place on earth to another (human trade helped shape the first civilizations and cultures) -movement of ideas allows the unification of the human civilization and promotes its frowth and prosperity
What are the 3 aspects of movement?
uniform, random, and clumped
What are the 3 basic dispersion patterns in population distribution?
health, empowerment, and labor market
What are the 3 dimension of the gender inequality index (GII)?
Projections, scale, and geographic tools
What are the 3 elements of maps?
Density, concentration, and pattern
What are the 3 main properties of distribution across earth?
Crude birth rate, crude death rate, and natural increase rate
What are the 3 rates we use to measure a population?
-shapes -distances between points -relative sizes of different areas (one may appear larger than the other, when it's actually smaller) -the direction between places
What are the four things that can become distorted in a projection?
-agriculture products are primarily moving from the western to eastern hemisphere -Latin America is the leading export region in the world -to expand production, subsistence farmers need higher yield seeds, fertilizer, pesticides, and machinery -Africa and Asia obtain agricultural equipment through importing them
What are the global trade patterns like?
in less developed regions, concrete measures to improve living conditions of the urban poor were particularly lacking in countries with higher proportion slum dwellers and faster pace of urbanization
What are the government policies like in improving urban living in less developed countries?
-help alleviate shortages of workers -stimulate the economy (new workers pay taxes and buy goods) -new ideas/innovations/cultural diversity -willingness to take low pay -migrant exploitation -strain on public services -cultural conflicts
What are the impacts of migration on the destination country?
-reduction of overcrowding -remittances -return or counter migration (return to home country) -reduced unemployment -brain drain -loss of young workers
What are the impacts of migration on the source country?
population increases geometrically and food supplies increase only arithmetically, and this will eventually lead to food shortage
What are the key components of Thomas Malthus' Theory?
-the main transportation is walking and using horses -relies on the bid-rent theory where land is cheaper towards the CBD -show more intensive use closer and more use further from CBD -poorer people must live closer to the CBD to walk, meaning they live very densely -rich can afford horses and hence, live further from CBD in large houses
What are the key points of the Burgess Concentric Zone Model?
-main transportation is car -CBD continues to lose importance as edge cities develop and when edge cities develop clusters of economic activity outside CBD, causing an increase in complexity and decentralization -cities continue to sprawl with transportation -many industries cluster in certain areas
What are the key points of the Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model?
-the main transportation is a streetcar -shows wedges of similar areas, sectors, radiate from CBD along streetcar lines -affordable transportation allows city to expand -poor cluster near factories, streetcar lines -activities agglomerate in sectors, often sectors for retail, education, separate residential areas for different income levels
What are the key points of the Hoyt Sector Model?
obstetrucal hemmorhage, followed by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
What are the most common causes of maternal death in poor countries?
edge cities
What are the nodes of consumer and business services around beltways called (remember that these are places that were originally suburban residences for people who worked in the central city and then shopping malls are built there)?
intervening obstacle: -in the past, it was distance (connects to distance decay model) -today, it is borders (ex: migrant needs a passport to legally emigrate from a country and a visa to legally immigrate to new country) (this relates to the time space compression model)
What are the obstacles to migration?
-democratic -autocratic -anocratic
What are the only 3 classifications of national governments?
-asia to europe, because of proximity -asia to north america (reason n/a) -latin america to north america because of proximity
What are the three largest flows of international migrants today? Why?
-core countries: highest wealth generators -periphery countries: have least wealth and associated living standards are generated -semi-periphery countries: have characteristics of both core and periphery, usually geographically close to both
What are the three tiers in the World Systems Theory?
-wasted vote: opposition supporters are spread across many districts but in the minority -excess vote: opposition supporters are concentrated into a few districts -stacked vote: distant areas of like-minded voters are linked through oddly shaped boundaries
What are the three types of gerrymandering?
-banned tech -blocked content -violated user rights
What are the three types of restrictions on the free use of the internet?
-territorial waters -contiguous zone -exclusive economic zone
What are the three types of water boundaries?
definition, delimitation, and demarcation
What are the three ways through which boundaries are created?
Native American and Gothic
What are the two extinct languages?
physical and cultural boundaries
What are the two main classifications for boundaries?
-reduce the impact on environments -harm nothing and no one -leave no footprints
What does ecotourism (responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well being of the local people and involves the interpretation and education) do?
Clustered and dispersed
What are the two types of concentrations?
a local and national government
What are the two types of government a state has?
Christianity and Islam
What are the two youngest religions?
-planning and decentralization -reduction of inequities -strengthening of civil and political rights -support of local, national, regional, and global links
What are the urban governance characteristics of sustainable cities?
-Boston's Faneuil Hall Marketplace is located in renovated 18th century buildings -San Francisco's Ferry Building, where San Francisco Bay ferries dock, is a gourmet food center -Chicago's Navy Pier, a former cargo dock, has been converted to shops and attractions
What are three examples of thriving CBD's that have been revived and why they're doing well?
-most of them are male -most of international ones are young males, while most of the internal ones are females
What are three general defining characteristics of migrants?
if you learn a phrase in one place and then migrate to a different place around the world, then you take this phrase with you and spread it to the people that you meet in the new place that you've migrated to
What is an example of how phrases in popular culture can spread through relocation diffusion?
the 18 ethnic neighborhoods in New York City
What is an example of multiculturalism?
why some places industrialize before others
What does the break-of-bulk point help explain?
the # of non-white people, median income of all families, % of adults that finished highschool, etc.
What are three types of data reported by the U.S. Census Bureau regarding the population of each census tract?
-social media -celebrities
What are two specific means by which new expressions in popular culture are diffused globally?
-relocation diffusion can bring a new crop to a different place and change that place's food choice -stimulus diffusion can allow a new foreign food to be spread more widely since it could be altered a bit to make it more pleasing for the people that live there (ex: tex-mex food)
What are two types of diffusion that influence food choice?
-the pattern of uneven spatial development of places -also shows how economic, political, and/or cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions, and more marginal or dependent semi-peripheral and peripheral regions
What does the core-periphery model from Wallerstein's World System Theory help us understand?
to keep track of where domestic food sources are and how many farms are in operation
What does understanding agricultural density allows us to do?
how much food is being produced in an area for the people the land supports
What does understanding physiological density allows us to see?
increased population in the south of the U.S.
What effect did air conditioning have on population distribution?
moved people farther away from 'core' sites
What effect did airplanes have on population distribution?
cities began to expand cities into larger areas
What effect did automobiles frame have on population distribution?
people could move farther away from work
What effect did highways have on population distribution?
1/8
What fraction of the world does not have food security?
rings are added to the periphery for immigrants that come from rural areas
What happens in DeBlij's model of a Sub-saharan African city as an LDC city grows?
more food is made and there is a rising population, decreasing the death rate
What happens in the 2nd stage of the DMZ in terms of agriculture?
extraction of raw material
What happens in the first economic sector (the primary sector)?
manufacturing
What happens in the second economic sector (the secondary sector)?
the most expensive new housing is built on the outermost edge of the district
What happens in the sector model, as the district with high-income housing is established?
they grow into towns but at the expense of their neighbors, and, a network of centrally located towns will emerge, and among these towns, only a few will grow into cities
What happens to centrally located cities that attract merchants and traders?
1 million housing units have diminished due to lower funding
What has happened to public housing in the U.S. in the past 50 years?
it resulted in improvements in the standard of living but also resulted in geographically uneven development
What has industrialization improved? What have been its negative consequences?
distinctive environmental and cultural reasons
What have people living in folk cultures have traditionally worn clothing as a response to?
tex-mex food (where mexican food diffused from mexico and into america, but americans combined factors of their own food with it to create a new variety of food known as tex-mex, which is usually what is served in places like taco bell, etc.)
What is an example of syncretism (the blending of cultures and ideas from two places)?
when African slaves came to America, they blended their old religions with Roman Catholicism to create new religions
What is an example of syncretism?
a dense area of human settlement with an infrastructure of a built environment
What is an urban area?
that it does not consider migration, regional developments, and very rapid/quick fixes to birth rates and death rates
What is are some big limitations of the demographic transition model?
-Increased internationl cooperation to reduce the gap between more developed and developing countries -reduce the gap by resources being distributed in a more equitable manner
What improtant recommendation of the U.N. report, "Our Common Future", do both critics of sustainable development agree on?
-there has been a 30% decrease in how much of California's water come from surface water in recent years -urban areas only get 20% of the water, while agriculture gets 80%
What is California's drought crisis like?
-peaceful multinational state divided among Kazakhs and Russians -speak altaic language similar to Turkish
What is Kazakhstan like?
-pollution of air -pollution of water
What are two ways in which the sustainability of resources is being damaged by human actions?
politics of a place, the economy of a place, and culture of a place
What can migration affect?
-it helps us to describe where different people live in a city (people live in different locations depending on their personal characteristics) -it also tells us that most people live near others who have similar traits to them
What can we deduce by combining the concentric zone model, sector model, and multiple-nuclei model instead of considering them independently?
high mass consumption (age of consumer goods and conspicuous (clear/visible) consumption of products, where consumer goods compete with industrial goods and the services sector leads the economy)
What characterizes stage 5 of Rostow's Model of Development?
-often they are colonial cities (colonial powers established and invested in one city only) -strong centralized government (for example, France is a unitary state and has Paris as a primate city) -industrial agglomeration (almost all industries go to this city) -rural-urban migration (people are moving to this city)
What creates primate cities?
created and aqueducts and pipe lines to carry water from Colorado River to it
What did humans do to modify the hydrosphere in California?
-known as the Unabomber -killed 3 people, injured 23 by sending bombs through mail during a 17 year period -mainly targeted academics in technology discipline and executives in business -he considered these people to hurt the environment
What did the terrorist, Theodore Kaczynski do?
the use of space in a given society
What do attitudes towards ethnicity and gender, including the role of women in the workforce; ethnic neighborhoods; and indigenous communities and lands, help shape?
a central city and a small community togetherness feeling
What do boomburbs (rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city) lack?
-brain drain (in emmigration) -border patrol -civil rights movements -local initiatives
What are some of the political effects on migration?
in units of local government with the country
What do federal states place power in?
70% have predominant European ancestry, 20 percent predominantly African, and 10% predominantly Native American
What do genetic studies show about Brazilian
Try to understand the world around them
What do geographers do?
conditions in the environment
What do people adapt their food preferences to?
Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
What ratio can be a health indicator for women?
-surface water, which is water that travels or gathers on the ground, like rivers, streams, and lakes -ground water, which is water that is pumped out of from the ground
What two sources does California's limited water supply come from?
occupation and income
What two things in popular culture does clothing reflect rather than particular physical features?
agricultural practices and climatic conditions
What two things influence folk culture clothing?
physical and human factors
What two types of factors influence the distribution of population?
economic (to be sold and performed in front of a paying audience)
What type of purposes is popular music made for?
intensive subsistence (wet rice dominant), intensive subsistence (wet rice not dominant), shifting cultivation, pastoral nomadism, and plantation farming
What types of agriculture are predominantly practiced in developing countries?
major league baseball games, concerts, etc.
What types of services are people willing to travel long distances for?
it stratified cities, where you had homogeneous white suburbs which were separated from the inner parts where black people lived, and this resulted in greater segregation
What were the effects of blockbusting on the landscape and city?
1. first domestication of plants and animals coincided with climate change 2. this marked the end of the ice age 3. there was massive re-distribution of humans, other animals, and plants at that time
What were the environmental factors that led to the agricultural revolution?
-good job opportunities -areas of international trade and transnational companies attract more migration, increasing density
When there's a high population density, what are some of the economic advantages of that place?
they're limited
When there's a low population density, what are the job opportunities in that place like?
-europe (90% from Britain) -Sub-Saharan Africa (slave trade)
Where did people come from to the U.S. (internationally) when the U.S. was formed and was new (1600 - 1700's)?
local establishments
Where do people like to get most of their services from?
the secondary sector in MDC's
Where do the raw materials from the primary sector in LDC's go to?
a census
Where does the data for a social area analysis come from?
Latin America, sub-saharan Africa, and southeast Asia
Where is shifting cultivation agriculture located in the world?
migration into cities
Where is the migration occurring in stage 3 of the DTM?
-Angles -Saxons -Jutes
Which 3 Germanic Tribes can English be related to?
environment pillar, society pillar, economy pillar
Which 3 pillars does sustainability rest on?
catholicism
Which branch of Christianity occurs mostly in southern Europe?
the scale
Which characteristic of a population pyramid can change what it looks like?
world/global cities
Which cities drive globalization?
Great Britain
Which country has the largest empire?
Australia
Which country has the largest share of the world's organic farms?
-82% Albanians -10% Serbs
Which ethnic groups live in Kosovo?
life expectancy index
Which index in Human Development Index measures the indicators for the health dimension?
Arabic
Which language spread as a result of contagious diffusion?
it is part of Weber's Model which is part of the Least Cost Theory
Which model is the material index part of, and which theory is this model part of?
hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere
Which of earth's spheres are abiotic?
only the biosphere
Which of earths spheres are biotic?
-chickens diffused from south Asia 4000 years ago -horses were domesticated in central Asia (and this was thought to be associated with the diffusion of the Indo-European languages)
Which plants and animals were domesticated in Central and South Asia?
-domestication of rice occurred more than 10000 years ago along the Yangtze River in eastern China -Millet cultivated along the Yellow River in China
Which plants and animals were domesticated in East Asia?
Africa/Sub-Saharan Africa
Which regions have the highest total fertility rates in world?
in the informal sector
Which sector of a LDC's economy do most women work in?
stage 3
Which stage of the demographic transition does the following description of the population pyramid indicate?: -curved shape with a curved head and somewhat steep sides
Sub-Saharan African City
Which type of city does DeBlij's model apply to?
-they live in the Caucasus mountains -Kurdistan was created after the Ottoman Empire split up for them and it later became a part of Turkey -Today, 14.5 million of this ethnicity live in eastern Turkey , 6 million live in western Iran, 15.5 million in northern Iraq, 2 million in Syria, and 1.5 million in other countries (mainly Germany) -The people of this ethnicity are Sunni Muslims who speak a language from the Iranian group of languages from the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family
Who are the Kurds like and where do they live?
by transnational corporations
Who are the exports controlled by in commodity dependence (an economy that relies on the export of primary commodities (raw materials, basic materials like agricultural tools, minerals, etc.) for a large share of its export earnings and hence economic growth)?
China, France, Russia, U.K., and U.S.
Who are the five permanent members of the U.N.'s Security Council?
E.W. Burgess
Who created the concentric zone model?
Homer Hoyt
Who created the sector model?
-because it is traditionally the most accessible location for a large population -this large population is essential for department stores, which require a considerable turnover, and as a result, they are willing and able to pay a very high rent value
Why is the inner core/CBD of the concentric zone model so valuable?
lack of connection and interaction between people
Why is the region covered by a folk culture typically much smaller than that covered by a popular culture?
since when India and Pakistan split, there never agreed on the location of the boundary and this region falls between the 2 countries
Why is the region of Kashmir a problem?
as a result of perceived beneficial or harmful natural traits
Why might people avoid certain foods?
-for protection -if two or more states have a common goal -for economic benefits
Why would states form alliances or treaties with one another?
Globalization
a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.
transnational migration
a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country
Interdependence
a relationship of when two or more countries that impact and rely on one another
Taboo
a restriction on behavior imposed by social customs
Global/world cities
a term for SOME, NOT ALL megacities that EMPHASIZES their global impact as centers of economic, political, and social power
pollution, sanitation problems, severe weather problems (flooding, etc.), famine, etc.
What is one environmental reason for why refugees flee their home country?
it is the idea that exists when a group of persons or a territory are self-governing, thus not under the control of a higher level of self government
What is political autonomy?
both the chinese and taiwanese governments agree that taiwan and china are a single state
What is some evidence to state that China and Taiwan should be a single state?
the koreas used to be a colony of Japan until Soviets took control of the North and the U.S. of the south, hence, it used to be one unit
What is some evidence to state that both the Koreas should be a single state?
-north korea has a brutal dictatorship that has opressed the citizens while south korea is a modern tech country with a constitutional monarchy -if the two were to become one then there'd be conflict over who the ruling party would be
What is some evidence to state that both the Koreas should be two separate states?
Japan originally owned them since China never declared control over them
What is some evidence to state that the Senkaku and Diaoyu islands should be a single state?
everyone's boundaries (China's, Japan's, Taiwan's) overlap over them, hence, there should be a part of the islands that are given to each country to control
What is some evidence to state that the Senkaku and Diaoyu islands should be two/three separate states?
the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources of bodies
What is sovereignty?
low density expansion of cities over a wide geographical area, usually into undeveloped land
What is suburban sprawl?
Inlcudes maps that show data that likely will not change
What is the "reference category" of maps?
Includes maps that show data that will likely change
What is the "thematic/communication category" of maps?
due to the desire of jobs and better job opportunities
What is the #1 reason for why people migrate at all?
common currency created in Europe in 1999 for electronic transactions and for use in notes and coins beginning in 2002
What is the Euro?
1.9
What is the U.S.'s total fertility rate?
Productive farming: civilizations can grow enough food to support specialists, specialists invent new tech, this tech affects how we live, and hence, some people can be something other than farmers (this cycle continues)
What is the cause for the transition from stage 1 of the DTM to stage 2?
Higher life expectancy
What is the cause for the transition from stage 2 of the DTM to stage 3?
-the distinction between ethnicity and nationality here is less clear and more controversial -Quebecois are distinct from Canadians in culture -if Quebecois is recognized as a separate nationality from English speaking Canadian, then Quebec government has justification to break away from Canada and become its own country
What is the difference between ethnicity and nationality in Canada?
-British Isle is split into 2 countries-U.K. and Northern Ireland+Republic of Ireland -nationality of people from Republic of Ireland is Irish -nationality of people from U.K is disputed since there could be 1 or 4 nationalities due to the different countries that make up the U.K. It could just be British or English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish of Northern Ireland
What is the difference between ethnicity and nationality in the U.K.?
-ethnicity: identifies groups with distinct ancestry and culture -nationality: identities the citizens, including those born in the country and those who immigrated to become citizens
What is the difference between ethnicity and nationality in the U.S.?
-in feedlots, livestock are fed corn, etc. and they are compacted into a smaller area of land and hence are part of intensive agriculture -in ranching, livestock get fed natural grass and they have lots of land to roam and not be compacted, hence, they are part of extensive agriculture
What is the difference between ranching and feedlots?
it is spreading the religion to more places around the world, and hence, more people are becoming affiliated with that religion
What is the diffusion of popular religions having on the cultural landscape?
-rates have increased rapidly in the inner city -drug users obtain money through criminal activities -gangs form to control drug distribution in the inner city
What is the drug problem like in cities?
desire for jobs (#1 reason)
What is the economic factor that influences migration?
-54% Muslim -41% Christian -5% Druze -most Christians here are Maronites that are consider themselves Roman Catholic, followed by various Orthodox denominations -Muslims here are equally split between Sunni and Shia -Druze are classified as Muslims but don't identify themselves as that
What is the ethnic makeup of Lebanon like?
the quinary sector
What is the fifth economic sector?
-three parts to it: -2100 km border from Minnesota and Manitoba to Washington and British Columbia -Quebec's boundary with New York and Vermont -1100 km boundary between Alaska and Yukon territory -these boundaries were established from 1783-1903 between U.K. and U.S.
What is the history and what are the characteristics of the geometric boundary that separates the U.S. and Canada?
-roots are at Turkish invaders -in 1825, Russia and nothern part and Persia (Iran) got the southern region -Armenia fought this country over boundary disputes
What is the history of Azerbaijan like?
more retirement homes, more medical services, handicap services, etc.
What is the impact of an aging population on the country's social support system?
-more jobs=more money=better quality of life and more infrastructure -more employment -might bring opportunities for businesses
What is the impact of ecotourism on the local economy of the tourist destination?
life expectancy at birth
What is the indicator for the health dimension in the Human Development Index?
in developed regions, farmers are encouraged to grow less food but developing countries struggle to increase production to match population growth
What is the irony in worldwide agricultural patterns?
-they are the backbone of the agricultural economy but they don't have equal access as men to resources -they have limited rights in securing land rights or owning land -they're limited in owning livestock, accessing financial services
What is the issue with women who are in developing countries and part of agriculture?
improved communications
What is the key to rapid diffusion?
cereal grain
What is the leading source of protein in developing countries?
blacks in South Africa have achieved political equality, but they're poorer than white South Africans
What is the legacy of Apartheid in South Africa?
Mostly 180 degrees
What is the longitude of the International Date Line?
it can allow the smaller/weaker army to defend against a much larger force since the attacker cannot bring a large amount of people to fight
What is the main advantage of a choke point for a weaker or smaller army?
in wet rice dominant, only rice is grown while in not wet rice dominant, grains, legumes, and even cash crops are grown
What is the main difference between intensive subsistence wet rice dominant and not wet rice dominant agricultures?
driving
What is the main form of transportation in boomburbs?
they can create conflict over territorial dispute
What is the major downside of having state boundaries?
3/4 of the population are ethnic Turks and 18% are Kurds
What is the makeup of Turkey like?
the number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy termination per 100,000 live births
What is the maternal mortality ratio (MMR)?
Prime Meridian
What is the name for the line drawn at 0 degrees longitude?
for farmers to make economic profits for themselves and their families
What is the purpose in commerical agriculture?
produce just enough food that the farmer and his family can eat
What is the purpose of farming in subsistence agriculture?
they are inversly proportional
What is the relationship between how many farms there are and the size of the farms?
the secondary sector
What is the second economic sector?
Gather data
What is the second step of spatial analysis?
Examine and analyze data
What is third step of spatial analysis?
different edge cities
What lies on beltways?
Blue zones
area that have substantially long lives
Delimitation (process by which a boundary is created)
cartographers (mapmakers) put the boundary on the map
Truck Farming
commerical gardening and fruit farming so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning "bartering" or "exchange of the commodities"
Geospatial data
data that describe both the locations and characteristics of spatial features on the Earth's surface
agriculture
deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain
reverse hierarchical diffusion
diffusion up a hierarchy, such as from a small town to large cities
Horticulture
growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers-and tree crops from the commercial base of Mediterranean farming
Mental Map
how people organize and see the world in their own mind
land tenure
how property rights to land are allocated within societies, including how permissions are granted to access, use, control, and transfer land.
Independent invention
idea created without diffusion
Definition (process by which a boundary is created)
legal document or treaty draws up to specify actual points in the landscape
migration
moving within the SAME area
Adolescent Fertility Rate (AFR)
number of live births per 1,000 women aged 10-19 years
lithosphere
earth's crust and a portion of the upper mantle directly below the crust
Undernourishment
eating food that is consistently below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life
Colonialism
effort by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic and cultural principles on such territory
Epidemiologic Transition
focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Food taboos
folk customs that attribute a signature, or distinctive characteristic, to everything in nature
Push factor
force people to move
Centrifugal forces
forces that dis-unify or de-stabilize a state or nation (create conflict and war)
pronatalist policies
government policies that seek to increase birth rates through the banning of contraception or abortion and providing government benefits based on family size
Greenfield
relating to or denoting previously undeveloped sites for commercial development or exploitation
Autonomous region
self ruled region within another country - examples: Hong Kong in China, Northern Ireland in the UK
Language group
set of languages with a common ancestry and similar word/structure
guest workers
temporarily live and work in a host country
colony
territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent
multilingualism
the ability to communicate in more than two languages
Bilingualism
the ability to communicate in two languages
Transhumance
the action or practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle, typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer.
Political Geography
the branch of geography that deals with the boundaries, divisions, and possessions of countries.
Fishing
the capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters
Urban Area
the central city and the surrounding built up subsurbs
Immigration Laws
the choice of a country on how many and when people can move into a country
Ranching
the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area
Aquaculture/aquafarming
the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
Uniform landscape
the desired result when an environment is modified to enhance participation in a leisure activity or to promote the sale of a product
scale
the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole
How are communication tech reshaping and accelerating interactions among people+places and changing cultural practices?
they are reducing the effects of space-time compression and distance decay and they are also creating obstacles for cultures such as the Amish, which rely on a simplistic lifestyle that is based on family relations
Geometric cultural boundaries
-straight lines drawn on map (usually using longitude and latitude) -ex: the boundaries of a lot of the states in the U.S.
Global commons
-those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility--the atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries -ex: Antarctica
Desertification
Degradation of land, especially in semi-arid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.
-one child policy adopted in 1980 -in the policy, a couple needs a permit to have a child -couples received financial subsidies, long maternity leave, better housing (for rural areas), and more land if they agreed to just have one child -people receive free contraceptives, abortions, and sterilization
Describe China's population policies?
primate city rule is used, and the rank-size rule fails at the lower levels in the hierarchy
Do many LDC's follow the rank size rule or primate city rule? Which one fails at lower levels in the hierarchy?
high, since the death of infants prevents a population from aging
Do areas with young populations have a high or low infant mortality rate, and why?
less
Do areas with young populations have more or less age dependency?
no
Do foreign ships have an passage in internal waters?
a combination of both
Do most states have only physical boundaries, only cultural boundaries, or a combination of both?
Ethnic cleansing
A purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas.
Language, religion, economic features, agriculture (a type of economic feature), and industry (a type of economic feature)
A regin derives its unified characteristic through the cultural lanscape - a combo of what 6 features?
Culture regions
A region within which common cultural characteristics prevail.
Culture complex
A related set of culture traits descriptive of one aspect of a society's behavior or activity (may be assoc. with religious beliefs or business practices).
Greenbelt/Greenway
A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Smart Growth
A set of principles for community planning that focuses on strategies to encourage the development of sustainable, healthy communities.
Balkanized
A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other
the state's political situation and internal organization
A state's size and cultural composition are factors in what?
Language
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.
since they are noisy, have a lot of pollution, or are housing poor people
According to Griffin-Ford's model of a Latin American city, why don't the wealthy and middle-class live near locations of "disamenities"?
75 million
About how many people are being added to the world's population each year
10% of the world
About how much of the world doesn't have food security?
they live away from the center and live in a well-defined residential sector
According to Griffin-Ford's model of a Latin American city, where do the elites live?
it forms on both sides of a narrow spine that has offices, shops, and amenities that attract elites such as restaurants, theaters, parks, zoos, etc.
According to Griffin-Ford's model of a Latin American city, where does the elite sector form and what does it have?
since it has many public services
According to Griffin-Ford's model of a Latin American city, why are elites attracted to live along the narrow spine that contains all the amenities they need?
a country begins to progress through the different stages of development as time increases
According to Rostow's Model of Development, as time increases, what happens to the stages of development?
they're directly proportional (as time increases, so does the development of a country)
According to Rostow's Model of Development, what is the relationship between time and development of a country?
where the cost of transportation is the least and where agglomeration (the process of clustering or concentrating people or activities. It often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from being in close proximity because they share skilled labor pools, and technological and financial services) is beneficial
According to Weber's Model in the Least Cost Theory, where will manufacturing plants locate?
the most
According to the Von Thunen Model, is the land nearest to the center (which is the market), the most or least expensive?
-you get more land as you get farther from the center -you get less land as you get closer to the center
According to the Von Thunen Model, what is the relationship between area of land that you get and how far the land is from the center/market/city?
-the heavier it is, the closer you should have it to the city, since the cost of transport is higher -the lighter it is, the farther you can have it from the city, since the cost of transport is lower
According to the Von Thunen Model, what is the relationship between how heavy a crop is and how far you can plant it/have it from the center/market/city? Why?
in small groups because a larger number would exhaust resources within walking distance
Before the invention of farming, what size groups did people live in? Why?
E.G. Ravenstein
British demographer who sought an answer to "why people voluntarily migrate." He studied internal migration in England and proposed the laws of migration involving the use of Pull and Push factors.
Germanic group of the Indo-European language family
-includes two divisions: North and West Germanic -North Germanic: -Danish -Icelandic -Norwegian -Swedish -West Germanic: -English -German -Dutch
Leaves of language tree
-individual languages
Distribution of folk culture
-influenced by a combo of local physical and cultural factors -folk religionists: people from south east Asia go to east Asia to spread their culture
Economic corridor/global economic networks
-integrated networks of infrastructure within a geographical area designed to stimulate economic development -may be developed within a country or between countries
Core of a cultural region
-is the hearth and it is where the traits of a given culture are most strongly expressed
Mercosur
-it is the official southern common market -it is a South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asuncion in 1991
-human characteristics (language, religion, political systems, economic systems, population distribution, etc.) -environmental characteristics (climate, etc.)
Geographers using the region studies approach argue that a region gains uniqueness from possessing a combination of what two things?
there are no checks on leaders who exercise power
How is the checks and balances system like in an autocracy?
institutionalized; government restrictions on what leaders can do
How is the citizen participation like in a democracy?
citizen's participation is restricted
How is the citizen participation like in an autocracy?
since different jobs need different types of people that have different backgrounds, education, and experience, etc.
How is the global trade market comparable to the labor market?
in Europe, they still live in the inner city in the upper-class sector, but in the U.S., they live in the suburbs for the most part
How is the location of where the wealthy live in Europe different from where they live in the U.S.?
healthcare
Other than convenience stores and fast-food restaurants, what is another services that appeals to everyone?
Examples of scale
Population growth rate on a global level, national level, state level, etc.
-reduces ability of city dwellers to access country for recreation -affects supply of local dairy products and vegetables
What are impacts that suburbs have on increased land use?
Cousin languages
What are languages in different branches of the same family called?
Sister Languages
What are languages in the same branch called?
cities with 10 million or more residents
What are megacities?
spawling urban areas with over 20 million residents
What are metacities?
-social media -relocation diffusion
What are methods that urbanization and globalization use to change culture?
population growth and decline in certain age groups and genders
What are population pyramids used to assess?
markets for goods and services
What are population pyramids used to predict?
Rows of pixels
What are remotely sensed images consisted of?
-foreign debts and the inability to repay loans -political instability/corruption and the misuse of investment/aid -exploitation and depletion of natural resources -widespread disease: malaria, TB, ebola -low levels of social welfare and cultural resistance to development
What are some barriers to development?
distance, linguistic barriers (words don't have always spread the same), religious barriers (certain words aren't allowed),
What are some barriers to the diffusion of linguistic terms?
-natural or man-made disaster -human trafficking -war and civil war -fleeing persecution -slavery -development projects
What are some causes of forced migration?
to produce more food for a growing world while preserving earth's agricultural resources for the future
What is a challenge that both subsistence and commerical farmers face?
phones
What is a culture that has spread through contagious diffusion?
hip-hop
What is a culture that has spread through expansion and hierarchical diffusion?
pop music
What is a culture that has spread through relocation diffusion?
yoga (Indian original yoga vs American yoga)
What is a culture that has spread through stimulus diffusion?
Islam
What is a religion that has spread through expansion and contagious diffusion?
Deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain.
What is agriculture?
-pollution (climate change) -lack of sustainable energy use
What is an environmental challenge for cities in more developed countries?
basically every state in Africa has this type of boundary, since colonial powers from the age of imperialism and superimposed their own boundaries on the different states
What is an example of a superimposed boundary?
immigrants choosing to celebrate the fourth of July in America, but also their former national holidays
What is an example of acculturation?
the Himalayas (between India and Nepal)
What is an example of an antecedent boundary?
if famous celebrities started using that word/phrase, then their followers that are below them in the social hierarchy might start using them because they think it has become the social norm and what is acceptable, and this can occur on a large scale
What is an example of how phrases in popular culture can spread through hierarchical diffusion?
the spread of Islam, but it is still mainly prominent in the Middle East
What is an example of relocation diffusion?
Walmart started in smaller cities and then spread to larger cities
What is an example of reverse hierarchical diffusion?
Middle East, Northern Africa
What is are some of the worst regions in the world for women to live, because there is a lot of gender inequality?
civil war, political conflict, legal discrimination, war, etc.
What is are some political reasons for why refugees flee their home country?
-it was made possible by the fear of racial integration -real estate agents encouraged white people to sell their house, which ended up being a loss for the white people -whites fled to homogeneous suburbs -then they cheated blacks that moved into the central parts of the city by making them buy the houses above the market rates -blacks moved out of inner city "ghetto" areas
What is blockbusting?
-predominant in southeastern U.S. -main consumers in northeast U.S. -long growing season and humid climate -some fruits and vegetables are sold to consumers but most are sold to large processors for canning or freezing -known as truck farming
What is commercial gardening and fruit farming like?
-the view that right actions are sanctioned by one's culture -nothing is right or wrong and different cultures have their own set of beliefs because they just do, due to how they've developed (and we cannot judge these beliefs) -this is one of two responses to viewing cultural differences
What is culture relativism?
-the devaluation of another culture because you think your culture is meant to be the norm and that it is superior to other culture -this is one of two responses to viewing cultural differences
What is ethnocentrism?
it is characterized by large scale farming and exports
What is extensive agriculture characterized by?
the fact that people only want a certain gender to be born or reported to the census (this gender is usually males)
What is gender-based selection (common is India and China)?
-wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, and millet are farmed -done primarily for the consumption by humans rather than for animals -in developed countries, this type of farming is mechanized and on large farms -these farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products -wheat sold by these farms are at higher prices -the production of wheat has increased rapidly from 1/4 of the the world production in 1960 to 1/2 in 2013 -U.S. is the largest producer of wheat grown in dry areas
What is grain farming like?
-people are homeless because they can't afford housing -people don't get regular incomes -homelessness is usually sparked by job loss and family problems -1/4 of homeless people are children
What is homelessness like in cities?
central business district: retail and office activities are clustered, non-residential
What is in ring one of the concentric zone model?
human services
What is in the fifth economic sector (the quinary sector)?
information services
What is in the fourth economic sector (the quaternary sector)?
services
What is in the third economic sector (the tertiary sector)?
-inner city residents can't compete because fewer than 1/2 complete highschool -bad public transportation and more job being in suburbs contribute to lack of jobs for them
What is inadequate job skills like in cities?
-it occurs at a local scale or national scale -it is the movement of upper/middle class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts
What is suburbanization?
Social - how people interact Economic - how money is made and shared Political - how it affects the government Environmental - how it affects the physical area
What is the ESPEN of migration?
to explain locational patterns of industry at a macro (bigger) scale
What is the Least Cost Theory and Weber's Model used to explain?
1.2%
What is the Natural Increase Rate (NIR) today?
105 male babies per 100 female babies
What is the biological level for sex ratio for humans at birth?
Zero population growth
What is the cause for the transition from stage 3 of the DTM to stage 4?
negative population growth and aging
What is the cause for the transition from stage 4 of the DTM to stage 5?
due to migration
What is the cause for why ethnic groups are clustered in different regions of the world and why they're focused in cities?
A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther
What is the central place theory?
market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area
What is the central place?
-growth has been in services, while employment in primary and secondary sector activities has declined -in business services, jobs have expanded in professional services quickly and in transportation and finance services due to improved efficiency through technology -most rapid increase in jobs in consumer services were healthcare, education, entertainment, and recreation
What is the changing service employment like in the U.S.?
it is a semi-industrialized country
What is the characteristic of a semi-periphery country from Wallerstein's World System Theory?
the city must be at least twice the size (in terms of population) as the second largest city in the country
What is the condition that must be checked to see if a city is actually a primate city?
results in a lack of money for families to fix their houses
What is the consequence of redlining (a process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries)?
they center on events in daily life that are familiar to the majority of the people: -life cycle events (birth, death, or marriage) -environmental (agriculture or climate)
What is the content of songs about in folk culture?
-murder is common in the inner-city -minorities commit murder -violence may erupt when gangs fight over the boundaries of distribution of drugs
What is the crime problem like in cities?
it is a visible imprint that groups of humans made on the environment
What is the cultural landscape?
-unwed mothers give birth to 2/3 of babies in the U.S. inner cities -inadequate child care -single mothers are forced to choose between working and staying home -government is trying to get husbands/fathers to return to their wives
What is the culture of poverty like in cities?
frontiers are tangible geographic area while boundaries are infinitely thin lines
What is the difference between a boundary and a frontier?
decline to around 4
What is the elderly support ratio to do by 2050?
-Pahstun -Tajik -Hazara -ethnic unrest since 1979 -Pashtun faction - Taliban gained control in 1995 -U.S. invaded Afghanistan and overthrew Taliban lead government
What is the ethnic diversity in Afghanistan like?
-most are Persians (descendents of Indo-European tribes that migrate from Central Asia into Iran thousands of years ago) -Persians make up the world's largest population of adherents to Shiite Islam -Azeri and Baluchi are other ethnicities
What is the ethnic diversity in Iran like?
-55% Shiite Muslims -21% Kurds -19% Sunni Muslims -U.S. killed Sadam Hussein in 2003 due to Iraq having a longtime brutal dictatorship, making weapons of mass destruction, and being linked to terrorists
What is the ethnic diversity in Iraq like?
-most numerous: Punjabi -at mountainous border area with Afghanistan, the main ethnicities are Baluchi and Pashtun -Pashtun and Punjabi ethnicities converted to Islam in the 7th century -Pashtun became Shiite Islam -Punjabi became Sunni Islam
What is the ethnic diversity like in Pakistan?
-90% Arabs -9% Kurds -Arab population is divided as 4% Sunni Muslim and 11% Alawi Mulsim -10% Christian -3% Druze (people classified as Muslims, but don't accept it) -2% other
What is the ethnic diversity like in Syria?
stage 3, since they have many economic problems and have much emigration
What stage of the DTM is Mexico in, and why?
stage 4, since it is at a stable population
What stage of the DTM is the United States in, and why?
North Carolina
What state was judged by the Washington Post to have the most gerrymandering in the U.S.?
higher income residents, single people, and couples without children because they aren't concerned with quality of inner-schools
What three groups are attracted to gentrified areas and why?
education index, life expectancy index, and GNI index
What three indexes make up the Human Development Index?
clothing, food, and shelter
What three necessities does material culture include?
2.1
What total fertility rate is needed for a population to maintain its same size?
it range and threshold
What two factors determine the size of a market area?
transportation and labor
What two factors does the least cost theory try to minimize in order to find the best location for a manufacturing plant?
reference tool and communication tool
What two purposes does a map serve?
-Where are people and activities found on Earth? -Why are they found there?
What two questions do geographers focus on?
-physical factors: climate, mountains, water, landforms, etc. -human factors: culture, economics, history, politics
What two types of factors help us understand population distribution?
intensive agricultural practices such as market gardening/truck farming/horticulture, dairy farming, mixed crop and livestock farming, etc,
What type of agriculture does the first ring right outside the market tend to have in the Von Thunen model?
pastoral nomadism/nomadic herding
What type of agriculture is transhumance part of?
sustainable
What type of development is ecotourism (responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well being of the local people and involves the interpretation and education) part of?
relocation
What type of diffusion is conquest an example of?
commerical farming
What type of farming does the Von Thunen Model focus on?
organic food
What type of food has the most rapid growth in demand been for?
toward the federal government
What type of government system has there been a strong global trend towards in recent years?
-movement of west to east, because most cities are in the east
What type of migration does China have and why?
-international immigration, since it's a developed/wealthy region and it is mostly in stage 4 and 5 of the DTM
What type of migration does Europe have and why?
-international immigration, because of large oil fields (jobs)
What type of migration does the Middle east have and why?
rural to urban migration
What type of migration helps support urbanization?
a functional/nodal region
What type of region is a market area a good example of?
regions like the Great Plains, which are neither heavily industrialized nor interrupted by major physical features such as rivers or mountain ranges
What type of regions does the central place theory most apply to?
-works best in nation states due to few internal cultural differences (homogeneous), national unity, ans smaller+compact sizes
What type of states do unitary states work the best in? Why?
mixed crop and livestock, dairying, grain farming, ranching, Mediterranean farming, and commerical gardening
What types of agriculture are predominantly practiced in developed countries?
for consumer services like groceries, laundromats, or coffee shops
What types of services are people willing to travel only a short distance for?
-one nation with multiple distinct ethnic groups -ethnicities: Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Muslims, Slovens, and Montenegrins -religions: Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and Islam -official languages: Serbian, Croatian, Slovene, and Macedonian -consisted of 6 republics: Bosnia-Herzegovania, Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Slovenia
What was Yugoslavia?
-Cholera was a stage ______ epidemic from the Industrial Revolution -caused by drinking contaminated water -still common in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia
What was a common stage 2 epidemic from the epidemiological transition during the 1800's? Give a brief description of it.
that Bosnia and Herzegovina would be divided into a region controlled by Bosniaks, one by Croats, and one by Serbs
What was agreed upon at the accords signed between Serbs+Croats and Bosnian Muslims at Dayton, Ohio in 1996?
-wars in Slovenia (1991) -Croatian wars -Bosnian wars -Kosovo war, including the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
What were the Yugoslav Wars?
-require synthetic fertilizers -petro-chemicals dry out the soil -high level of food waste -pesticide resistance -expensive for the farmer -focus on cash crops -hunger still exists
What were the cons of the green revolution?
-preference for living in a fixed place may have caused permanent settlements and surplus vegetation to be stored there -while hunting, people cut plants and dropped seeds, etc. which they noticed to produce new plants
What were the cultural factors that led to the agricultural revolution?
-Russia -3 Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania -3 European states: Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine -5 central Asian states: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan -3 Caucasus states: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia
What were the five major groups of the 15 former Soviet states?
religion, ethnicity, history, genocide, etc.
What were the main centrifugal forces for Yugoslavia?
-increased food production -more consistent yields -less expensive foods -decrease in lands converted to farms -disease resistant plants -grow crops everywhere -reduced poverty -increased manufacturing sector
What were the pros of the green revolution?
-hiring black women to be seen pushing baby carriages in white neighborhoods, so encouraging white fear of devalued property -hiring black youth to stage street brawls in white homes to generate feelings of an unsafe atmosphere selling a house to a black family in a middle-class white neighborhood to provoke white flight, before the community's properties decline considerably -selling white neighborhood houses to black families, and afterwards placing real estate agent business cards in the neighbors' mailboxes, and saturating the neighborhood area with fliers offering quick cash for houses -developers buying houses and dwelling buildings, and leaving them unoccupied to make the neighborhood appear abandoned - like ghetto or a slum
What were the tactics included in the blockbusting from 1900 to 1970?
European Union (EU) and Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)
What were the two Cold War-era economic alliances formed in Europe?
-4 field crop rotation: increased yield and nutrient replacement in soils. Improving food quality and quantity for humans and animals -seed drill: plant more seeds with better efficiency, which results in higher production
What were the two improvements made in the second agricultural revolution?
More jobs, changing cultures, forced labor, etc.
What would be the three examples of reactions against globalism and globalization?
-very low CBR -increasing CDR -declining NIR
What would characterize a possible stage 5 of the demographic transition?
-evolution of diseases -poverty (instantiation, etc.) -connections (the diffusion of people with diseases to other places and infecting the people there)
What would characterize a possible stage 5 of the epidemiological transition?
-distance from center to boundary isn't large and shortest possible boundaries to defend -good communications
What's the greatest advantage of compact state shapes?
their colonial policies
When Europeans gained control of much of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, what factor left a heavy mark on many cities?
how important the two forces are when a country is progressing or developing
When comparing centripetal and centrifugal forces, what is the one thing that you should realize?
-is the city a break of bulk point (location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another) -does the place begin at the head of navigation (the farthest point of travel possible by one means of transportation) -does the place begin as a an entrepot (a port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution) -does the place begin because it is a railhead (town located along a railroad) -does the place have adequate defenses to protect itself
When considering why a place begins, where it does, what are some site factors to consider?
the type of consumer: type of service attracts certain types of people (thrift shops=poorer people, high end department stores=higher income people)
When determining the threshold of a service, what is considered?
2003
When did Yugoslavia completely disband?
1963, at 2.2%
When did the global Natural Increase Rate (NIR) peak, and what was it at is peak?
undernourishment
When dietary energy consumption is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity.
when products is more costly to transport than raw materials (ex: glass, beverages)
When does bulk gaining at the market occur (in order to minimize transportation costs to meet the requirement for the Least Cost Theory)?
when raw materials lose weight in the production process (ex: paper, steel, etc.)
When does bulk reducing at the source occur (in order to minimize transportation costs to meet the requirement for the Least Cost Theory)?
Pull Production
When retailers determine what the manufacturer will produce, how much to produce and the price of the product
-politically: colony divided into India and Pakistan. Pakistan composed of east and west Pakistan. -ethnically: East and west Pakistan split from India due to ethnic reasons and east Pakistan becomes Bangladesh. India and Pakistan still fight over Kashmir due to ethnic reasons
When the British ended colonial control of South Asia in 1947, how was the region divided politically, and how was the region divided ethnically (religiously)?
Push Production
When the manufacturers of products decide what to produce, how much to produce, and the price of the product.
increased, since groups of people want to live close to each for security
When there's a high population density, is there increased or decreased cultural diversity? Why?
decreased, since groups of different cultures will want to isolate themselves to a certain degree from others
When there's a low population density, is there increased or decreased cultural diversity? Why?
-money that would be invested in infrastructure -things that would be wanted for employees like entertainment districts, restaurants, etc. -housing has to shift
When thinking about how the relocation of the headquarters of a transnational corporation into a deindustrialized area of the city could alter the human and cultural landscape, what are some things you'd want to relate to?
it is a peninsula in the Black sea that is near Ukraine and Russia
Where is Crimea?
-farmed in west Africa and tropical Latin America -Mexico only grows 2% of chocolate today
Where is chocolate farmed today?
southeastern U.S., southeastern Australia
Where is commerical gardening located in the world?
northwestern U.S., southeastern Canada, and northwestern Europe
Where is dairying located in the world?
in natural environments-often environments that are threatened by looming industrialization or development-that frequently helps to protect the environment in question while also providing jobs for the local population
Where is ecotourism (responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well being of the local people and involves the interpretation and education) based?
in the third ring (grain farming, etc.)
Where is extensive farming located in the Von Thunen Model?
north-central U.S., south-central Canada, and eastern Europe
Where is grain farming located in the world?
in the first ring that is right outside the market (mixed crop and livestock, market gardening, dairy farming, etc.)
Where is intensive farming located in the Von Thunen model?
east+south asia
Where is intensive subsistence, crops other than rice dominant agriculture located in the world?
east and south asia
Where is intensive subsistence, wet rice dominant agriculture located in the world?
land surrounding the mediterranean, western U.S., southern tip of Africa, Chile
Where is mediterranean farming located in the world?
U.S. midwest and central Europe
Where is mixed crop and livestock agriculture located in the world?
in the U.S., west of the Appalachians and east of 98 degree west longitude and in much of Europe from France to Russia
Where is mixed crop and livestock farming the most common type of commerical agriculture?
Developing countries
Where is more than 95% of the natural increase clustered?
southwest asia, north africa, and central+east asia
Where is pastoral nomadism located in the world?
latin america, sub-saharan africa, and south+southeast asia
Where is plantation farming located in the world?
western north America, southeastern Latin America, central Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, south Pacific
Where is ranching located in the world?
in the corridor from downtown to the outermost edge of the city
Where is the best housing in the sector model?
high levels of it into cities
Where is the migration occurring in stage 4 of the DTM, and how much of it is it occurring?
-mexico -western coast of south america -northern africa -some parts of the middle east -southeast asia
Where is tv common?
-western Africa -central Africa -eastern Africa -Afghanistan -Pakistan -India -Mongolia -Burma/Myanmar -Bangladesh -Cambodia
Where is tv rare?
-north america -south america -russia -china -austrailia
Where is tv universal?
East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia
Which 4 regions compose 2/3 of the world's population?
Carl Sauer
Which American geographer is most known for defining cultural landscape?
Gambia
Which West African country is currently in stage 2 of the demographic transition?
Orthodox
Which branch of Christianity is mainly in Russia, Greece, and that region that is located near Russia in Europe?
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
Which branch of Christianity is most common in the central-north part of the U.S.?
protestant
Which branch of Christianity is most common in the northern Europe?
Southern Baptist Convention
Which branch of Christianity is most common in the southern and south-east parts of the U.S.?
catholics
Which branch of Christianity is the most popular in the U.S.?
Bangkok, Thailand
Which city in the world, displays one of the largest features of a primate city?
-Belgium: small state but has a federal government because you have two languages -China: large but has a unitary government (similar language, ethnicity, and communist values)
Which countries are the two main exceptions to unitary and federal states?
the less developed countries (which are periphery and a little bit of semi-periphery countries as well)
Which countries does commodity dependence mainly affect?
the top 20 countries ranked on the U.N.'s Human Development Index
Which countries in the world make up the core countries from the core-periphery model that is part of Wallerstein's World System Theory?
Serbia
Which country controlled Kosovo?
France
Which country has the second largest empire?
Great Britain
Which country was the DTM modeled after?
-cost of land and how far it can be from the center/market/city -area of land and how far it can be from the center/market/city -how much perishable a crop is and how far you can plant it from from the center/market/city -how heavy a crop is and how far you can plant it from the market/center/city
Which different factors of farming does the Von Thunen Model take into account?
GNI index
Which index in the Human Development Index measures the indicator for the living standards dimension?
education index
Which index in the Human Development Index measures the indicators for the education dimension?
English
Which is the language of international communication?
Indo-European family
Which language family has the most amount of languages spoken by the world?
Niger-Congo Language Family
Which language family is very diverse?
Khoisan language family
Which language family uses clicking sounds?
Hebrew
Which language has been revived?
Chinese
Which language has spread through relocation diffusion?
-main hearths here were Mexico and Peru, and the domestication took place around 4000 to 5000 years ago -mexico is the hearth for beans and cotton, while peru is the hearth for potatoes -corn may have emerged in both places independently
Which plants and animals were domesticated in Latin America?
-Sorghum was domesticated here 8000 years ago -Yams may have been domesticated earlier than sorghum -millet and rice may have been domesticated here independently of East Asia
Which plants and animals were domesticated in Sub-Saharan Africa?
-10000 years ago, barley, wheat, lentil, and olive were domesticated -this was the hearth for the domestication for the largest number of animals that'd prove to be the most important for agriculture (cattle, goats, pigs, sheep) from 8000 to 9000 years ago
Which plants and animals were domesticated in southwest Asia?
Mountain West and New England since they're farther away from the diffusion point, which is Africa and the Caribbean
Which region within the U.S. has to lowest number of AIDS cases? What geographic factors might explain this low level?
U.S.
Which regions have the lowest total fertility rates in world?
Protestant
Which religion (or more specifically, branch of a religion) spread through stimulus diffusion?
Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and U.K.
Which seven states claim portions of the south pole region?
stage 2
Which stage of the DTM does international migration usually occur in?
stage 5 (MDC's: slow growth)
Which stage of the demographic transition does the following description of the population pyramid indicate?: -a pentagonal shape, with steep sides at the top pushing outwards, then sides pushing inwards near the middle to the bottom
stage 4 (MDC's: slow growth)
Which stage of the demographic transition does the following description of the population pyramid indicate?: -curved shape with a curved head and steep sides that push inwards as you approach the bottom
stage 2 (LDC's: rapid growth)
Which stage of the demographic transition does the following description of the population pyramid indicate?: -proper looking triangle with no curves; steep sides
stage 1 (LDC's: rapid growth)
Which stage of the demographic transition does the following description of the population pyramid indicate?: -triangle with a curved bottom
Canada, Denmark Iceland, Norway, Russia, and the U.S.
Which states have conflict over the claims they have in the north pole region?
the European Union (E.U.)
Which supranational organization in Europe has created trade agreements among the countries?
GPS (global positioning system)
Which system accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth?
location
Which theme of geography determines which food can be grown in a place and be readily available?
Welsh and Irish
Which two languages are being preserved because they are endangered?
nodal regions - region with a core where the characteristic is the most intense
Which type of region are market areas good examples of?
C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman
Who developed the multiple-nuclei model?
in the hands of central government officials
Who do unitary states place the most power in?
residents of LDC's and residents of RURAL areas in LDC's
Who does periodic markets supply goods to?
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Who establishes the Maritime Boundaries?
due to the Medical Revolution
Why did stage 2 in the DTM come to Africa, Asia, and Latin America?
due to the Industrial Revolution
Why did stage 2 in the demographic transition come to Europe and North America?
since they have relatively flat area, a temperate climate, and they're near coasts/rivers
Why do East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia compose 2/3 of the world's population?
due to the people living there having low life expectancy
Why do Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have the lowest incidence of cancer?
due to physical geography and available resources
Why do cultural practices vary across geographical locations?
we have less farms, but our farms are larger
Today, are there more or less farms? What is countering this to keep the same level of production?
pensions
a fixed amount of money paid to a retired person by a government or former employer
Sawah
a flooded field for growing rice
Globalization
a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope
Cultural landscape
an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group
Cultural ecology
an area of inquiry concerned with culture as a system of adaptation to and alteration of the environment; includes cultural practices ad priorities of inhabitants
Megalopolis
an area that links together several metropolitan areas to form one huge urban area
Demographic Balancing Equation
an equation that is used to calculate population changes from one year to the next in a given area, based on # of births, deaths, and migration
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years
State
an independent political unit that occupies a specific terrtory and has full control of its internal and external affairs (can be used interchangeably with country)
Refugee
an individual that leaves their homeland to avoid persecution of out of concern for their own personal safety
Boundary
an invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory
Boundary
an invisible line that marks the lines of a state's territory or land
crop
any plant cultivated by people
Semi-autonomous region
area where a group has some type of political autonomy. Semi-autonomous regions, like Kurdistan, has a degree of power and self-determination, but not fully like the autonomous regions of Russia in the North Caucasus region
Permanent legal U.S. immigrants
as a lawful permanent resident (LPR), one receives a "green card" is eligible to work, and may later apply for citizenship
National scale
as viewed across the whole country
Rule of 70
associated with the calculation of doubling time. If you divide 70 by the annual percent growth of a country, you will get the number of years it will take its population to double
Devovled governments
devolved territories have the power to make legislation relevant to the area and thus granting them a higher level of autonomy
Temporary legal U.S. immigrants
diplomats, tourists, students, and workers with temporary visas
Clumped dispersion pattern
dispersion pattern in which individuals from a population are clumped into groups
race
identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait, such as skin color
Nationality
identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country
nationalism
loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality
Nationalism
loyalty to a nation/sense of inclusion
Shape distortion
misrepresentation by unequal magnification of the actual shape of the structure being examined
Cereal grain
most humans derive most of their kilocalories through the consumption of this __________, and it is simply just _____________, which is a grass that yields grain for food
Sharecropper
person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays the loans by turning over a share of crops to the landowner
Pull factor
pull people to move
Boomburbs
rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city (hence, these types of cities create a new metropolitan form)
3 examples of efforts to improve the sustainability of resources
recycling paper and plastic, developing new industrial processes and protecting farmland from urban sprawl (expansion of urban/industrial areas into the countryside)
Gerrymandering
redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power
Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
refugee that did not escape their country
Core regions
regions that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies
Peripheral regions
regions with undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity
Geospatial
relating to or denoting data that is associated with a particular location.
Environmental
relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition.
Wet Rice
rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth
Microstate
states with very small land areas
Sovereignty
supreme power or authority
symbol of Jainism
swastika
Supply Chain
systems of organizations, people, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product/service from supplier to customer
United States Mexico Canada Agreement (USMCA)
the free trade agreement that evolved from NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
Cultural hearths
the geographic origins or sources of innovations, ideas, or ideologies
Cultural ecology
the geogrpahic study of human-environment relationships
Primate City
the largest city in the country in the primate city rule
Primate City Rule
the largest settlement (the primate city) has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
Climate
the long term average weather condition at a particular location
Carrying Capacity
the max # of people that can live on Earth comfortably
Range (Central Place Theory)
the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service; radius of the circle or hexagon drawn to show a service's market area
Threshold (central place theory)
the minimum # of people needed to support a service
Cultural landscape
the modification of the natural landscape by human activities; includes cities, roads, houses, and suburbs
Prime Agricultural Land
the most productive farmland
Toponym
the name given to a place on earth
Sequent Occupance
the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
infant mortality rate (IMR)
the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population
built landscape
the part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape.
Dispersion
the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
Sustainability
the use of earth's resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future
organic farming
the use of natural substances rather than chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enrich the soil and grow crops
Environmental determinism
the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life including cultural development
Hearth
where the idea starts
cultural landscape
-the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape -Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group.
Atmosphere
A thin layer of gases surrounding Earth
international
9% of the world's people are ___________ migrants
developing
95% of today's growth is occurring in ________________ countries (higher birth rate)
-basically who would be in charge -white minorities came into control and created laws to control the large African population
After independence from European colonization, what was the main issue in Africa? Who came in control?
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Agreement signed by the United States, Canada, and Mexico in 1992 to form the largest free trade zone in the world by lessening and eliminating tariffs
Natural increase rate, crude birth rate, and crude death rate
All countries has experienced a change in what three rates?
Neocolonialism
Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).
east coast
In the beginning of the U.S., where most of the people at?
service
Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.
lower likely, since this is where the wealthy live
Are lower-income people more or less likely to live in the inner city in Europe? Why?
Racism
Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.
Physical boundaries
Boundaries that coincide with significant features of the natural landscape
Cultural boundaries
Boundaries that follow the distribution of cultural features
First Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)
Dating back 10,000 years, it achieved plant domestication and animal domestication.
unable to work
Developed countries use part of their wealth to protect people, who, for various reasons, are _____________________
Sustainable Development
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Symbol of Buddhism
Dharma Wheel
because of cultural diffusion and advances in technology
Due to what, has agriculture changed over time?
Geo
Earth
Sprawl
Expansion of urban/industrial areas into the countryside
Not everyone has equal acess to electronic communications due to the quality of electronic services and interent access in their area. Due to this, peple are loss informed and can be easily surpressed by their government.
Explain the unequal access across the globe to electronic communiations and its consequences.
-it would give consumers the info necessary to choose whether or not to consume GMO's -most countries other than the U.S. have signed agreements to regulate GMO's, including labels -U.S. consumers wish to cut back on their consumption of GMO's until more is learned about their long term effects on ecosystems and health
Explain why GMO's should be labeled
sustainable agriculture
Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing in-puts of fertilizer and pesticides.
rushing to the gold
From 1850-1890, where were most of the people moving INSIDE the U.S.?
filling in the Great Plains
From 1900-1940, where were most of the people moving INSIDE the U.S.?
moving south
From 1950-2010, where were most of the people moving INSIDE the U.S.?
Public Housing
Government-owned housing rented to low-income individual, with rents set at 30 percent of the tenant's income.
unitary system and federal system
Governments of states are organized according to one of what two approaches?
Map distortion
Happens when a round surface is made flat; distortion may be in size or shape of land forms, distance between land forms, or in direction.
Goode-Homolosine Projection
Has correct proportions and locations, direction and distance are not proportionate, bad ocean information so cannot be used to navigate
increased
Have squatter settlements and conflicts over land tenures (how property rights to land are allocated within societies, including how permissions are granted to access, use, control, and transfer land) increased or decreased in large cities over the past years?
for example, the reunification of west and east Germany in Europe, changed the boundaries between the two after the fall of the Soviet Union
How can nationalism eliminate an international boundary? What is an example of this?
-since some people might be repelled from a certain group's language, ethnicity, and religion, while others might be attracted. -this is because not everyone always agrees on the same ideas and people create and merge cultures that fit their lifestyle and moral values
How and why do language, ethnicity, and religion contribute to creating centripetal and centrifugal forces?
concept used by implementing the idea of franchises and it is utilized because the business grows and people recognize the products easily
How and why is the concept of uniform landscape utilized by fast food restaurants?
-speak similar slavic languages -some roots of ethnic heritage -russians conquered them in the late 18th century
How are Ukraine and Belarus similar?
they are shaped based on how dominant the culture is (this determines how strong the effects are on these things) -ex: British imperialism and the cultures they brought to other places
How are acculturation, syncretism, and multiculturalism shaped by the diffusion of culture?
a common language is needed to communicate when globalization occurs
How are language and globalization related?
at little or no cost
How are public health services like in Europe?
-North America -South America -Mexico -Europe -Russia -China -Saudi Arabia -Australia
In 2014, where was the internet most widely available?
the core countries since they buy the raw materials at a lower price from the periphery and semi-periphery countries and sell the manufactured goods at a higher price to the periphery and semi-periphery countries
In the dependency theory, do the core, periphery, or semi-periphery benefit the most? Why?
95%
In South Asia, what percentage of the informal sector do women make up?
63%
In Sub-Saharan Africa, how much of the workforce is occupied by women?
89%
In Sub-Saharan Africa, what percentage of the informal sector do women make up?
in the semi-periphery countries
In core, semi-periphery, or periphery countries, do we see the fastest growth of megacities (10 million population or more) and metacities (20 million population ore more)?
semi-periphery countries
In core, semi-periphery, or periphery countries, do we still the largest amount of rural to urban migration?
no it does not, and infact it is only a very small amount like a few percent or less
In developed countries and more developed countries like the U.S., does the primary sector account for a huge portion of the country's GDP or not?
-men hunted game and fished -women collected berries, nuts, and roots
In hunter-gatherer societies, what was the division of labor? In other words, what did men do? What about women?
some sort of public transportation in order for commuting properly
In order for exurbs and suburbs to thrive, what factor of a city must be present there?
-bulk reducing at the source: tendency for industry to located near its source of raw materials in order to save on transport costs. Usually occurs when raw materials lose weight in the production process (ex: paper, steel, etc.) -bulk gaining at the market: tendency for industry to located near population centers in order to save on transport costs. Occurs when products is more costly to transport than raw materials (ex: glass, beverages)
In order to meet one of the requirements for the Least Cost Theory, what are the two methods that can be used to minimize the cost of transportation?
since there are fewer workers in MDC's for agriculture, they will be contributing more to the GDP than workers in LDC's, since there are a lot more of them
In places like MDC's, where agriculture is heavily mechanized, how is the contribution of the workers to the GDP of the country different than how it would be in LDC's (think about the number of workers that work agriculture in MDC's vs LDC's)?
-spanish conquistadors arrive and bring chocolate to spain -added sugar to the drink -spread to other European countries (England added milk, Switzerland prepared chocolate into solid form)
In terms of the history of the Cacao Bean, how is the year 1300 AD of relation to it?
Global scale
Interactions occurring at the scale of the world, in a global setting.
3 and 4
Internal migration is more important in which two stages of the DTM?
bruh, no
Is Hinduism and example of a universalizing religion (religions that want to spread their faith around the world)?
linear
Is Rostow's Model of Development linear, quadratic, cubic, a polynomial function, discrete, the derivative of another function, or the integral of another function?
sustainable tourism
Is ecotourism a type of sustainable or unsustainable tourism?
bro of course
Is food a cultural trait?
unsustainable tourism
Is mass tourism and most of the world's tourism, part of sustainable or unsustainable tourism?
intensive agriculture
Is mixed crop and livestock farming, market gardening, and plantation farming examples of intensive or extensive agriculture?
physiological density, since it is a good measure of the relation between population and agricultural resources in a society
Is physiological density (# of people per arable land area) or arithmetic density (# of people per total land area) more useful to us? Why?
Decreasing
Is the world's total fertility rate increasing or decreasing?
no, since the U.S. is a big country and the lack of primacy allows multiple cities to serve as centers of culture, business, and communication
Is there any true primate city in the U.S.? Why?
Communication Tool
It asks: what data can be shown for that area?
Irredentism
The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself, a territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state.
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Relocation diffusion
Items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones
40%
Japan is expected to have what percent of its population to be 65 years or older by 2050?
Symbol of Sikhism
Khanda
Arable Land
Land that can be used for agriculture
Small Scale Map
Larger land area and a smaller # of details
short, same
Most migrants relocate a ________________ distance and remain within the ______________country
rural, urban
Most migration occurs from ___________ to ______________
steps
Most migration occurs in _____________
immigration
Movement of individuals into a population
Symbol of hinduism
Om/Aum
1 hectare (25 acres)
On average, H=how large are the farms in subsistence agriculture?
one
On average, how children do women in Japan have?
178 hectares (441 acres)
On average, how large are farms in commerical agriculture?
Europe
On which continent have most countries reached stage 4 of the demographic transition?
Cultural identity
Ones belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect
Food Security
Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Remote Sensing
Satellites or other machines in space, gathering data of the surface
feed the growing world population
Scientists believe that the further expansion agriculture land can do what?
to keep the peace
Separatism caused by centrifugal forces sometimes lead to devolution as the central government end up giving the separatist group some of its demands to do what?
rent has been outpacing the growth of income and this can result in problems related to the affordability of housing
Since 2001, in the U.S., what has been the growth of rent vs the growth of income? What problems has this can this cause in places like the U.S. which as MDC's?
-so that the values of one nationality can be imposed on others -ex: Kenya, Rwanda, etc.
Some multinational states adopt unitary systems for what reason? Where has this occurred?
Symbol of Judaism
Star of David
Paddy
The Malay word for wet rice, increasingly used to describe a flooded field.
Space
The physical gap or interval between two objects
Dietary energy consumption
The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories (or calories in the U.S.)
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes)
market area/Hinterland
The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.
Distribution
The arrangement of a feature in space (the physical gap or interval between two objects)
Material culture
The physical manifestations of human activities; includes tools ,campsites, art, and structures. The most durable aspects of culture
-level of development: people in developed countries tend to consume more food and consume food from different sources than do people in developing countries -cultural preferences: some food preferences and avoidances are expressed without regard for physical and economic factors -physical conditions: climate is important in influencing what can be most easily grown and therefore consumed in developing countries. In developed countries though, food is shipped long distances to locations with different climates
The variation in food consumption around the world is a result of what three factors?
Concentration
The way in which a feature is spread over space (the physical gap or interval between two objects)
Central place theory
Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.
Spatial
Think space, area, or location
Shifting Cultivation/Slash and Burn Farming
Two Steps: 1. farmers clear land for planting by cutting (slashing) vegetation and burning the debris 2. farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years until soil nutrients are gone, and then leave it empty so the soil can recover -practiced in tropical forests of Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia (wet climate)
Census Tracts
Urban areas containing more (or equal to) 5,000 people that correspond to neighborhood boundaries
Subsistence Agriculture
agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family
Commerical Agriculture
agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm
Public assistance
aid, in the form of money, goods, or services, that a government provides to those in need
Biosphere
all living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals, as well as microrganisms
Hydrosphere
all of the water on and near earth's surface
Tobler's First Law
all things are related, but near things are more related/connected than far things
environmental degradation
the harming of the environment, which occurs when more and more humans inhabit a specific area and place a strain on the environmental resources
friction of distance
the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance
uneven development
the increasing gap in economic conditions between core (regions that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies) and peripheral regions (regions with undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity) as a result of the globalization of the economy
Second Agricultural Revolution
tools and equipment were modified, methods of soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, and harvesting improved the general organization of agriculture, making it more efficient
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
total # of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society
Railhead
town located along a railroad
Remittance
transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or her home country
Megaregions
two or more large cities in geographical proximity that are linked together through infrastructure and through economic activity (Northeast corridor of the US)
Megacity
urban settlement with a total population in excess of 10 million people
Landscape analysis
using field observation, spatial data, and aerial photography to gather data to define and describe landscapes
Projection
-Presenting an image onto a surface -The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.
primate city rule
A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
Polder
A piece of land that is created by draining water from an area
Cultural boundaries
boundaries that follow the distribution of cultural characteristics
Epidemiology
branch of medical science concerned with incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a particular time and are produced by some special causes, not generally present in the affected
East Asia
-1/4 of the world lives in this region -includes Eastern China, islands of Japan, Korean peninsula, and the island of Taiwan -China is the most populated country in the world and it is the 4th largest in land area -Almost 50% of people in China live in rural areas while 93% in Japan and 80% in Korea are clustered in urban areas -Unevenly spread out population (for ex: China (east vs west))
South Asia
-1/4 of the world lives in this region -includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka -largest population density on plains of Indus and Ganges River and along India's border with Arabian Sea+Bay of Bengal -largest population 1500 km long corridor from Lahore, Pakistan through India and Bangladesh to Bay of Bengal -Most are still living in rural areas (most people are rural farmers)
Judaism
-12th most practiced religion -diffused through relocation diffusion -founder is Abraham -three main beliefs of monotheism, identity, and covenant (love of god) -converting requires a lot of effort and your lifestyle changes while you study to convert -hearth is Israel -largest # of people from this religion are in North America and second-largest in the Middle East/North Africa -oldest monotheistic religion -three branches: Orthodox, Reform, and Conservative -the holy city is Jerusalem -important figures are Abraham, Moses, and David
Sino-Tibetan language family
-2nd largest language family -languages of this family are spoken in China and Southeast Asia -Chinese languages are connected through writing -Languages in this family are written with logograms (symbols for words)
Islam
-2nd most followed religion -monotheistic religion -the main belief is the 5 Pillars -founder is Muhammad -spread through the military conquest of the Arabs -five branches: Sunni, Shi'a, Ibadi, Ahmadiyya, and Sufism -marriages are arranged -can't eat pork, drink alcohol, or take mind-altering drugs in this religion -the holy place of worship is a mosque -Mecca is their holy city
West Africa
-300 million people -between Senegal and Nigeria -most people work in agriculture
Hinduism
-4th largest religion in the world -didn't spread that much out of India -has no founder but is a fusion of beliefs -becoming a part of this involves finding a sect that accepts you, practicing the faith through yoga or prayer, and committing to improving your karma -the hearth is India and spread mainly through trade routes -karma: the sum of a person's actions in all existence -polytheistic -dharma: cosmic law based on right behavior and social order -use temples to worship gods -build statues of gods
Buddhism
-4th largest religion in the world -only requirement for conversion is to change your outlook on life and see everything around you as interesting and full of potential -hearth is India -central belief is karma and 8 fold path -nontheistic (no god) -nature depends on humans and humans depend on nature -practiced at home or at temples -Buddha (Siddharta Gautama) is the main figure and founder -spreaded hierarchically and by relocated diffusion, when Ashoka sent monks to nearby territories to spread it
AU (African Union)
-54 countries from Africa -they promote economic integration in Africa
OSCE (Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe)
-57 members including U.S., Canada, Russia, and all European states, and all states from the former USSR -not much power originally but after Cold War, it became important for ending conflict in Europe
Shintoism
-5th largest # of followers in the world -did not really diffuse out of Japan -Amaterasu Omikami is the founder -mainly in Japan -based on belief in, and worship of Kami -three branches: Jinja, Kyoha, and Minzoku -to convert, visit shrines and practice the religion -based on the idea that harmonious relationships between humans and nature need to exist
Southeast Asia
-600 million people live here on a series of islands between the Indian and Pacific Ocean -Indonesia has 13, 677 islands and 4th most populous country in the world -largest population concentration is on the island of Java (100 million+) -many Philippines islands also have high population concentration and clustered along river valleys and deltas in Indochina -most people are rural farmers
Taoism
-8th largest religion in the world -convert by reading holy texts, joining a temple, or becoming one with nature (meditation, yoga, fen shui, etc.) -founder is Laozi -originated in China -spread by trade routes -practiced in South Korea, Vietnam, and China -believe in the Tao or natural order -the main belief is to live in harmony with nature
Isogloss
-A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate. -ex: border of the U.S. and Mexico
Urban area
-A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core -contains more than 385 people per square kilometer
industrial agriculture
-A form of agriculture that uses large scale mechanization and fossil fuel combustion, enabling farmers to replace horses and oxen with faster and more powerful methods of farming -benefits: you can get rich and make large amounts of profit if you do it carefully -drawbacks: very expensive
Pidgin
-A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca -used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
Extinct language
-A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used. -ex: Sanskrit
Choropleth Map
-A map that uses shades of color to show differences -focuses on a SINGLE topic
Malthus Model
-A model demonstrating that an exponentially increasing population would not be able to support a linearly increasing production in food and eventually there'd be a point of crisis -opposite of Boserup's model
environmental determinism
-A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was, therefore, the study of how the physical environment caused human activities. -Basically, ONLY the physical environment around and in a certain place shapes human and their culture/caused social development -examples of the physical environment can include mountains (the Incans and how they lived and formed, rivers, etc.
Creole
-A pidgin language that evolves to the point at which it becomes the primary language of the people who speak it -A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.
redlining
-A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries -results in a lack of money for families to fix their houses
Universalizing religions
-A religion that attempts to appeal to all people and all cultures, not just those living in a particular location. -the exact place of origin based on events of a single person -the three main ones are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism
Habit
-A repetitive act performed by a particular individual -ex: wearing jeans to class everyday
Culture trait
-A single, distinguishing feature of regular occurrence within a culture, such as the use of chopsticks or the observance of a particular caste system. -A single element of learned behavior.
Resource
-A substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically, and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use -examples: food, water, minerals, soil, plans, and animals
Colony
-A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent -ex: Puerto Rico (U.S. colony)
Restriction on the free use of internet: blocked content
-American tv programs show American beliefs and social norms -Political content in opposition of current gov't on that is related to human rights, freedom of expression, minority rights, religious movements or social content related to sex, drugs, gambling, etc. or security content related to armed conflicts, border disputes, etc. are 3 types of American internet content that is censored in other countries
Regional studies approach
-An approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena/processes in a particular study area. -a contemporary or current approach to the study the cultural landscape
Squatter settlements
-An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures -they're characterized by extreme poverty
Formal Region/Uniform region
-An area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. -these characteristics can include common language, economic activity such as the production of a large crop, or an environmental property such as climate -they either have official boundaries or something that can be measured as the characteristics listed above -official boundaries can be of nations, states, cities, etc.
Boserup Model
-Population growth drives intensification and higher production at the cost of lower efficiency -A highly simplified model of how agriculture works -Social demands for agricultural output, produce more food than what they need for social reasons -economics are also a cause -Effects: intensification, degradation (because people are poor), conflict, lower efficiency -Very much a cause and effect model -opposite of Malthus's model
Commodity Dependence
-An economy that relies on the export of primary commodities (raw materials, basic materials like agricultural tools, minerals, etc.) for a large share of its export earnings and hence economic growth -they only have a single export focus -the problem is that raw materials tend to generate less income -this idea they implement is subject market fluctuation, trade negotiations, and to tariffs to protect other markets -it does not promote industrial development -there is fair trade and working conditions -although, the exports are controlled by transnational corporations
Land Ordinance of 1785
-An example of a square or grid pattern -it setup a standardized system whereby settlers could purchse title to framland in the undevelopedd west in the U.S. -land was to be systematically surveyed into square TOWNSHIPS, 6 MILES one a side, each divided into 36 SECTIONS of 1 MILE or 640 ACRES
Metropolitan Statistical Area
-An urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000 -the country within which the city is located, adjacent counties with a high population density and large % of residents working in the central city's county
Fatwa
-Bin Laden issued war against U.S. in 1996 because of U.S. support for the Saud Royal Family of Saudi Arabia and support for Israel -in a 1988 fatwa ("religious decree") -Bin Laden said Muslims must rage holy war against U.S. since they maintained Saud Royal Family as ruling the ruling family and maintained the state of Israel
Superimposed country boundary
-Boundary is imposed by an outside force (TREATY or IMPEREALIZING nation) -May not reflect existing cultural landscape/cultural-spatial patterns -ex: Africa being divided up among the European countries at the Berlin Conference
Cattle Feed Lots
-CAFO's (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations) -holds animals in lots to feed and fatten before slaughter
Definitional/Positional Boundary Dispute
-Conflict over the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract -ex: when Britain and Russia signed a treaty to establish territorial claims over Alaska
Ester Boserup
-Danish economist and main critic of Malthus -proposed that as the population grows, there would be more tech to produce more food -was a possibilist -argued food production could be increased
import substitution
-Development strategy that uses tariffs and other barriers to imports, and therefore stimulates domestic industries -basically periphery countries put tariffs on goods from core countries that they're importing so that the periphery countries actually end up improving their economy -it is a key idea in the dependency theory
Relative Direction
-Directions such as left, right, forward, backward, up, and down based on people's perception of places -can change depending on the orientation of the object or person
Informal Economy
-Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy -includes jobs like babysitting, mowing lawns for someone else, etc.
GIS
-Geogrpahic Information System -The data sets help create layered maps (each layer displays something)
Census data
-Geospatial (relating to or denoting data that is associated with a particular location) data collected through the quantification of a population -examples: urban ethnicity, gender, migration, socioeconomic status
GPS
-Global Postioning System -Used mostly for LOCATION
Examples of questions related to spatial ananlysis
-How many kids are in my neighborhood? -Are the classes evenly divided? -Which state has the most national parks?
ISIS
-Islamic State of Iraq and Syria -originated in 1999 and affilited with al-Qaeda in 2004 -in 2014, the 2 organizations split -members of this are Muslims who impose strict religious laws throughout southwest Asia -maintained control by human rights violation (beheading, massacre, torture, etc.) -this organization claims it rules Muslims around the world -recruit members through the internet -they control north Iraq and Syria and they launched attacks on Paris in 2015
Reference Tool/Reference Maps
-It asks: where is something located? -Maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of reference, typically latitude and longitude
Spatial Analysis
-Looking for patterns in a geographic space, area, or location -looking at data (analyzing) to determine how phenomena relate together in space (spatial) -Examining geographic patterns to identify relationships; Thinking necessary to answer questions like: Why is what where? What are the patterns?
Linguistic Fragmentation
-Many languages spoken by a small group of people. -ex: in India
Dot Map/Dot Distribution
-Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population. -each dot represents a specific amount of something
Fourth Agricultural Revolution
-Move to organic and self-sustainable agriculture -increased use of GMO's and robots/automation
Dispersal
-Movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or their area of origin. -dispersed concentration is when objects in an area are relatively far apart
Informal Sector
-Network of business transactions that are not reported/taxed and therefore not included in the country's GDP and official economic projection -mostly occurs in LDC's at a greater level -some small informal sector activities in people living in MDC's day to day life include babysitting, etc.
Carl Sauer
-PERSON who defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis -this landscape results from interaction between humans an the physical environment -also introduced the distinction between vegetative and seed planting
Torsten Hagerstrand
-PERSON who developed the space-time model of diffusion; explained how agricultural techniques diffused from their hearths
urban renewal
-Program in which cities identify blighted/ruined inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the poor residents and other businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers, where it is remodeled -it clears out slums and squatter settlements
3 Examples of the uses of GPS
-Satellites -Trackng stations - monitor and control satellites -A receiver - can locate at least 4 satellites, figures out the distance to each and pinpoints its own location
Doubling time
-The # of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase -(71/NIR)
Life expectancy
-The average # of years an individual can be expected to live, given the current social economic and medical conditions -population pyramid would be top heavy with a high life expectancy (ex: Japan)
Relative Distance
-The distance measured in terms such as cost or time which are more meaningful for the space relationship in question -A measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of absolute distance separating two places. -Often relative distance describes the amount of social, cultural, or economic, connectivity between two places.
Replacement level
-The fertility rate necessary for a population to replace itself -fertility rate of 2.1
Human Environment Interaction (5 Themes of Geography)
-The geographic theme that explores how people use, adapt to, and modify the environment -shows how humans have modified the planet to attain their goals of living -Has 3 aspects to it: dependency, adaptation, and modification
Relative Location
-The position of a place in relation to another place -Location A is 5 km south from Location B
Demographic transition
-The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population. -helps us understand why the natural increase rate, crude birth rate, and crude death rate change at different times and at different rates in countries
Acculturation
-The process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, each of which retains distinct culture features. -adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture
Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)
-The rapid diffusion of new agricultural techniques between the 1970s and 1980s, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers -Has caused agricultural productivity at a global scale to increase faster than population growth -revolves around the central use of GMO's or GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
Possibilism
-The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives. -Basically, the physical environment can limit culture but doesn't control it -Example: fishing in a forest when you are right beside a river (you don't have to fish for food, but you can since you live right beside the river)
Gross National Product (GNP)
-The total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year -It includes all goods and services produced by corporations and individuals of a country, whether or not they are located within the country
Locational/Territorial Boundary Dispute
-These disputes arise when the definition of the border is not questioned but the interpretation of the border is -Conflict over the location or place of a boundary -ex: the boundary between Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda was always considered the River Semliki
Commonwealth
-U.K. and 52 other states that were British colonies including Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan -they seek economic and cultural cooperation
Cartogram Map
-Uses data to form the shape of an area -shapes are based on data, not the actual size of the area
Symbols of Confucianism
-Water, Conficius, Scholar, and Yin Yang -picture is showing water
Cuban Missile Crisis
-a 13 day confrontation between the U.S. and USSR initiated by the American discovery of Soviet ballistic missiles deployment in Cuba -resolution came when the USSR dismantled the missiles
Political boundary consequent
-a boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as language or religion -ex: boundary between India and Pakistan
Distortion
-a change in the shape, size, or position of a place when it is shown on a map -change the shape -loss of accuracy
Concentric Zone model
-a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings -size and width vary, but basic types of rings appear in all cities in the same order -ring 1: central business district: retail and office activities are clustered, non-residential -ring 2: zone in transition: contains industry and poorer-quality housing (immigrants) -ring 3: zone of working class homes: older houses, stable, working-class families -ring 4: zone of better residences: newer, more special houses for middle class families -ring 5: commuter's zone: beyond continuous built up area of a city
Lingua Franca
-a common language used by speakers of different languages; used for international trade -ex: English
Landlocked State
-a country that doesn't not have direct access to the sea due to being surrounded by neighboring states =ex: Mongolia
Population distribution
-a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another -it is the pattern of where people live
Seed Drill
-a device that sows the seeds for crops by metering out the individual seeds, positioning them in the soil, and covering them to a certain average depth -it sows the seeds at equal distances and proper depth, ensuring they got covered with soil and are saved from being eaten by birds
Ethnicity
-a group that shares a cultural background of a particular homeland/hearth -creates a source of pride -creates a link to historical experiences of ancestors and to cultural traditions (such as food and music preferences)
Urban Hierarchy
-a hierarchy that puts cities in ranks from small first-order cities, upward to fourth-order cities, which are large, world-class cities -the higher the order of the city, the greater the sphere of influence that the city possesses on a global scale -City's economics are ranked more heavily than political or cultural factors
Material Index
-a key in Weber's theory of the location of manufacturing -goods may be categorized into three different types depending on the ratio of the weight of localized raw materials to the weight of the finished product -if that ratio is greater than 1.0 then you have a gross good -if equal to 1.0 then it is a pure good -if less than 1.0 then it is a ubiquitous good.
Thematic Map
-a map that emphasizes a single idea or a particular kind of information about an area -A type of map that displays one or more variables-such as population, or income level-within a specific area.
Central place
-a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area -it is also located to maximize accessibility from the surrounding area -these types of places compete against each other to serve as markets for goods and services and this creates a regular pattern of settlements
World City Network
-a network where you view the cities as nodes -view the world economy as the supranodal network level -producer service firms inside the cities form a subnodal level -the producer service firms create and inter-locking network through their global location strategies for placing offices
Cultural region
-a part of the Earth's surface that has common cultural elements -although cultural regions may identify a dominant characteristic that does not means everyone in that region shares that same trait
Grid/square pattern
-a pattern formed with intersecting horizontal and vertical lines
Threshing Machine
-a piece of farm equipment that threshes grain, that is, removes the seeds from the stalks and husks -it does so by by beating the plant to make the seeds fall out
Failed state
-a political body that has disintegrated to a point where basic conditions and responsibilities of a sovereign government no longer function properly -there is no development/there is a lack of development -ex: Yemen, Somalia, etc.
Entrepot
-a port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution -ex: Rotterdam, Hong Kong, etc.
Blockbusting
-a process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood -due to this, a neighborhood could change from all white to all black in months
Filtering
-a process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment -when rent payed to the landlord becomes less than the cost of maintenance and taxes, the building starts to deteriorate and grows unfit for occupancy
French Long-lots
-a process through which rural areas are organized -divisions are long narrow -French areas of the US -Land by waterways
Urban Renewal
-a program of land redevelopment often used to address urban decay in cities -cities identify ruined inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocated the residents and businesses, clear the site, and build new roads and facilities -the land is then turned to private developers or to public agencies, such as the board of education of the parks department, to construct new buildings or services
Shatterbelts
-a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals -multiple countries are caught up in conflict over that territory -ex: Eastern Europe during the Cold War, Kashmir (between India and Pakistan), etc.
Ethnic religions
-a religion identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group; does not seek to converts. -unknown origin -ex: Islam (people of the Middle East)
Custom
-a repetitive act of a group, performed to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group -ex: many students wearing jeans to class everyday
Confucianism
-a small group of people are followers -founder is Confucius -spread hierarchically due to the Chinese Empire's power -14 steps for conversion -the two main teachings are Social Teachings and Political Teachings -doesn't have a god -isn't monotheistic or polytheistic -focuses on knowledge and wisdom - main beliefs: -Xin - Honesty and Trustworthiness. -Chung - Loyalty to the state, etc. -Li - includes ritual, propriety, etiquette, etc. -Hsiao - love within the family, love of parents for their children, and love of children for their parents
city-state
-a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland (surrounding area) -ex: Mesopotamian city-states such as Sumer
City-state
-a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside (countryside used for farming and town is surrounded by walls) -ex: Sumer from when Mesopotamia existed
multi-ethnic state
-a state that contains more than 1 ethnicity -ex: Canada or U.S
multi-national state
-a state with more than one ethnicity that has traditions of self-determination and self-government
Confederal states (confederate)
-a system consisting of a league of independent states each having essentially sovereign powers -the central government created by such a league has only limited powers over the states
Ideologies
-a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy. -ex: Communism (economic equality, no government, etc.)
Plough
-a tool or farm implement for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed or planting -it has been a basic instrument for most of recorded history, although its construction was highly advanced during the Agricultural Revolution
Frotnier
-a zone where no state exercises complete political control -they were generally uninhabited or sparsely settled
3 examples of things geogrpahers might use remotely senses data for
-agriculture -drought -sprawl (expansion of urban/industrial areas into the countryside) ***NOTE: all 3 of the above examples are CHANGING DISTRIBUTIONS***
OAS (Organization of American States)
-all 35 states in western hemisphere are members -they promote social, cultural, political, and economic links among member states
Galactic Model
-also known as the peripheral model -developed by Harris around sometime in 1960 -Reflected the growth of suburbs -large suburban residential or suburban nodes or nuclei tied together by a beltway or ring road -edge cities: a node of office and retail activity on the edge of an urban area
Region (5 Themes of Geography)
-an area on the planet this is composed of places with a unifying characteristic -places on earth with similar characteristics in common -defined by its uniform physical or human characteristics -each ___________ has 3 aspects to it: physical (physical features), cultural (different ethnicities languages, religions), and economic (how they make money) -3 main types of regions - formal, functional, and perceptual/vernacular
Functional Region/Nodal Region
-an area organized around a node or focal point; often used to display information about economic services -for example, a region's node might be a shop or service, and the boundaries of the region may mark the limits of the trading area of the activity, or things like transportation systems, utilities, water pipelines, UPS distribution, Verizon and AT&T
Perceptual/Vernacular Region
-an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity -includes MENTAL MAP: how people organize and see the world in their own mind -for example, the "south" of the U.S., or a mental map
Stateless nation
-an ethnic group without territory or government -an example of this is 6.5 million Palestinians living in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria -Palestinians have common culture (centripetal force) but no territory (causes fighting with Israel) -20 million Kurds in the world - another examples is that the Kurds desire territory or at least some independent control of land in Iraq and Turkey -another example is the Scottish
Jainism
-an ethnic religion -Mahavira is the founder -likely diffused hierarchically -to covert, you must learn the beliefs, 5 core values, then practice the core values, worship the five supreme beings, follow the preachings of saints, study scriptures, meditate, and donate -the ultimate purpose of this religion is to achieve moksha, which is the release of the soul from the body -polytheistic -the hearth is West India -2 sects: Digambara (SkyClad) and Svetambara (WhiteClad)
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
-an international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation -helps countries that are in a lot of debt to other countries -only grants loans to member countries and these loans cannot be used on the military, it must be used on education, infrastructure, and things that help build up the economy, etc. -it helps secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, and reduce poverty around the world
Origins of folk culture
-anonymous hearths -anonymous sources -unknown dates -unidentified originators -may have multiple hearths that originated independenty in isolated locations
Absolute direction
-are relative to a fixed frame of reference and always point in the same direction, regardless of their location. -Directions like north/south and east/west are examples
Food desert
-areas lacking fresh, fruit, vegetables, and other healthful whole foods -these regions become like this largely due to a lack of grocery stores, farmers' markets, and healthy food providers
Zones of abandonment/zones of disamenities
-areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons -they are not desirable to live in -they could be toxic -they could be Superfund sites (places that have to be cleaned up by the government because they're so hazardous) -they could have abandoned factories -there's a lack of infrastructure
Contraception
-birth control -prevention of pregnancy
Postmodern Architecture
-blends historical foundations with modern touches -it is not dependent on the materials found in the surrounding environment or on a specific culture's building style, unlike traditional architecture
Physical boundaries
-boundaries that use significant features of the natural landscape -ex: mountains, rivers, lakes, deserts, etc.
Demarcation (process by which a boundary is created)
-boundary is actually marked on the ground with a wall, fence, posts, etc. -usually too expensive or impractical for most borders -ex: Berlin Wall being built by USSR to firmly divide west and east Germany after World War 2
Tutsis
-cattle herders who migrated to present day Rwanda and Burundi from the Rift valley of Western Kenya 400 years ago
Voluntary migration
-choosing to migrate -usually motivated by pull factors -willingly choose to move from one country to another
Alpha world cities
-cities in second tier, which have impressive economic and political clout -ex: Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington D.C., U.S., Frankfurt, Milan, Hong Kong, Singapore, etc.
Beta World cities
-cities in the next order after alpha world cities that each have a unique feature within their region -ex: San Francisco, Boston, Atlanta, Sydney, Toronto, Zurich, Brussels, Madrid, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, etc.
Gamma World Cities
-cities in the next order after beta world cities -ex: Amsterdam, Dallas, Melbourne, Dusseldorf, Jakarta, Osaka, Caracas, Geneva, Johannesburg, Prague, etc.
Hoyt Sector Model
-city develops in a series of sectors, not rings -certain areas of the city are more attractive for various activities because of environmental factor or by chance -as city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge, or sector, from the center -once a district is established, new additions are built on edge of the district and extend further out from the center
The Enclosure Movement
-common land is owned collectively by a number of persons or by one person with other holding certain traditional rights, such as to allow their livestock to graze upon it, collect firewood, or cut turf for fuel. A person who has a right in or over common land jointly with others is called a commoner -once enclosed, these land uses were restricted to the owner, and the land ceased to be for the use of commoners -enclosed land was under the control of the farmer, who was free to adopt better farming practices. Following enclosure, crop yields and livestock output increased while at the same time productivity increased enough to create a surplus of labor. The increased labor supply is considered one of the factors facilitating the Industrial Revolution
Offshore companies
-companies that conduct most of their business outside of the country in which they are incorporated -these companies are also known as non-resident companies
Core-Periphery Model
-core countries: wealthy, developed, and capitalist countries -core countries extract profits from the periphery countries -periphery countries: poor, dependent nations -semi-periphery countries: semi-industrialized nations -trade concentration: when a peripheral nation trades with just a few core countries -investment concentration: when investment comes from a few core countries -poor countries are dependent on wealthy ones since they need manufactured goods and are forced to pay higher prices. They must also sell their raw materials and agricultural products at a cheap price -this model helps show a pattern of uneven spatial development -it is part of Wallerstein's World System Theory
Examples of hierarchical diffusion
-corporations where the CEO makes a decision and passes it down -the military where the generals set the agenda -Catholic Church Doctrine -When a major city starts a trend and it filters down to increasingly smaller towns
Terrace Farming
-creates "steps" that are built into a mountain or hill that can be used as farm land -most commonly used to grow rice in places like China
Organic farming
-crops are grown without the application of herbicides and pesticides to control weeds -GMO seeds aren't used -Animals consume crops grown on the farm and they aren't kept confined in small pens all the time -the moral and ethical debate over animal welfare is intense
Drug profits
-crops that are illegal but result in greater profit -ex: cocaine - grown in Colombia and main buyer is U.S. -ex: heroine - grown in Afghanistan and main buyers are Europe and Russia
Transculturation
-cultural borrowing that occurs when different cultures of approximately equal complexity and technological level come into close contact -ex: results of European Imperialism of Africa
Dairying
-dairy products such as milk, cheese, yogurt, etc. are created -dairy farms have to be closer to market than other types of farms because their products are highly perishable -milk shed: ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling
Bid-Rent Theory (concentric zone model)
-describes how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district increases -different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center -land users all compete for the most accessible land within the CBD -the amount land users are willing to pay is called "bid-rent" and the result is a pattern of concentric rings of land use, CREATING THE CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
Least Cost Theory
-developed by Alfred Weber -Weber's Model states that manufacturing plants will locate where the cost of transportation is the least and where agglomeration (the process of clustering or concentrating people or activities. It often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from being in close proximity because they share skilled labor pools, and technological and financial services) is beneficial -it is used in conjunction with the material index (a key in Weber's theory of the location of manufacturing; goods may be categorized into three different types depending on the ratio of the weight of localized raw materials to the weight of the finished product)
Organic Theory
-developed by Friedrich Ratzel -states that political entities continually seek nourishment in the form of gaining territories to survive in the same way that a living organism seeks nourishment from food to survive -ex: expansion of empires (Hitler used the theory to justify Nazi Germany's conquests)
Heartland Theory
-developed by Halford Mackinder -core of global influence lies in the heartland, which is Eastern Europe and Asia (so basically just Eurasia) -these regions of the world in Eurasia are important due to their sheer size, wealth of resources, and high population -if you control the heartland then you have the potential to control the world -Nazis and Soviets accepted this theory and tried to make it true
DeBlij's Model of a Sub-Saharan African City
-developed by Harm DeBlij -it is a type of CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL -inner rings house higher-income people and house the most attractive residential areas since they're near business and consumer services and offer vital public services -city growth in LDCs = rings being added on the periphery for immigrants that come from rural areas -housing in outer rings is in the form of informal/squatter settlements
World Systems Theory
-developed by Immanuel Wallerstein -states the world economy has many states, and almost everything take place within context of the world economy -the world economy has a 3 tier structure: -core countries are the highest wealth generators -periphery countries have the least wealth and associated living standards generated -semi-periphery countries have characteristics of both core and periphery, usually geographically close to both
Balto-Slavic group of the Indo-European language family
-includes two divisions: East Slavic+Baltic and West+South -East Slavic and Baltic: -Ukrainian -Belarusian -West and South -Slavic -Polish -Czech -Slovak
GIS (geographic information system)
-stores layers of data -3 examples of types of data stored in a single layer: boundaries of countries, bodies of water, roads
Rimland Theory
-developed by Nichols Spyman -states that Eurasia's rimland (the coastal areas) are the key to controlling the world island -forming alliances and controlling coasts and seas maintain political power to control the world -he said the heartland was very powerful but the rimland must be controlled to keep the heartland's power in check (heartland controls the land and rimland controls the sea) -this theory was mainly infleuntial for Soviets in the Cold War and they wanted to control the rimland around them, but NATO stopped them
McGee's Multiple Nuclei model of a southeast Asian City
-developed by T.G. McGee -superimposes on concentric zones, that there are several nodes of squatter/informal settlements and that there are alien zones, where foreigners live and work (usually Chinese people) -doesn't have a strong CBD, but instead, the various functions of the CBD are dispersed to several nodes
New Urbanism
-development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs -it is a reaction to urban sprawl in order to maintain sustainable growth
Distribution of popular culture
-distributed widely across many countries, with little regard for physical factors
Land Ordinance of 1785
-divided up the new northwest territories of the U.S. in square lots
Dependency (Human Environment Interaction)
-explores the ways in which humans are dpendent on nature for living -for example, in India, farmers across the country wait for monsoon to arrive for successful growth of their rain-fed crops, and if the monsoons are late of it the rains are insufficient, droughts and food crisis might create havoc
susbsistence farming
-farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families -they farm different crops and animals needed by their family to feed and clothe themselves during the year -little machinery -found in developing countries
Nomadic Herding/Pastoral Nomadism (moving from place to place as a way of life)
-form of subsistence agriculture based on raising domesticated animals (farming animals) -found in subsistence areas: practical way of surviving on land that receives too little rain for crops -animals: -camel, cattle, and goats (North Africa) -Horse (central asia)
Osama Bin Laden
-founded al-Qaeda in 1990 to unite several groups of fighters in Afghanistan and south west Asia -He came from a royal family and used his large inheritance of money to fund al-Qaeda
Interregional migration pattern of African Americans
-from south to northern cities during the first half of 20th century -as a result of this, today, they live in the northeast, midwest, and west -most lived in rural areas of south as sharecroppers in 19th century -in 20th century, they migrated out of the south and into the north
Restriction on the free use of internet: banned technology
-gov't can prohibit the sale of certain model of phones. tablets, and computers -China restricts foreign apps -Chinese people have to use home grown apps
Mediterranean farming
-growing of fruits and vegetables for human consumption -horticulture: growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers -Mediterranean climate: "Goldilocks" climate (not too hot or not too cold) -areas around the Mediterranean sea (Europe) are where Olives are grown to make olive oil and grapes to make wine -California also has this type of farming and there are fruits and vegetables grown here as well -some of the fresh fruits and vegetables are sold to consumers but more are sold to large processors for canning or freezing
1st Agricultural Revolution
-humans started to domesticate plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering -humans created larger and more stable sources of food, so more people could survive -it started in Latin America, Southwest Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, and Southeast Asia
Nation-state
-ideal built on homogeneity (sameness) of territory and culture -politcally organized -government controlled by a common group of people -based on soverignty -ex: Japan
Break-of-bulk oriented
-implies the location between sources of raw materials and markets -it is for products that must be divided and shipped from a central point of entry -can occur with inter-modal transportation where you might move goods from rails to trucks or from ships to trucks, etc.
Choke Points
-in military strategy, these are geographical features on land such as a valley, defile (narrow pass or gorge between mountains) or a bridge, or at sea such as a strait, which an armed force s forced to pass, sometimes on a substantially narrower front and therefore decreasing its combat power, to reach its objective -ex: Spartans used a choke point for the Persian army at the Battle of Thermopylae or the Strait of Hormuz, which is now used for oil shipments
Human Development Index (HDI)
-includes 4 dimensions: health, education, and living standards INDICATORS: -the health dimension concerns itself with the following indicators: life expectancy of a child at birth -the education dimension concerns itself with the following indicators: expected years of schooling and the mean years of schooling -the living standards dimension concerns itself with the following indicators: GNI per capita in dollars DIMENSION INDEX: -the indicators for the health dimension are measured by the life expectancy index -the indicators for the knowledge dimension are measured by the education index -the indicators for the living standards dimension are measured by the GNI index -the Human Development Index is a combination of the life expectancy index, the education index, and the GNI index
Dependency ratio
-number of people who are too old or too young to work, compared to the # of people in their reproductive years
Causes (push factors)
-jobs (main one) -famine or drought -slavery or forced labor -poor medical care -loss of wealth -natural disasters -lack of political or religious freedom -pollution -poor housing -landlord/tenant issues -bullying -discrimination -war/civil war
Causes (pull factors)
-jobs (the main one) -better living conditions -political and/or religious freedom -enjoyment -education -better medical care -attractive climates -security -family connections
Korean language family
-language family that uses sounds
Plantation Farming
-large commerical farm in a developing country that specializes in one or two crops (most businesses are owned by Europeans and North Americans) -cash crops such as cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, and tobacco are grown -mainly located in tropics and especially in Latin America, Africa, and Asia
Popular Culture
-large scale -this is found in large and heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
Commercial farming
-large scale production of crops for sale intended for widespread distribution -landowners are often large businesses -heavy use of tech -found in developed countries
Japanese language family
-largest language IN this family uses both logograms (symbols for words) and phonetics (sounds)
Altaic language family
-largest language in this family is Turkish
Austro-Asiatic language family
-largest language in this family is Vietnamese
Old quarters (pre-colonial city)
-laws explained how colonial cities would be constructed with a gridiron street plan centered around a church add central plaza -walls around houses and neighborhoods built around smaller, central plazas with churches or monestaries -narrow, winding streets; little open space; cramped residences
Democracy
-leaders are selected by the people -leaders keep as long as the people allow them to -leaders must share power -government has little control -everyone makes the laws -ex: Ancient Greece
Republic
-leaders are selected by the people -leaders keep power for a set amount of time -leaders must share power -the government has some control -elected officials make the laws -ex: U.S.
Monarchy
-leaders selected based on birth -leaders keep power for life -leaders don't share power -government has complete control (which in this case is the king/queen) -leaders make the laws -ex: Saudi Arabia
Boko Haram
-means "Western Education is Forbidden" -founded in 2002 in northeast Nigeria and they want to transform Nigeria into a Islamic state -several followers arrested in July, 2009 and their founder died -they use social media to promote their views -they use religion to justify their attacks like other groups and they aligned themselves with al-Qaeda then ISIS in 2014
Water physical boundaries
-most common are rivers, lakes, and oceans -most common in east Africa -these type of boundaries can change over time and end up causing conflict -ex: Rio Grande separates Texas and Mexico
Modification (Human Environment Interaction)
-most important aspect of human environment interaction -allowed humans to 'conquer' the world for their comfortable living -for example, humans built dams to water fields in the dry season, invented air coolers and air heaters to change the air temperature of their surroundings
Water
-most important environmental factor in early human settlement -people need this to live -they also use this bathe and wash things -river _______ helped irrigate fields -people travelled over this medium in the past to trade and to catch fish
Unitary States
-most power is in the hand of central governments -works best in nation-states (few differences inside and strong sense of national unity) -usually needs effective communication - small states -most common in Europe -ex: France
Rural to urban migration
-movement from country to cities -usually for jobs
Counter-urbanization migration
-movement from urban to rural -mostly occurs in western U.S.
Chain migration
-movement to a location that other family members moved to or where a connection exists -people migrate to areas where there is already an established contingent of similar people or ethnicities
Economy Pillar of Sustainability
-natural resources need monetary values to be exchanged in a market place -supply and demand dteremine the price of the resource, but the main deciding factor is the society's technological ability to obtain the resource and adapt it to that society's purposes. -We can't use many of earth's resources because we lack the means to extract them or the knowledge of how to use them
Romance group of the Indo-European family
-no divisions -includes Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Italian
Relic country boundary
-no longer a boundary -often the outcome of political changes -still a visible imprint on the landscape -ex: east and west Germany
Africa
-northwest coast -Nigeria is the largest country in __________ -most countries in _________ have a growing population
Forced migration
-not by choice -usually motivated by push factors -migration in which the individual or group migrating has no say about where they are going or when
2nd Agricultural Revolution
-occurred in 1700-1900 in developed countries -many developing countries are in this stage today -combine farming with machinery: increased productivity, farms begin to increase in size, and good increases dramatically, leading to population increases
Rank-size rule
-occurs in MDC's, where geographers observe that ranking settlements from largest to smallest (population wise) produces a regular pattern or hierarchy -it is basically where, in which the country's n'th largest settlement is 1/n of the population of the largest settlement -ex: largest city has pop. of 1000, then 5th largest city population is 200 (1/5 * 1000)
Demographic momentum
-occurs when, despite a decreasing fertility rate, a country with a young population continues to experience continued population growth -explains why the world population is still growing
Intensive form of farming
-often requires a lot of labor and capital (money required to purchase and maintain necessary machinery) -in theory, a farm using intensive agriculture will require less land than an extensive agriculture farm to produce a similar profit -ex: farm might require fertilizing, herbicides, and irrigation equipment to maintain the crops
Extensive form of farming
-often requires less "hands on" labor and less machinery and maintenance (capital) -usually leads to a lower production of food and so greater amount of land is needed
Priority legal U.S. immigrants
-people with family in the U.S. -workers in high demand areas -refugees from political, racial, or religious persecution -people from a diverse set of countries
Vegetation
-plant life such as tree, bushes, flowers, grass, and reeds -many aspects of physical geography affect this -a climate with mild weather and regular rain is good for plant life -areas around rivers and lake are usually green -mountains are sometimes covered with thick groves of trees -most importantly, plants are a source of food and can be also used for medicine
antecedent country boundary
-pre-existing boundary -created before people moved there and influenced the landscape -commonly corresponds to a physical feature such as rivers, lakes, bays, or mountains -ex: the U.S. and Canda's 49th parallel
Nation
-refers to a tightly knit group of people (usually having similarities of culture, language, religion, etc.) -people have a strong sense of unity -ex: Japan
Dialects
-regional variation of a language -includes three components: vocab, spelling, and pronounciation
environment pillar of sustainability
-renewable resources can be replaced if consumed at a less rapid rate and non-renewable ones can be conserved for the future if used less rapidly. -includes the aspects of conservation (the sustainable use and management of natural resources to meet human needs like food, etc.) and preservation (Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible.)
Ecotourism
-responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well being of the local people and involves the interpretation and education -education is meant to be inclusive of both staff and guests
Intraregional migration pattern of African Americans
-resulted in ghettos (small communities) -moved from ghettos to adjacent neighborhoods in 1950's and 1960's -ghettos expanded into citie because of white flight, where whites emigrated from an area due to anticipation of blacks immigrating in
Subsequent country boundary
-set after the settlements of different groups meet -often correspond to their respective ecumene (or the land that has been inhabited) -created after people have moved there and influenced the landscape -ex: Northern Ireland and Ireland
Fragmented state shape
-several discontinuous pieces of territory -can be separated by water or intervening state -advantages: variation of landscape, access to resources -disadvantages: difficult communication, no units, high cost -ex: Indonesia, Malaysia, etc.
Step migration
-shorter migration to final destination -common is less developed countries -happens when people move in several steps before reaching their final destination
Forced migration pattern of African Americans
-slavery -first slaves arrived at Jamestown, Virginia -400,000 slaves shipped to 13 colonies in 18th century -In 1808, U.S. banned slavery but 250,000 were brought in illegally over next 50 years -widespread during the age of the Roman Empire which would later result in Triangular trade
Market Gardening
-small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops, often sold directly to consumers and restaurants (sometimes if this occurs on a larger scale, it is called "truck farming") -many different crops and varieties are grown -manual labor and gardening techniques are used
Stimulus diffusion
-spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse -ex: McDonald's (different menus in different countries depending on their diet; adaptation)
Diffusion of popular culture
-spreads through a process of hierarchical diffusion, diffusing rapidly and extensively from hearths with help of modern communications
Green Revolution
-started by Dr. Norman Borlaug -begins in early 1960's -introduction of higher yield seeds (mixing of science and genetics) -expansion use of fertilizers -caused agriculture at a global scale to increase farther than population growth (Malthus had said there will be a point of crisis when population, which grows exponentially, will exceed the amount of resources, which grows linearly, but this event proved that theory wrong)
Perforated state shape
-state that completely surrounds another one -advantages: can control smaller state (if good relations) -disadvantages: there can be hostility among fragments -ex: South Africa, Italy (since it surrounds Vatican City), etc.
Sovereignty
-supreme power or authority -ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs but other states
Domain of a cultural region
-surrounds the core -traits are not as strongly expressed as the core
sphere of a cultural region
-surrounds the domain -traits are not as strongly expressed as the domain
Infant mortality rate
-the annual number of infant deaths under 1-year-old, per 1000 births -is compared to total live births -Afghanistan has highest at 112.8
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
-the average # if children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years -results in low and high crude birth rate -used to gauge family sizes -high is low developed countries -low is more developed countries
Ethnocentrism
-the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture -ex: basically British people and their views from 1900's and before
Animism
-the belief that all things, including non-human entities are alive, or posses a soul -energy and life is contained in things aside from physical objects as well as in phenomena such as wind, rain, fire, and storms -no strict rules -treat all things with equal respect -unknown hearth -the founder is Sir Edward Brunett Tylor -spread through relocation diffusion -4% of the world supports it
cultural relativism
-the concept that the importance of a particular cultural idea varies from one society or societal subgroup to another -the view that ethical and moral standards are relative to what a particular society or culture believes to be good/bad and right/wrong -ex: marrying only one person
locational dispute
-the definition (legal document or treaty draws up to specify actual points in the landscape) of the border isn't questioned, but the interpretation of the border is -most often the border has shifted, which causes conflict -ex: Mississippi River and some parts of the Mississippi River are now in Louisiana instead of the surrounding states
Compact state shape
-the distance from the center to any boundary doesn't vary significantly -advantages: efficient, good communication to all regions -disadvantages: usually small states, not many natural resources -ex: Poland, France, Zimbabwe, etc.
Examples of contagious diffusion
-the early spread of Islam that radiated out from Mecca at a continuous rate -early Buddhism also spread by contagious diffusion as it started as a spin off of Hinduism in India and spread along the Silk Road to China and other places
Brain drain
-the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country to another country for a better life
Official language
-the language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents -ex: English in the U.S.
Branch of a language tree
-the language branch that is connected with a common ancestor language (more recent than language family) -it is basically a group of many languages, all which came from the same original language long ago but have since evolved differently
Trunk of a language tree
-the language family -it is a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history
Group of leaves of a language tree
-the language group -it is a group of languages from the same branch that share a recent ancestor (very little grammar and vocabulary differences)
Local scale
-the level of geography that describes the space where an individual lives or works; a city, town, or rural area -A spatial scale that is essentially equivalent to a community.
Situation
-the location of a place relative to other places, and helps indicate a certain location -example: a house down the street from a movie theater
McGee Southeast Asian City Model
-the main comparison is that the cities have a port zone near bodies of water -created by T.G. McGee in 1967 -there is no actual CBD but instead it is dispersed throughout the city -there is a very large middle-class population in the alien commercial zones -the higher-class citizens live on the right edge of the city by the government zone and away from any industrial areas or commercial areas -there is a specific zone for slums and new suburbs right above the middle-class area, the suburbs and squatter areas are right next to each other -the different zones represent the dispersed CBD: western commercial, alien commercial, mixed land-use, and government -alien commercial areas are home to Asian merchants -newer industrial parts are located on the outskirts of the city -examples of cities that follow this model are Hong Kong, China; Manila, Philippines; Jakarta, Indonesia; Beijing, China
Griffin-Ford Latin American City Model
-the main comparison is that the spine extends from the CBD surrounded by high-class residents and connects to the mall -created by: Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford in the 1980's -"Periferico" zones are slums, squatter settlements, or shantytowns that contain lower-class people -it is the opposite of North American models; the further the people are away fro the CBD, the poorer the people -the model show where the rich and poor are located in relation to the spine -there's a high-class difference -the gentrification zone is where the preserved historical buildings are located -ex of cities that follow this model: Buenos Aires, Argentina; Bogota, Colombia; Santiago, Chile; Caracas, Venezuela; Havana, Cuba; Mexico City, Mexico
Uralic language family
-this language family includes the languages spoken in European countries that don't speak languages from the Indo-European languages -these countries are Estonia, Finland, and Hungary
De Blij Sub-Saharan Africa City Model
-the main comparison is that there are 3 CBD's: Colonial, Market, and Traditional -the colonial CBD has aspects of European cities, because it is from when the city was colonized -the traditional CBD is where vertical integration occurs -the market is basically an open-air market -the CBDs are surrounded by ethnic neighborhoods that represent the different types of ethnic groups of that region before it became urbanized -outside of the neighborhoods are the industrial zones -the poverty is spread throughout the city, meaning that there isn't much of a class difference at all -the informal satellite townships are the slums/squatter settlements of the African cities -examples of cities that follow this model are:Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Rural Flight
-the migratory pattern of people from rural areas into urban areas -it is urbanization seen from the rural perspective
Devolution
-the movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state or breakup of a large state (Balkanization) into several independent ones
Dependency Theory
-the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former -it is a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones -it states that underdevelopment in Latin America and in parts of Africa and Asia has been created because of colonist exploitation (so due to imperialism and colonialism)
Sex ratio
-the number of males for every 100 females in a population -developed countries usually have more females -Asian countries have more men than women
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
-the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate -high is low developed countries -low in more developed countries -(CBR-CDR)/10
Site
-the physical characteristic of a place that describes a location -some of these characteristics include climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and longitude
Imperialism
-the practice of taking control of an area that is already politically organized and OCCUPIED by and indigenous society -ex: European Imperialism of Africa and Asia
Urban hierarchy
-the rank order of cities based on the population in the nationally defined statistical urban area -can be represented at national and global scales -basically, some cities will grow large, there is no perfect sized city, and cities are part of inter-connected network influencing growth
Contagious diffusion
-the rapid and widespread diffusion of a characteristic and can spread randomly -spreads by contact from person to person -ex: trends like fidget spinners, dabbing, Tik Tok, etc.
Cultural ecology
-the relationship between a cultural group and the space it occupies (how does where people live, affect them?) -a geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships -basically, the physical environment caused social development
Mono-cropping
-the reliance on a single plant species as a food source. -it leads to decreased dietary diversity and carries the risk of malnutrition compared to a more diverse diet
Topography
-the second environmental factor -refers to the shape and elevation of the land -includes features like mountains, hills, plains, valleys, and deserts -__________ of a land was important for human settlement -large flat spaces gave farmers to grow crops -the rich soil in coastal plains and river valleys was excellent for growing crops -mountains were too steep to travel across -deserts were too hot and dry and had sandstorms
Grain
-the seed from cereal grass -there are three leading grains: wheat, rice, and maize/corn -these three together account for nearly 90% of all grain production and more than 40% of all dietary energy consumed worldwide
White flight/white exodus
-the sudden or gradual large-scale migration of white people from areas becoming more racially or ethnoculturally diverse -occurred between 1950s and 1960s -large-scale migration from racially mixed urban regions to move racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions
Clustering
-the tendency to remember similar or related items in groups -examples: a local excess disease rate, a crime hot spot, areas of high unemployment, etc. -Clustered concentration is when objects in an area are close together
Syncretism
-the union (or attempted fusion) of different systems of thought or belief (especially in religion or philosophy) -ex: Manichaeism (Combo of Christianity, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism
Dialect
-the usage or vocab that is characteristic of a specific group of people -ex: how people talk in Southern U.S.
Rostow's Model of Development
-there are 5 total stages -stage 1: traditional society (includes the primary sector and its activities/characteristics like subsistence agriculture, limited tech, and low productivity) -stage 2: transitional stage (there's political+economic changes, states start to dominate, and there's essential economic growth) -stage 3: the country "takes off" and starts to develop (there's sustained growth, there's mechanized agriculture, and resource exploitation begins) -stage 4: country starts becoming mature, which is known as the "drive to maturity" (industrial specialization, global trade, economic diversification, tech drives economic activity, and there's self sufficiency) -stage 5: high mass consumption (age of consumer goods and conspicuous (clear/visible) consumption of products, where consumer goods compete with industrial goods and the services sector leads the economy) -new stage 6 that has been added: beyond consumption (the age of durable consumer goods, where we use fancier, stronger, better-looking products)
Mountain physical boundaries
-they are difficult to cross (contact often was limited) -useful because they are permanent and usually sparsely inhabited -ex: Andes mountains along Chile in South America or the Himalayas
Afro-Asiatic language family
-this language family includes Arabic (spread through Islam) and Hebrew
Sikhism
-to convert, you must chant, meditate on the on the creator - Waheguroo, try to learn, and read+understand Gurbani -it had broken off from Hinduism -live in harmony with earth and all of god's creations -worship in temples -religious symbol is the Khanda -hearth is India -key figures are Gurus
Agricultural density
-total # of farmers divided by total arable land -
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
-total # of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society -shows trends as a whole instead by age -high is more developed countries (LDC) and low in more developed countries (MDC) -results in fast or slow RNI
Physiological density
-total # of people divided by total arable land -takes into account the some land might not be hospitable -ex: U.S. has a _____________ of 186 people while Egypt has one of 2,633
Arithmetic Density
-total # of people divided by total land area -doesn't take into account the different land types in an area -some land my not be usable/arable (ex: Australia has an _____________ of people per sq. km, while Japan has an ____________ of 340 people per sq. km.
Population density
-total # of people divided by total land area -it is the pressure a population asserts on the land
Origins of popular culture
-traced to specific person/corporation in a particular place -a product of developed countries, especially North America and Europe
Traditional Architecture
-traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places -based on what materials are available in the surrounding environment
Traditional religions
-traditional customs, beliefs, or methods are ones that have existed for a long time without changing -ex: observing Christmas in Christianity
3 components of culture
-traits that a group possesses and leaves behind for the future -includes language and religion -ethnicity and political institutions
Diffusion of folk culture
-transmitted relatively slowly and on a small scale through migration
Balkan Peninsula
-triangular arm of land that juts from southeastern Europe into the Mediterranean -includes: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, and European Turkey
Operational dispute
-two countries next to each other disagree on a major issue involving the border -ex: U.S. and Mexico disagreeing on the issue of illegal immigration (they agree on where the border is but cannot agree on how to handle border crossing)
Bulk reducing at the source
-used to minimize cost of transportation to meet the requirement in the Least Cost Theory -it is the tendency for industry to located near its source of raw materials in order to save on transport costs -usually occurs when raw materials lose weight in the production process (ex: paper, steel, etc.)
Bulk gaining at the market
-used to minimize cost of transportation to meet the requirement in the Least Cost Theory -it is the tendency for industry to located near population centers in order to save on transport costs -occurs when products is more costly to transport than raw materials (ex: glass, beverages)
Crop Rotation Farming
-usually exists with mixed crop and livestock farming -farm is divided into a number of fields, and each field is planted on planned cycles (usually over several years) -crops planted are changed from each year to the next -this type of farming makes the field more productive because various crops deplete the soil of certain nutrients but restore others
Allocation dispute
-usually involves a natural resource and who has the rights to the resources -most often a resource found in open ocean or underground (ex: Utah and Nevada and their conflict over an underground aquifer, which holds a lot of ground water)
Ethnic cultural boundaries
-usually separates different languages or religions -ex of language splitting up countries: England, France, and Spain -ex of religion splitting up countries: Northern Ireland, India and Pakistan
European district (colonial addition to pre-colonial cities)
-was the location for colonial services such as administration, military command, international trade, and housing from European colonists -wider streets, public squares -larger houses were surrounded by gardens -low population density
Inclusionary Zoning
-zoning regulations that create incentives or requirements for affordable housing development -results in affordable housing for low to moderate incomes
population pyrmaid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
Language families
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.
MDC (more developed country)
A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.
genetically modified organism (GMO)
A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.
Break of bulk point
A location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. In a port, the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains, trucks, or perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution.
Map
A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it.
-the more perishable the crop is, the closer you want it to the center since it could get destroyed while you transport it -the less perishable the crop, is the farther you can have it from the center since it has a lower likelihood of getting destroyed
According to the Von Thunen Model, what is the relationship between how perishable a crop is and how far you can plant it from the center/market/city? Why?
-the farther you get from the center, the cheaper the land becomes -the closer you get to the center, the more expensive the land becomes
According to the Von Thunen Model, what is the relationship between price of land and how far it is from the center/market/city?
in series of concentric rings (that get larger in size and width) from the central area (CBD)
According to the concentric zone model, how does a city grow?
in a wedge pattern/shape from the center of the city
According to the sector model, as a city grows, in what pattern do activities expand? Where do they expand from?
extensive agriculture
Are shifting cultivation and nomadic herding/pastoral nomadism, examples of intensive or extensive agriculture?
there are more women in the workforce, but men get higher wages and better job opportunities, so this creates gender inequality
Are there more men or women in workforce? Who gets higher wages and more job opporutnities?
farmland
As suburbanization increases, what type of land decreases?
social and economic challenges: issues related to housing and housing discrimination such as redlining, blockbusting, and affordability; access to services; rising crime; environmental injustice; and the growth of disamenity zones or zones of abandonment
As urban populations move within a city, what challenges result?
terrain, space to farm, LDC's vs MDC's, etc.
Aside from climate, what other factors explain agricultural difference in areas of similar climates?
slowly and through the process of migration
At what rate does folk material culture diffuse?
rapidly and its access is determined by having sufficient income to embrace it
At what rate does popular material culture diffuse?
through relocation diffusion (conquest)
By which diffusion, do most languages and religions spread?
Yes, for example, the central areas of New Tork and Tokyo have been expanded through centuries of landfilling in nearby bodies of water, and modern day Central Boston is also twice the size of Colonial Boston due to bays, coves, and marshes that were filled in
Can humans modify the charactersitics of a site? If so, give two examples.
yessir
Can population distribution (where and how people are distributed) change based on how detailed our scale is?
yes, such as global, national, local, etc.
Can the analysis of different regions be analyzed at different scales? What are some examples?
yes
Can the core-periphery model from Wallerstein's World System Theory be applied to different scales?
Yes, of course.
Can two spaces have the same density, but different distributions?
Mixed crop and livestock farming
Commericial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed by humans.
self-determination
Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
Balance of Power
Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.
Allocational Boundary Dispute
Conflict over resources that may not be divided by the border, such as natural gas reserves beneath the soil.
Operational/Functional Boundary Dispute
Conflict over the way a boundary should operate or function, such as the conflict over allowing migration across the border
Example of a mash up map
Creating a ___________ map with a Google Maps and a map of all the schools in the city
Symbol of Islam
Crescent moon and star
Culture system
Cultural complexes have traits in common such as ethnicity, language, religion and others
urbanization and globalization
Cultural ideas and practices are socially constructed and change through both small-scale and large-scale processes such as what?
cultural/human and environmental resources
Cultural landscapes are combinations of what?
-in 1952, the government established clinics, provided info about alternative methods of birth control, distributed free or low cost birth control devices, and legalized abortions -in 1970's, camps were set up to perform sterilizations -in the past decades, there have been government sponsored family planning programs that emphasize education with ads on national radio, tv, and info distributed through local health centers
Describe India's population policies?
-diseases spread through process of relocation diffusion and as people carry them with them and are exposed to the diseases of others -examples of diseases due to this are AIDS and Ebola
Describe connections and the role they play in the creation of a stage 5 in the epidemiological transition
-diseases more prevalent in poor areas due to instantiation and most people can't afford drugs needed for treatment -ex of disease due to this is tuberculosis
Describe poverty and the role it plays in the creation of a stage 5 in the epidemiological transition
-very high CBR -very high CDR -very low NIR -people depend on hunting and gathering -population increasing=food easily obtainable -population decreasing=no food available -no countries are currently in this stage -most of human history was spent here -marked by common disease, famine, and poor medical tech, resulting in high death rates -also marked by AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION, where people learned how to plant seeds and domesticate animals -people have little education -pre-industrial times -children were not expected to live, hence high births -children would work on farms
Describe stage 1 of the demographic transition
Pestilence and Farming: -infectious and parasitic diseases are the cause of death along with accidents and attacks by animals and other humans -Thomas Malthus called these cause 'natural checks'
Describe stage 1 of the epidemiologic transition.
-high CBR -rapidly declining CDR -very high NIR (highest of all stages) -caused in Europe and North America by the Industrial Revolution in 1750 -caused in Africa, Asia, and Latin America by the Medical Revolution in 1950 -Afghanistan, Nigeria, and much of Sub-Saharan Africa would fall into this stage -has highest number of LDC's
Describe stage 2 of the demographic transition
Receding Pandemics: -improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine
Describe stage 2 of the epidemiological transition
-rapidly declining CBR -moderately declining DCR -moderate NIR -population still growing -less children -more people live in cities -not as many farmers -urban homes are small -a country progresses to the point where the country's population starts to decline -Chile, Mexico, and Brazil fall into this stage -will mark early increases in women's education, women's rights, and more available access to contraceptives -women delay having families in order to have a career -most of Latin America falls into this stage -children are expected to live to adulthood -children go to school than work -women receive more education and participate in the workforce -women get married later and have children later
Describe stage 3 of the demographic transition model
Degenerative Diseases: -decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and increase in chronic disorders associated with aging
Describe stage 3 of the epidemiological transition
-very low CBR -low or slightly increasing CDR -zero or negative NIR -zero population growth -women usually have forced labor -population higher than stage 1 -is caused by 2 breaks - a sudden drop in CDR due to new tech a sudden drop in CBR due to change in social customs -includes Denmark, England, and the U.S. -tfr of 2.1 or lower -has highest # of MDC's -has longest life expectancies -marked by increasing # of elderly retirees -increased tech -less children needed -women choose to have less children
Describe stage 4 of the demographic transition
Delayed Degenerative Diseases: -there are still the 2 main degenerative diseases present, but through medicine, cancers spread more slowly or are removed altogether -Bypasses are operations that repair deficiencies in the cardiovascular system along with improved health and behavior changes such as better diet, reduced use of tobacco, alcohol, and exercise -obesity caused by the consumption of unhealthy foods and living an unhealthy life
Describe stage 4 of the epidemiological transition
-put resources into family planning programs reduces CBR much more rapidly -_____________________ are the BEST method for lowering CBR -developing countries have a higher demand for ________________ than what is available -most effective way to increase supply is to distribute more of them cheaply and quickly
Describe the "lowering through contraception" method for reducing birth rates
-women stay in school longer and learn employment skills and gain more economic control over their lives -better education=women selecting more effective methods of contraception, better understand reproductive rights, and make more informed reproductive choices -improved health care programs=improved prenatal care, counseling about STD's, and child immunization -survival of more infants=effective use of contraceptives which limits the # of children
Describe the "lowering through education and health care" method for reducing birth rates
-wealthiest section -strong governments -able to manage both inside and outside their country -strong tax base -highly industrialized -large post-industrial economies -creating the new teach -large middle class -influences noncore states -relatively independent of outside control -ex: U.S., western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, etc.
Describe the Core section from Wallerstein's World System Model
-mostly primary economies -weak governments -little tax base and infrastructure -tend to depend on only one type of industry -least industrialized -are often targets of transnational corporations for their cheap unskilled labor -large populations with high percentages of the poor and uneducated -high income gaps (very wealthy, very poor) -tend to be influenced by core states or transnational corporations
Describe the Periphery section of Wallerstein's World System Model
import them from LDC's
Do MDC's import of export raw materials to/from the primary sector in LDC's?
short
Do areas of young population usually have long or short life expectancies?
high, since people here are dying at faster rates, preventing the population from aging
Do areas with young populations have a high or low CDR, and why?
-midway between core and periphery -countries here are moving towards industrialization and more diversified economies -relatively developed and diversified economies, but are not dominant in international trade -while sometimes influenced by some core states, they also exert their own control over some peripheries -can come into existence, both, from developing peripheries and from declining cores -ex: Russia, China, India, Brazil, South Africa, etc.
Describe the Semi-Peripheral section of Wallerstein's World System Model
-1950: large young population, small old population, and population increasing -2050: the complete opposite of 1950 population pyramid
Describe the difference in Japan's population pyramid in 1950 and 2050 (projected)?
-diffused rapidly from Harvard -after 5 years of it being released, the U.S. had 34% of users worldwide (the U.S. at 55 million users), while the U.K. at 18 million -The U.S. had 152 million in 2014, but since it diffused to other countries, the U.S. only has 10% of users worldwide in 2014 -not used in Russia and China
Describe the diffusion of Facebook
-in 2014, U.S. had 1/3 of all these messages and another 1/3 were from India, Japan, Germany, U.K., Brazil, and Canada -India is the second leading country for this platform -8 of 10 types of these messages with the largest # of followers were American
Describe the diffusion of Twitter
-diseases evolve and become resistant to drugs and insecticides -antibiotics and genetic engineering create new strains of viruses and bacteria -ex: malaria was nearly wiped out in the mid-20th century by spraying DDT in areas infested with mosquitoes that carried the parasite, and mosquitoes later became resistant to DDT
Describe the evolution of diseases that may create a stage 5 in the epidemiological transition
-population grows geometrically and food supply grows arithmetically -difference in growth rates of population and food supply will one day lead to a food shortage -expected population to quadruple during a half century
Describe the theory of Thomas Malthus
-billions of people will end up being in a desperate search for food, water, and energy -resource supply is FIXED -most growth is occurring in poorer countries today -
Describe the theory of the Neo-Malthusians
-resource supply is expanding overall -more consumers=more demand for goods=more jobs=more people=more brains to invent good ideas for improving life
Describe the views of the critics of Thomas Malthus
decreased (due to tech like Google Translate)
Did technology increase or decrease English's influence?
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
Random dispersion pattern
Dispersion pattern where individuals are spaced in a patternless, unpredictable way.
Longitude
Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees
No, they don't care and a large # identify themselves are moreno (brunette or olive) or moreno claro (light brown), both which weren't in the census
Do Brazilians care for races? When asked open-ended questions about their race, what were the most significant responses?
export them to MDC's
Do LDC's import or export raw materials to/from the secondary sector in MDC's?
LDC's
Do LDC's or MDC's do more of the work from the primary sector (extracting raw materials)?
stable, since the people here tend to live in cities, where urbanization has already occurred and there's a substantial amount of crowding
Do stable or unstable countries, tend to have high population densities? Why?
unstable, since the people here still live in far out rural areas where urbanization has not yet occurred
Do stable or unstable countries, tend to have low population densities? Why?
MDC's
Do the LDC's or MDC's do more of the work from the secondary sector (manufacturing)?
centralized government
Do unitary states have local or centralized governments?
through expansion diffusion
Do universalizing religions spread through expansion or hierarchical diffusion?
no, they also have negative ones
Do urban renewal and gentrification only have positive consequences?
no
Does commodity dependence (an economy that relies on the export of primary commodities (raw materials, basic materials like agricultural tools, minerals, etc.) for a large share of its export earnings and hence economic growth) promote industrial development?
-no, since an agriculture might require more land (and usually more machinery is needed to this, but it does not ALWAYS mean that the agriculture is commerical, but most of the time it does) -for example, mixed crop and livestock farming and market gardening are commerical agriculture, but don't require very large areas of land (it is helpful to think about where agriculture types are in the von thunen model, since mixed crop and livestock and market gardening tend to be in the first ring of the model, right outside the market, they are intensive (since the first ring outside the market tends to have INTENSIVE agricultural practices))
Does extensive agriculture indicate that the agriculture is automatically commerical? Why?
yes, since agriculture is dominantly male there
Does gender division also exist in developed countries? How?
Lower
Does greater % of farmland equal a lower of higher physiological density?
intensive farming has a high yield but extensive farming has a low yield
Does intensive farming have a higher or lower yield (crop output per area of land)? What about extensive farming?
higher
Does lower % of farmland equal a lower of higher physiological density?
multiple
Does the multiple-nuclei model include a single or multiple center(s)?
after it
Does urban sprawl occur before or after urbanization?
-labeling would unnecessarily spook consumers because labeling is usually done for health and safety, and not for seeds -mandatory labeling would severely disrupt U.S. agriculture because GMO products are already widespread in the food system -the private sector is increasingly labeling GMO-free products, so requiring GMO labeling is unnecessary
Explain why GMO's should not be labeled
ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of poverty, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance
For goal 1 (end poverty in all its forms everywhere) from the U.N.'s sustainable development goals, what do they want to achieve by 2030?
provide access to safe, affordable, accessible, and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, people with disabilities, and older people
For goal 11 (create sustainable, safe, and resilient cities and communities) from the U.N.'s sustainable development goals, what do they want to achieve by 2030?
-they want to achieve sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources -basically, they are keeping track of the material footprint (the attribution of global material extraction to domestic final demand of a country), material footprint per capita, and the material footprint per GDP, domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP
For goal 12 (responsible consumption and production) from the U.N.'s sustainable development goals, what do they want to achieve by 2030?
trengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related hazards and natural disasters in all countries
For goal 13 (climate action (take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts)) from the U.N.'s sustainable development goals, what do they want to achieve by 2030?
-they want to substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination -basically, they are keeping track of the mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution and the mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation, and lack of hygiene services
For goal 3 (good health and well being) of the U.N's sustainable development goals, what do they want to achieve by 2030?
crossing the Appalchians
From 1800-1840, where were most of the people going in the U.S.?
jewelry stores (rich people)
From the following services, which only applies to CERTAIN/SPECIFIC people: -jewelry store -convenience store -sports games -restaurants/fast food restaurants
frontiers separated them rather than boundaries
Historically, what separated states from each other?
expanding the amount of land devoted to agriculture
Historically, world food production has primarily increased due to what?
they help us see what influences this symbolism and the impacts they have
How are language, religion, ethnicity and gender essential to understanding landscapes symbolic of cultural identity (signs, architecture, sacred sites)?
private individuals must pay more than half the cost of health care
How are public health services like in LDC's?
they're divided geometrically, following meridians that converge on the south pole
How are the claims over the south pole region divided?
-ethnically indistinguishable from Romania -Soviets increased its size by 10% when they transferred 3000 km^2 over from Ukraine to it
How are the ethnicities like in Moldova and how is it related to the USSR?
degenerative diseases mainly in more developed countries, while infectious diseases mainly in less developed countries
How are the global distributions of degenerative diseases and infectious diseases different?
exceeds less than 5% of total government expenditures in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
How are the health care expenditures in LDC's?
-exceed 15% of total government expenditures -government pays 70% of more of health care costs in Europe
How are the health care expenditures in MDC's?
-for MDC's, it is more about the affordability -In LDCs's, it is about the affordability, spacing, getting access to services, etc.
How are the housing challenges for urban parts of MDC's different than those for urban parts of LDC's?
have more than 50 hospital beds per 10,000 people
How are the medical facilities like in Europe?
have less than 20 beds per 10,000 people
How are the medical facilities like in Sub-Saharan Africa, South, and Southwest Asia?
since a break of bulk point is where goods are transported from some types of carriers (like ships) and shipped to different places (through different carriers), the surrounding area near the point can be built up so that the place actually becomes a hub for manufacturing
How can a break-of-bulk point develop into a core area for manufacturing?
as the city starts to gain a lot of information and human services, the city will start becoming much more advanced and start playing a big role in the world since they have things like research, business, etc. going on
How can a city become a global city when it moves into quaternary and quinary sectors?
they can be redeveloped through taxation and this helps create jobs once they are redeveloped, and they can also expand the tax base and revitalize the economy of local communities
How can brownfields be redeveloped, and what is the benefit in doing so?
the variety of cultures each want their own voice in how the government rules, and due to different opinions, this can cause conflict
How can cultural diversity contribute to devolutionary pressures within a country?
-if a gender is not getting the same opportunities as the other gender, then this can result in wasted talents, etc. -there is also overall less contributions made to the economy and this can have negative consequences on a country, since they could fall behind socially, economically, etc.
How can gender inequality affect development?
when there's no development, the economy doesn't get better and this results in the lack of investment into education, healthcare, and infrastructure
How can lack of development lead to a failed state?
it can help women start their own businesses and become financially secure and support their family's income more, which can result in them starting to get closer and closer to the wages that men make and the contributions that men make to their families
How can microcredit/microloans assist many women with achieving gender equality in developing countries?
-providing women small interest loans allow them to develop more cottage industries and it allows them to raise their family's income -there's also more security in the family, then in the communities, and then the country as a whole
How can microlending benefit women in developing countries?
after the soviet union split up, the countries that it owned became their own states and this resulted in the creation of new international boundaries
How can nationalism create an international boundary? What is an example of this?
one region might have more natural resources and materials to produce goods than other regions and this could result in conflict
How can physical geography and territorial size contribute to devolutionary pressures within a country?
the unequal distribution of wealth between different regions can cause conflict since one region might be a whole richer than the other regions and might be sucking wealth out of the other regions
How can regional economic differences contribute to devolutionary pressures within a country?
-the U.N. can help countries come together and allow them to make a change by collaborating with each other (and this can allow many countries around the world and not just one, to create urban sustainability in their country) -an example of this is Paris Climate Agreement
How can supranational organizations like the U.N. support urban sustainability
-supranational organizations like the E.U., have instilled a common currency among its members has allowed for them to be able to uplift its members -another example is in OPEC, where they carefully control oil prices so that each country has an equal opportunity
How can supranational organizations promote economic development?
there will be a lot of immigration and the population of the place with the secondary economic sector will increase since more people are needed for labor in manufacturing
How can the population of a place change as society increases their secondary economic sector (where manufacturing occurs)?
it can help prevent food deserts and create more access to fresh fruits and vegetables
How can urban gardening and farmer's markets positively influence the health of local residents and the economy of the area?
-homes may be gentrified, restaurants, and much of the city may be remodeled and this can result in things like churches having to be displaced, etc. -also, homes can also hold cultural value to some people especially if that home is passed down from generations, so this can also affect cultural life if the homes were to be gentrified
How can urban renewal and gentrification influence the cultural landscape of a community?
-both of these cost money, since using machines, fertilizers, pesticides is costly and this results in a wider gap between the rich and the poor -in the second agricultural revolution, there is more simple machine based work, while in the green revolution, it is more science based, with the use of genetically modified organisms and pesticides and fertilizer
How can you compare the second agricultural revolution to the green revolution?
-a lot of movement to feed animals -transhumance: seasonal migration of livestock
How can you describe pastoral nomadism/nomadic herding?
-located in low population locations so the business must bring workers and provide them with food, housing, and social services (such as doctors) -most food is processes on-site (less perishable)
How can you describe plantation farming?
-requires a lot of land -1/4 of the world's land is used for this but less than 5% of the world's population use this type of farming
How can you describe shifting cultivation?
-they could control economic growth through trade restrictions and agreements between states -countries also have to agree politically to make decisions
How could supranational organizations potentially challenge state sovereignty by limiting the economic or political actions of member states?
through forced international migration from Africa to the southern states in the U.S. due to slavery
How did Africans reach the U.S.?
through international migration
How did Hispanics and Asians reach the U.S.?
required that each religion be represented in the Chamber of Deputies according to its percentage in the 1932 census
How did Lebanon's 1943 constitution seek to solve the religion problem?
-both established military bases in areas near conflict, and naval fleets patrolled major bodies of water -USSR prevented allies from becoming too independent when they sent armies into Hungary and Czechoslovakia to install more sympathetic governments -U.S. sent troops to Dominican Republic, Grenada, and Panama to ensure that they'd remain allies
How did both superpowers use military force to prevent an ally from becoming too independent in the Cold War?
they created syncretism among culture and caused acculturation and assimilation
How did colonialism, imperialism, and trade help shape patterns and practices of culture?
through hunting and the gathering of plants
How did humans obtain their food before the invention of farming?
since from the ethnic cleansing, millions of people were rounded up and killed/forced to migrate because they constituted ethnic minorities and people of those areas wanted ethnic homogeneity
How did peace come to the Balkan Peninsula?
through the spread of Islam
How did the Arabic language spread?
by launching an air attack against Serbia, and eventually, Serbia agreed to withdraw all its soldiers and police from Kosovo
How did the U.N. and U.S. respond to the Serbian ethnic cleansing of the Albanians living in Kosovo?
-there's more machinery and hence, there's less labor and this allows for more rural to urban migration and this can cause industrialization -hence, more jobs are created and cities develop
How did the second agriculture revolution led to changes in society?
they develop through the process of chain migration
How do cultural enclaves develop in edge cities and suburbs?
we see these concepts influencing the world today in the middle east (terrorists believe islam is the greatest religion and they also have different standards there)
How do cultural relativism and ethnocentrism influence the world today?
If 2 features have very similar distributions of a certain factor like income, crime, life expectancy at birth, etc.
How do geographers conclude that 2 or more phenomena are spatially associated, that is they bear some sort of cause and effect relationship?
They get to see how the population is looking and what they need to do to fix it
How do governments and national organizations benefit from reviewing population pyramids?
-the interactions can cause cultural traits to be combined and modified to produce new traits that constitute a new culture -ex: one view of Sikhism includes a combo of Hinduism and Islam
How do interactions between and among cultural traits and larger global forces lead to new forms of cultural expression? What are some examples?
they diffuse through trade business, and interactions among people because of empires conquering other countries (hierarchical)/people enforcing them or people travelling to other places and sharing their ideas
How do language families, languages, dialects, world religions, ethnic cultures, and gender roles diffuse from cultural hearths? Why?
by promoting symbols of the country, such as flags and songs
How do nations and state foster nationalism?
they create general boundaries (isoglosses) over the entire planet as far as who falls into what group
How do regional patterns of language, religion, ethnicity, and gender contribute to a sense of place, enhance place-making , and shape the global cultural landscape?
71/NIR
How do you calculate doubling time?
(CBR-CDR)/10
How do you calculate the natural increase rate?
It distorts shapes
How does Peter's projection distort?
Distorts every area
How does Robinson's projection distort?
-toponyms (names of places) change -morals change -ex: when British took over India and the changes the made
How does a cultural landscape of a city change when it experiences chain migration from another culture, that is different from the original culture? What is an example of this?
-releases greenhouses gases into the atmosphere -non-agricultural land such as forests might be turned into agricultural land through slash and burn, and this can result in deforestation which can cause lower levels of oxygen and higher levels of carbon dioxide (since trees take in CO2)
How does agriculture affect climate?
it mainly determines where a certain crop can be grown, depending on the needs of that crop
How does climate affect agriculture?
the culture's set of beliefs determines those things
How does culture affect things like food preference, architecture, land use, art, language, and religion?
a few things result when you are dependent on agriculture such as: -you get too dependent on manual labor -there's a need for more kids to help with farming -if you get too dependent on a cash crop, and if you are selling that to core countries, and if that crop's yield fails in a certain year, then your economy experiences a major downfall. It also shows that you are solely reliant on a different country to support your own economy. -basically, all of this can be tied into the idea of commodity dependence, where there really is no industrial development
How does dependence on an agricultural commodity prevents further development?
-it allows them to become more educated and put them in higher places of work where they can support themselves and their families -it also reduces gender inequality and gives them the same opportunity than men get
How does empowering women impact food security?
they reflect the importance or respect given to a certain gender/ethnicity or they could even represent the cultural diversity or the dominance of a particular gender/diversity
How does ethnicity and gender reflect cultural attitudes that shape the use of space (ex: women in the workforce, ethnic neighborhoods)?
as places globalized, many of the traditionally cultural practice might not be possible (if there isn't space for a temple of worship, etc.) and the food preferences of a person can also change since new foods from all around the world might be introduced
How does globalization change traditional cultures?
-micro-loans are given to women in poorer countries to create their own businesses like cottage industries -they start earning more and hence are able to support their families more financially -this increases development in her family and improves her family's quality of life (providing for better housing, healthcare, education, food, etc.)
How does increasing micro-loans change development at the local scale?
-its going to cause only the products that have been demanded by other countries to be produced in a large supply -this leaves other types of products behind -a supply line of certain products is created that there is a want for by other countries -this also puts more pressure on these products when they're being grown, like plants, fruits, etc. -basically interdependence causes agricultural production to be run by consumer demand
How does interdependence between countries impact agricultural production and consumption?
ex of this: a lawyer may wear a suit and factory worker might wear jeans and work clothes
How does popular culture clothing reflect occupation?
housing developments are built for people who seek larger homes and lots because prices are lower than they would find in cities
How does sprawl affect people and the developing world?
Distorts water pathways
How does the Goode-Homolosine projection distort?
Distorts size, especially at poles
How does the Mercator projection distort?
a person who has migrated (or whose ancestors have migrated) to the U.S. from a Spanish speaking country in Latin America
How does the U.S. Census Bureau consider "Hispanic/Latino"?
-in the center is the city -then there's the first ring, then the second, then the third, and then the fourth (each ring gets farther and farther from the center and gets larger)
How does the Von Thunen Model work (in terms of the rings)?
determines amount of available resources
How does the environment influence folk housing?
it is set up on a street or other public space early in the morning, and it is taken down at the end of the day, and set up in another location the next day
How does the periodic market work, and where is it located?
rising ocean levels submerge the islands, and global warming and climate change can destroy coral if that is what makes up the island
How does the physical geography of island micro-states impact their sustainability?
it influences the ease or difficulty of internal administration and can affect the social unity of the state
How does the shape of a state affect the state internally?
typical farmers in the U.S. may be mire familiar with computers and advanced machinery than even workers as compared to the typical human, who is an Asian farmer who grows enough food to survive with little surplus
How does the typical farmer in the U.S. differ from the most typical human?
yes, such as adequate and affordable housing, traffic congestion, CONTINUED access to water, urban sprawl depleting FARM LAND, climate change, etc.
How does urban growth create similar challenges in both more and less developed countries? If so, give examples?
-soil and climate (temperature and rainfall) determine what crops will be grown or whether the land can support livestock -for example, oranges must be grown in a warm climate
How has climate influenced agriculture?
-either done through adopting new farming methods or land is left fallow (unused) for longer periods -Boserup identified 5 basic stages in the reduction of fallow farmland: 1. forest fallow (fields utilized for up to 2 years and left fallow for more than 20 years) 2. bush fallow (fields utilized up to 8 years and left fallow for up to 10 years 3. short fallow (fields utilized and left fallow 2 years each) 4. annual cropping (fields used every year and rotated between legume and roots) 5. multi-cropping (fields used many times a year and never left fallow)
How has intensification by subsistence farmers increased agricultural productivity?
The access to various things has been made easier by things like the internet
How has modern technology played a role in globalization?
-developed countries were responsible for only 1/3 of the world's meat production in 2013, compared to 2/3 in 1980 -China passed the U.S. as the world's leading meat producer in 1990 and now produces twice as much -due to the spread of irrigation techniques and hardier crops, land in the U.S. has been converted from ranching to crop growing
How has ranching changed in the last 50 years?
economically weaker countries like Greece, Ireland, Italy, and Spain have been forced to implement harsh and unpopular policies such as drastically cutting services and raising taxes
How has the 2008 global recession impacted the economic security of the EU?
-growth of aquaculture has led to the farming on non-native species -Asian carp imported to U.S. in the 1970's for fish farming -flooding allowed them to escape into waterways and they traveled up Mississippi and Illinois Rivers and are now 97% of the fish in these rivers since they're invasive -U.S. Army Corps of Engineers have installed electric barriers to keep them from coming into Lake Michigan
How has the Asian Carp infiltrated U.S. waters?
-2 main practices: intro of new higher yield seeds and expanded use of fertilizers -agriculture productivity increased faster than population growth -higher yield form of wheat was developed -higher yield form of corn was developed -the "miracle rice seed" was developed -this major event prevented a food crisis in Asia and Latin America in 1970's and 80's
How has the Green Revolution improved agricultural productivity?
since India has 23 million Sikhs, which is only 2% of India's population, and they have resentment that they didn't get their own country when India partitioned. They occupy Punjab which is part of India at the border of Pakistan. They fought for independence from India but didn't succeed.
How has the Sikh population further complicated religious unrest in India?
-a commerical farm depends on raw materials (Ex: seeds and animals) -labor is needed to plant crops, as well as to harvest them
How has the access to raw materials and labor influenced agriculture?
-conflict has spilled into the Democratic Republic of Congo -the Congo has been considered to have suffered from the world's deadliest wars in the past 70 years -more than 5 million ave died in their civil wars due to the diseases, instantiation, and overcrowdedness -Tutsis overthrew Congo's longtime president-Joseph Mobutu in 1997, who had taken money from the country's mineral sales for his fortune and had impoverished the country -Laurent Kabila succeeded him and due to relying on the Tutsis so much, she killed some Hutus until she split from the Tutsis and tried to get the support of the Hutus and other ethnicities that hated the Tutsis -Armies from Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and other countries came to her aid -Kabila was assassinated in 2001 and succeeded by er son who negotiated an accord with rebels to end the conflict, but it didn't work out
How has the ethnic conflict in Rwanda and Burundi impacted the Congo?
more of the the cities have become ones that are mainly located in Asia and the eastern hemisphere
How has the location of the largest cities in the world changed from 1950 to today and even later on?
it has quadrupled
How has the number of states changed since 1940?
individuals are required to pay an average of 55% of health care, which is like a developing country, even though the U.S. is a developed country
How is the U.S. an exception to patterns of health care expenditures, medical facilities, and public health services?
-farms need to be located near transportation systems (most food is shipped by trucks, ships, planes, and trains) -some crops such as fruit, must get to the market quickly, or else they will rot, hence, crops like these, are often shipped short distances or are sold in the regions where they are grown
How has transportation influenced agriculture?
as urban areas grow in population and land area, farms on the periphery are replaced by urban land uses
How has urbanization contributed to reducing agricultural land?
since global networks connect multiple cities around the world, the objective now becomes to be able to export crops to other places around the world and this results in the style of agriculture to change to mono-cropping (the reliance on a single plant species as a food source and it leads to decreased dietary diversity and carries the risk of malnutrition compared to a more diverse diet) as well
How have global trade networks shifted agriculture to extensive commercial agriculture?
they've changed the way they give money or other supplements to their population based on what their needs are
How have governments changed their approach to public assistance in recent years?
high levels of population in agriculture (meaning there's likely subsistence agriculture), there's going to be less people moving from rural to urban areas (since rural to urban migration is one of the things that happens in the transition to this stage) and people are going to keep having children, which doesn't let the crude birth rate declining even a bit
How have high levels of a population engaged in agriculture may impact a country's ability to transition to stage 3 of the demographic transition model?
-new seeds, fertilizers, pesiticides, mechanical equipment, and management practices have enabled greater yields per area of land -yield per cow increased by 78% during this 34 year period from 5.4 to 10.1 metric tons per cow
How have the advancements in commerical agriculture helped improve agricultural productivity?
-Bin-Laden moved there in 1980's to fight the USSR army in Jihad -he returned to Afghanistan after being expelled from Saudi Arabia and Sudan
How is Afghanistan connected to al-Qaeda/Bin Laden?
al-Qaeda's Yemen affiliate control launched attack on French satirical newspaper, Charlie Hebdo on January 7, 2015
How is Charlie Hebdo connected to al-Qaeda?
-CBR has increasing in recent years due to increasing % of elderly people -CDR is unlikely to decline unless another Medical Revolution finds a cure for cancer -low CBR, CDR, and very low NIR -population has climaxed then reached zero population growth
How is Denmark in stage 4 of the demographic transition?
-world health organization launched a program during 1970's to immunize children -rapidly increasing population -declining CDR -moderately increasing NIR -moderately increasing then decreasing CBR
How is Gambia in stage 2 of the demographic transition?
-free birth control -free natal gender reveal has been made illegal (in result, less abortions)
How is India trying to address its population problems?
take in 600,000 immigrants per year
How is Japan trying to address its population problems?
it'll fall to 84 million
How is Japan's population expected to change by 2100?
-entered in this stage after 1974, when a constitutional amendment gave families the legal right to decide on the # of and spacing of children -national population council was trying to promote family planning through education -rapidly decreasing CBR, CDR, NIR, and rapidly increasing population
How is Mexico in stage 3 of the demographic transition?
-5% of people are farmers (2% of Americans are farmers) -declining numbers until 1980 (pushed off farms and moved to urban centers) -most practice commerical farming -machinery performs the work rather than people or animals -reliance on transportation -incorporation of science advances -commercial farming is expensive (average farm size is 418 acres) -most commercial farms are family owned
How is agriculture like in developed countries?
-1/2 of the population are farmers (most only growing enough for themselves) -home to 97% of farmers -most practice subsistence farming -work with hand tools and animal power -most large scale farming is from outside companies
How is agriculture like in developing countries?
Since it helps us see that those regions are impacted by the cultures existing there
How is defining culture important for identifying regions?
since normal warfare just tries to defeat an enemy through war, while ethnic cleansing involves the removal of ever member of the less powerful ethnicity, no matter what gender or age the person is
How is ethnic cleansing different from normal warfare?
-since the government isn't providing schooling, many times families will have to pay for it, so, a decision must be made by each family as whether send the boys to school or the girls, and the trend is that usually boys are sent to school -this results in the girls getting less opportunities
How is gender equity not present in places where the government does not provide schooling and education?
stacked vote gerrymandering has been used for creating districts inclined to elect ethnic minorities
How is gerrymandering combined with ethnicity for political use?
as control over people, land, and resources
How is political power expressed geographically?
Possibilism says that people will eventually adapt to certain physical restrictions, even though environmental determinism originally allows only the physical environment to shape humans and their culture
How is possibilism a response to environmental determinism?
in Europe, the commissions typically try to create homogeneous districts without regard for voting preferences or incumbents (holders of certain office posts)
How is stacked vote gerrymandering (distant areas of like-minded voters are linked through oddly shaped boundaries) redrawing different in the U.S. than in Europe?
it guarantees civil liberties and rights
How is the checks and balances system like in a democracy?
-traditionally, land was owned by the village and then the chief would allocate land to each family and they'd retain the output -today, private individuals own land -this agriculture occupies 1/4 of world's land area -less than 5% of world's population practice this form of agriculture
How is the ownership and use of land in shifting cultivation agriculture?
it is 10 to 30% lower
How is the pay of women in comparison to the pay of men today?
-in MDC's: it very mechanized and industrialized and there's not much human labor -in LDC's: it is not very mechanized and there is a lot of human labor -but you have to remember that both places don't have the same products being manufactured (for example, in MDC's, there might be things like car manufacturing but in LDC's, it might be more textile-based)
How is the secondary sector like in MDC's vs LDC's?
institutions and procedures where your choice of leader can be made
How is the selection of leaders like in a democracy?
leaders have a clear method of selection (usually hereditary without the voice of the people)
How is the selection of leaders like in an autocracy?
there's a lot of online shopping and online stuff, tourism, very interconnected, much education, transportation, etc.
How is the tertiary sector (services) like in developed countries?
-originally, people are only fed a small amount of food -population starts to grow -there becomes a need to change to commerical farming -machinery is required (farming become expensive) -there's now a need to make money -more money is made by selling cash crops (coffee, tea, bananas, etc.) -extra money is spent on buying food to eat
How is the transition of agriculture like in a country?
-not much machinery -simple hand tools -wood tools, iron tools (iron plows)
How is the use of machinery like in subsistence agriculture?
very labor intensive
How labor intensive is wet rice?
9.5 million
How many Hindus migrated from East Pakistan (Bangladesh) and West Pakistan (Pakistan) to India?
1 million
How many Muslims migrated fro East Pakistan (Bangladesh)?
6 million
How many Muslims migrated from India to West Pakistan (Pakistan) in the 1940s?
4
How many daily urban systems are in Idaho?
15 degrees
How many degrees of longitude do you ned to travel across to pass through on "hour" of time (or one time zone)?
23, and many of them are islands (which explains their small size and sovereignty)
How many micro-states are recognized and what do they have in common?
all of them
How many of the 4 daily urban systems that are in Idaho, cross into other states?
17 million
How many people found themselves on the "wrong side of the boundary" that was created after the British left South Asia in the 1940s?
a quarter of a billion people (250 million)
How many people practice shifting cultivation?
a quarter of a million (250,000)
How many people survive by hunting and gathering today?
5
How many stages does Rostow's Model of Development?
4
How many steps of spatial analysis are there?
1, since their government is communist and wanted everyone to be equal and have the same time zone, even though it isn't geographically correct
How many time zones does China, the 4th largest country by area in the world, have? Why?
none
How migration is there in the stage 1 of the DTM?
high levels of it, especially into cities, and this creates a population explosion
How migration is there in the stage 2 of the DTM? What does this cause?
a lot
How much is the yield of wet rice?
a significant portion
How much of a country's GDP does the tertiary sector take up?
-it was used to identify which farms should be preserved -maps generated from GIS were essential in identifying agricultural land to protect because the most appropriate farms to preserve were not necessarily those with the highest quality soil
How was GIS used in preserving agricultural land in Maryland?
-involved individuals from both groups -blacks: Nelson Mandela -whites: President F.W. Clark -it ended in 1994 -Nelson Mandela elected president in 1994
How was the ending of Apartheid like?
-czechoslovakia split into czechia and slovakia -slovaks are 1% of czechia's population and Czechs are less than 1% of slovakia's population -yugoslavia had a peaceful conversion of slovenia in 1991 from a republic in multinational yugolsavia to a nation state -however, other parts of yugolsvia became nation states after lots of ethnic cleansing
How was the way that former multinationational states, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia split different?
-they were restricted to certain occupations -paid lower wages -couldn't run for political office -couldn't vote
How were black rights limited after independence from Europe in Africa?
-they were laid out surrounding a religious core such as a church or mosque -government buildings and the homes of wealthy families surrounded the inner city, and families with less wealth and lower status located farther from the core, and recent migrants to the city lived on the edge -
How were urban areas like before they got colonized by European countries?
-it spread to north america because the U.S. was a british colony -afterwards, chocolate spread to each European country's colonies
In terms of the history of the Cacao Bean, how is the year 1700 AD of relation to it? What happened after?
-that's when it had been first domesticated by Mayans in Mexico and it was used by crushing it and adding it to water and spices (no sugar, very spicy)
In terms of the history of the Cacao Bean, how is the year 600 AD of relation to it?
ratio between the weight of localized raw materials and the weight of finished products
In the Material Index (which is part of Weber's Model, which is part of Least Cost Theory), what is the ratio to categorize goods into three different types?
it is only 21% because of various ethnic, cultural, and religious restraints (since women are not see as equals to men there)
In the Middle East and North Africa, how much of the workforce is occupied by women? Why?
in coastal metros (cities like L.A., etc.)
In the U.S., where is housing the least affordable?
In the Great Lakes Region
In the U.S., where is housing the most affordable?
-in developed countries: there is a higher use of machinery and low amount of labor -in developing countries: there's basic tools and a lot of labor
In the primary sector (where there's extraction of raw materials) of the different economic sectors, how is it like in more developed countries vs in developing countries?
Sub-Saharan Africa
In what region of the world was Malthus' theory proved right?
-Central Africa -Pakistan -Burma/Myanmar -Vietnam
In what regions of the world are there populations relatively untouched by the internet?
-they need manufactured goods and are forced to pay higher prices -they must also sell their raw materials and agricultural products at a cheap price
In what ways are periphery countries dependent on core countries in Wallerstein's World System Theory?
-abortions -killed during infancy -sent to a remote location and not reported to census and health officials
In what ways do baby girls go missing in Asia?
challenge has been to distinguish between the peaceful but unfamiliar principles and practices of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims and the misuse and abuse of Islam by Islamic terrorist groups
In what ways does the use of religion and political views by these terrorist organizations pose a challenge to Americans?
challenge has been to express disagreement with the policies of governments in the U.S. and Europe yet not use terrorism
In what ways does the use of religion and political views by these terrorist organizations pose a challenge to Muslims?
-the population will quadruple in a half-century -not anticipating the fact that poor countries would have the most rapid population growth due to the transfer of medical tech -assumed that women would always bear just about as many children as physically possible -didn't realize that increased transportation would allow developed countries to ship excess food to developing countries
In what ways was Malthus mistaken?
the primary sector, where the extraction of raw materials occurs
In which sector, is there a problem with women owning land in agriculture?
major centers
Long distance migrants to other countries head for ______________________ of economic activities (urban areas)
Analysis
Look for patterns
Preservation
Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible.
colonies
Many of the geometric boundaries in North Africa are a legacy of treaties among European countries to divide much of Africa into what?
Isoline Map
Map displaying lines that connect points of equal value; for example, a map showing elevation levels
-more food availability -longer life expectancies -rural to urban migration to seek jobs in manufacturing
New farming practices and more food production from the different agricultural revolutions led to what?
exponentially
Over the past 200 years, the world's population has grown ________________.
Zelinsky's Migration Transition Model
Overlay of the DTM. Where people are migrating based on development. 1 not much moving (inter-rural). 2 most likely to be international and rural-urban, and 3 & 4 mostly internal (inter-urban and urban-rural)
Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
Assimilation
Process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture
Gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
Robinson Projection
Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each.
Exurbs
Prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs.
sick people, the elderly, poor, disabled, orphaned, veterans of war, widows, unemployed people, and single parents
Public assistance is offered to what kind of people?
Brownfield
Real property of which the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.
Connection
Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
Geometric pattern
Repeated objects, lines, or shapes based on mathematical concepts, such as the circle, square, or rectangle, and regular intervals.
Large Scale Map
Smaller land area and larger # of details
Biotic system
System composed of living organisms
Ridge Tillage
System of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation.
Census
The complete enumeration of a population. It can be controversial since some groups of people might not participate and sampling, which is if certain groups are favoured or discriminated against
Environmental Perception
The concept that people of different cultures will differently observe and interpret their environment and make different decisions about its nature, potentialities and use.
Terroir
The contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes
Distance-decay
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
Absoulte distance
The distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length, such as a mile or kilometer
Standard language
The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.
Density
The frequency with which something occurs in space (the physical gap or interval between two objects)
Genocide
The mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence
exploration, colonialism, imperialism, and global trade networks between areas in far away places and different environments
The global diffusion of agriculture, animals, and other processes occurred as a result of what?
Elevation
The height of land above sea level
Formal Economy
The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's Gross National Product; as opposed to an informal economy
Absolute Location
The location of a place that is defined by its latitude and longitude or its exact address
World Cities
The most important cities as defined by Saskia Sassen, based on their economic, cultural, and political important: New York City, London, and Tokyo
Latitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.
Assimilation
The process by which a group's cultural features are altered to resemble those of another more dominant group.
Space-Time Compression
The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
space-time compression
The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
Map scale
The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.
Cartography
The science of mapmaking
Ecology
The scientific study of ecosystems
Transhumance
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
Graduated/Proportional Symbol
The size of the circle or symbol show how strong the theme is in an area
Expansion diffusion
The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger.
Cultural diffusion
The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another
Graphy
The study of
Humanistic Geography
The study of different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meanings.
Postructuralist geography
The study of space as the product of ideologies or value systems of ruling elites.
Cultural Geography
The subfield of human geography that looks at how cultures vary over space.
Terrorism
The systematic use of violence by a group calculated to create an atmosphere of fear and alarm among a population or to coerce a government into actions it would not otherwise undertake or refrain from actions it wants to take.
-first two lines: outside government -last five lines: provide military and financial support
The term, terrorism, has been applied to actions by groups operating ____________________ _______________ rather than to groups of official government agencies, although some governments __________________ _________________ ______ _________ ______________ for terrorists?
Land use
Various ways humans use the land such as agricultural, industrial, residential, or recreational
space
What are geographers mainly concerned with when it comes to ethnicity?
it was a state
Was Yugoslavia a state or a nation?
both groups
Were white people, black people, or both groups taken advantage of in blockbusting?
42%
What % of farmers in the labor force practice subsistence agriculture?
environment, climate, local topography, and religious/customary beliefs
What 4 things influence housing?
industry
What accounts for the most energy use in Asian cities?
buildings
What accounts for the most energy use in cities in high-income countries?
transport
What accounts for the most energy use in middle-income countries?
people under 15 and over 65 years of age
What age groups are categorized as dependent?
-better healthcare -improved medical tech -less infectious diseases
What are 3 benefits of the birth rate decreasing?
-splits languages/religions -splits families/tribes of people -there is a heavy influence of colonial cultures
What are 3 cultural consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa?
-abipone people in Paraguay eat bulls, jaguars, and stags to make them strong, brave, and swift. They believe eating hens or tortoises will make them cowardly -ainu people in Japan avoid eating otters because they are believed to be forgetful animals, and consuming them would cause loss of memory -mbum kpay women in chad don't eat chicken or goat before becoming pregnant to escape pain in childbirth and to prevent birth of a child with abnormalities. They also don't eat meat from antelopes with twisted horn, since it could cause them to bear offspring with deformities
What are 3 examples of food habits and the unique folk culture each illustrates?
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
What are 3 examples of universalizing religions (religions that want to spread their faith around the world)?
-separates native pop -cuts off transportation routes -no references to areas controlled by native populations
What are 3 political consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa?
-people are willing to go only a short distance for everyday consumer services such as groceries/pharmacies -people will travel longer distance for other services such as a concert/professional sports game (hence, convenience stores have a small range while stadiums have a large range) -people tend to go to the nearest available services since distance is measured in terms of time for most people
What are 3 unique characteristics about human behavior regarding range?
-education of women -less desire for large families -increased use of contraception -rising cost of having/raising children
What are 4 effects of birth rates decreasing?
-international migrants (long-distance) move to big cities first -majority of migrants move short distances
What are Ravenstein's Laws of Migration?
by networks and linkages of some type like their economy, trade, government, etc. and these cities mediate global processes
What are cities around the world connected by? What do these cities do?
determine legislative boundaries in countries except the U.S.
What are commissions?
they're reshaping and accelerating it
What are communication technologies, such as the internet and the time-space convergence (process, made possible by technological innovations in transportation and communication, by which distant places are brought closer together in terms of the time taken to travel (send messages) between them) doing to the interactions between people?
-occur at a local scale -the economic center on the fringe of city, extensive amount of office and retail space, typically near a major road
What are edge cities?
Place, region, scale, space, and connection
What are five concepts that guide geographers?
cultural traditions
What are folk food customs strongly influenced by?
-they have almost a stagnant population and are likely in stage 4 of the demographic transition model -lowest total fertility rates -large old population
What are some characteristics of core countries from the core-periphery model that is part of Wallerstein's World System Theory, in terms of population?
-growing population -might be in stage 3 or maybe getting into 4 of the demographic transition model -still many of squatter settlement -overpopulation -there might be a replacement rate above 2.1 -ex: India
What are some characteristics of semi-periphery countries from the core-periphery model that is part of Wallerstein's World System Theory, in terms of population?
-deforestation and environmental destruction -higher carbon dioxide levels -extinction of animal and plant species
What are some cons of humans maniipulating the environment?
-women cannot own property -women can't go out to work since they have to look after their children -religious views that go against women doing better in life than men
What are some cultural obstacles that may prevent women from working in agriculture from achieving greater equality?
-losing farmland -increased traffic congestion -increased rent prices
What are some disadvantages of urbanization?
-Okinawa, Japan -Loma Linda, California -Ikaria, Greece
What are some examples of blue zones?
-cultural diversity -religious differences -language -ethnic conflict -social injustice -poverty -nationalism -legal restrictions -physical features -economic stratification
What are some examples of centrifugal forces that tear apart a place, state, country, etc.?
Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Poland, France, Germany, etc.
What are some examples of compact state shapes?
judaism, hinduism, shintoism, etc.
What are some examples of ethnic religions (religions that don't have any interest in spreading their faith around the world)?
-Hong Kong-Shenzhen-Guangzhou economic corridor (integrated networks of infrastructure within a geographical area designed to stimulate economic development) in China -Kyoto to Osaka to Kobe economic corridor in Japan -Amsterdam-the Hague Delft-Utrecht-Zaanstad economic corridor in Netherlands
What are some examples of global economic networks (economic corridors) of global/world cities (world centers) that exist as a key part of world city network?
-street vending -petty goods and service traders -subsistence farmers -seasonal workers -domestic workers -industrial outworkers
What are some examples of informal sector activities in LDC's?
-Paris (9.6 million) with its second largest city, Marseilles (only 1.3 million) -London has 7 million with its second largest city, Birmingham, with only 1 million -Mexico city has 8.6 million with its second largest city, Guadalajara, with only 1.6 million
What are some examples of primate cities?
Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, etc. (since they are all spread over the world on a large scale)
What are some examples of religion groups that are popular culture groups?
-moros of the phillipines -basques of spain -sikhs in India
What are some examples of separatist groups?
-former USSR -Yugoslavia/Balkans -Czechoslovakia -Austria-Hungary -British India
What are some examples of states that have broken up?
-U.K. -Catalonia, Spain -Basques, Spain -Quebec, Canada -Corsica, France
What are some examples of states that have demanded for autonomy?
-port -neighborhood business center -university -airport -park
What are some examples of the nodes in the multiple-nuclei model?
-transportation and you're ability to access it based on where you live in the city (periphery, etc.) -housing production and the fact that the demand cannot keep up with the supply in the periphery of cities in less developed countries -landscape preferences, where you get less space to live but more access to resources in the city, but as you get farther out from the city, you get more place to live but you have less access to resources -social and demographic trends: where married couples with kids start moving to the suburbs
What are some factors of city that you could use to explain the significance of geographic similarities and differences among different locations and/or at different times?
the costs are less and the farther you go away from the city, the cost of transportation increases
What are some financial costs associated with urban sprawl?
-politics: stable/fair governments have a higher population density -economy: area with developed markets and skilled workers bring in high populations -culture: cultural practices and ethnic relationships can influence settlement -history: ancient settlement locations and colonialism have impacted population distribution (ex: Nigeria, the U.S., and India were all former colonies, hence, have high population density)
What are some human factors that influence population distributions?
-40 countries along with some from COMECON -creation of European central bank -Euro was created for electronic transitions
What are some important changes that have been created by the EU?
-diesel: diesel engines are more efficient and are used in newer cars in Europe, bu they release nitrogen oxide -hybrid: a car that has a mix of fuel and electric and this was started by Toyota's release of its hybrid Prius -ethanol: created by distilling certain crops like corn, but this caused prices of food to go up. Hence, ethanol created from distilling cellulosic biomass such as trees, etc. might be better -full electric: this proves to be problematic when traveling long distances through rural areas where there's no recharge station -plug-in hybrid: battery charged by a gas engine while moving or you can park and plug the battery into an outlet -Hydrogen fuel cell: hydrogen is forced through a PEM tube and then this forced hydrogen combines with oxygen, making a charge
What are some methods that have been used as alternative fuel for vehicles in order to control fuel usage?
-the different ones are primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary -they are characterized by distinct development patterns
What are the different economic sectors? What are they characterized by?
-congestion charges (for example, in London, motorists pay a congestion charges to drive into a central area between certain times) -tolls are used in some cities on freeways and they charge more during congested times -permits are required in some countries/places in order to park/drive in congested places -bans: some countries/places ban cars from entering certain parts of their central areas
What are some methods that have been used to control vehicles in order to control fuel usage?
-more unemployment -bad living conditions -pollution -country had bed reputation
What are some negative consequences of having squatter settlements?
-centralization of power can lead to a disconnect with local areas minority groups, regional political parties, or disparate regions -marginalization of local cultures through standardization at a country level -central government may not effectively provide services on a subnational scale -decisions and policies of the central government could become dominated by interests of the politically or culturally dominated group -central government bogged down by competing local problems or slow response to local issues (ex: natural disasters, infrastructure, public services)
What are some negative impacts of unitary states?
-it helps a country become more developed and advanced -allows for more people to get access to many services like healthcare, job opportunities, etc.
What are some of the advantages of urbanization?
-Partisan fight against Nazi Germany -Josip Broz Tito (1953-1980) (dictator of Yugoslavia) -communism -economics: single currency -equal rights
What are some of the centripetal forces in Yugoslavia that kept the nation together?
-MOST WIDELY PRACTICED FORM OF AGRICULTURE -in developing countries where most people produce food for their own consumption -usually families only have small areas of land -use hands/animals rather than machines -waste no land to maximize production -no livestock -use double-cropping to maximize production
What are some of the characteristics of intensive subsistence agriculture
-rapidly growing and are likely in stage 2 of the demographic transition model -the replacement rate is much higher than 2.1 -core countries take raw materials from these places -ex: Bangladesh, Cambodia, Sub-Saharan Africa
What are some of the characteristics of periphery countries from the core-periphery model that is part of Wallerstein's World System Theory, in terms of population?
-health problems (consuming them may reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics and could destroy long-standing ecological balances) -export problems (Europeans shun the GMO's because they think GMO's are unnutritional) -increased dependence on the U.S. (mainly U.S. corporations create GMO's and Africans believe that they are going to introduce a "terminator gene" in the GMO seeds to prevent farmers from replanting them after one harvest and require them to purchase seeds year after year from trans-national corporations)
What are some of the cons of using GMO's?
formation of new states/governments -more power to regions (local control over policy) -local ethnonationalism (linguistic/religious revival) -regional seperatism -political instability (civil war, hostility, conflict, ethnic cleansing) -economic instability -mass migration (refugee, emigration)
What are some of the impacts of devolution?
-it was meant to unite several Balkan ethnicities that spoke similar South Slavic languages -longtime leader Josip Broz Tito was a big centripetal force for Yugoslavia -Tito wanted ethnic diversity of language and religion -He allowed the five major ethnicities to have control over the areas they lived in -Tito's death caused rivalries in the 1980's which led to the country being torn apart
What are some of the important things regarding the creation of the post World War 2 country of Yugoslavia?
-countries end up only having a single export focus -the raw materials that the countries export don't bring in a lot of income -the country's economy is subject to fluctuation, trade negotiations, and other tariffs, because of it -industrial development is not promoted
What are some of the issues with commodity dependence (an economy that relies on the export of primary commodities (raw materials, basic materials like agricultural tools, minerals, etc.) for a large share of its export earnings and hence economic growth)?
there could be a shortage of jobs unless there is enough demand for the raw materials being extracted in the primary sector of the economy
What are some of the problems relating to the economic sectors of a country for a country in the developing stages of the demographic transition model?
there has to be proper care for childhood diseases, good family planning problems, and maternal facilities
What are some of the problems relating to the health and education of a country for a country in the developing stages of the demographic transition model?
since there's a large # of children in the developing stages, there has to be enough supports for the the children's needs
What are some of the problems relating to the social support of a country for a country in the developing stages of the demographic transition model?
-traffic congestion -more urban sprawl (taking over of more farmland and open space) -increased need for access to resources
What are some of the problems that boomburbs have?
political, economic, and social processes such as medical care
What are some of the processes that population distribution and density affect?
global, regional, national, and local
What are some of the scales that we can use to analyze patterns?
-environment -culture -political systems -economic development and prosperity -human physical well-being in societies around the world
What are some of the things that globalization affects?
information technologies/services such as research and development, communication, and consultancy
What are some of the things that the quaternary sector involves?
human services that include people such as policy makers, business executives, and decision makers
What are some of the things that the quinary sector involves?
wild habitats are destroyed, deforestation, air+water pollution
What are the environmental consequences of suburban sprawl?
-the years that women spend in school vs men and comparing their literacy rates -how early women have children in that region and religious or cultural beliefs that might affect this -career choices (are women in the informal sector or are they working the same level of jobs that men are) -the difference in their pay gaps
What are some of the things to think about when trying to answer questions about gender inequality for women?
-finance, insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy, and marketing -has multinational corporations -has financial headquarters, stock exchange, and major financial institutions -trade+economy -has its own decision making power -innovation -global networks -high % of residents employed in services sector and info sector -high diversity -multi-functional infrastructure
What are some of the typical characteristics of world cities?
-housing challenges (affordability, spacing, getting access to services, etc.) -transportation challenges (there's not enough space to even travel on the road and there is a lot of traffic congestion, hence, it takes much more time to travel) -air quality/pollution challenges -sanitation challenges (no waste collection services)
What are some of the urban challenges that LDC's face?
-dry areas -wet areas -cold areas
What are some types of areas that are sparsely populated?
-residences have close to 20 times as many inhabitants as as CBDs in North America -more people live in Europe's CBDs because they're attracted to consumer services -most prominent structures in Europe are public and semi-public services -in Europe, business services aren't in skyscrapers, but in renovated buildings
What are some ways in which a European CBD differs from a North American CBD?
Physical and human
What are the 2 general categories that influence distribution?
-have offensive names (especially those with racial and ethnic connotations) -overnment might change the name -that place might break away from the original country and create its own country (for example, Ukraine created after Soviet Union broke up)
What are the 3 reasons for which places sometimes change names?
Arithmetic, physiological, and agricultural
What are the 3 types of densities?
hierarchical diffusion, contagious diffusion, and stimulus diffusion
What are the 3 types of expansion diffusion?
-economic: running out of money stops a migrant from reaching destination -social: perhaps a migrant gets married along the way and settles down -political: a migrant can't get a visa to enter the country they are heading towards -environmental: a sea, desert, or a mountain range proves too difficult to cross
What are the 4 main examples of intervening obstacles (An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration)?
-social development -economic development -environmental management -urban governance
What are the 4 main qualities of sustainable cities?
Humid low-latitude climates, dry climates, warm mid-latitude climates, cold mid-latitude climates, and polar climates
What are the 5 major climate types?
-stage 1: Sail Wagon Epoch (1790-1830): cities grew new ports and waterways which are used for transportation. The only means of international trade was sailing ships, and once good were on land, they were hauled by the wagon to their final destination -stage 2: Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870): characterized the impact of steam engines, tech, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks -stage 3: Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920): dominated by the development of long-haul railroads and a national railroad network -stage 4: Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970): growth in gasoline combustion -stage 5: Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970-?): also called the high tech epoch. This stage has continued to the present day as both and transportation and tech improves
What are the 5 stages of Borchert's Urbanization Development?
-Russia -Canada -U.S. -China -Brazil -Australia
What are the 6 largest states in order?
-coastal waters: the zone extending 3 nautical miles from the baseline/shore -territorial sea: the zone extending 12 nautical miles from the baselines/shore -contiguous zone: the area extending 24 nautical miles from the baseline/shore -Exclusive Economic Zone: the area extending 200 nautical miles from the baseline/shore, except when the space between two countries is less than 400 nautical miles
What are the Maritime Boundaries?
-no poverty -zero hunger -good health and well being -quality education -gender equality -clean water and sanitation -affordable and clean energy -decent work and economic growth -industry, innovation, and infrastructure -reduced inequalities -sustainable cities and communities -responsible consumption and production -climate action (take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts) -life below water -life on land -peace, justice, and strong institutions -partnerships for the goals
What are the U.N.'s 17 sustainable development goals?
-economic development can occur in the city as they attract oversea businesses and the city development can help the country as a whole -attractive places of migration -resources, services, and infrastructure are available on a large scale
What are the advantages of a primate city?
-magnetic attraction for businesses, services, and people (cumulative effect) -can attract international trade and business -centralize transportation and communication -enhanced flow of ideas and information among larger populations-ability to offer high-end good due to increased threshold
What are the advantages of a primate city?
-sustainable growth -alternative methods of transportation are created -better economy -communities in the city remain health
What are the advantages of new urbanism (development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. It is a reaction to urban sprawl in order to maintain sustainable growth)?
-no geographic boundaries (all flat land) -humans will purchase goods from the closest place that offers the good -whenever demand for a certain good is high, it will be offered in close proximity to the population
What are the assumptions that must be made in order for us to be able to use the central place theory?
the spreading of developments such as housing or shopping centers into suburban or rural areas
What is suburban sprawl?
-they survive even when herbicides and insecticides are sprayed on fields to kill weeds and insects -3/4 of the processed food that Americans consume has at least one genetically modified ingredient -they allow genetic material of 2 or more species to mix that wouldn't otherwise mix in nature
What are the benefits of using GMO's?
-stones, grass, and skins -the environment plays a role in how it built
What are the building materials of folk housing?
Increasing fertility rates: -lower status and education of women -lack of family planning -more desire for large families Short life expectancy and high CDR: -less medical tech -minimal knowledge of good nutrition and hygiene Unstable political and social conditions
What are the causes of young populations?
-access to markets -overproduction -sustainable agriculture
What are the challenges for commerical farmers?
-need higher-yield seeds, fertilizer, pesticides, and machinery. -need to generate funds so they can to buy agricultural supplies, LDCs must produce something they can sell in MDCs -International trade -drug crops -need to work with the small amount of money they have -labor-intensive -crops can get easily destroyed by natural disasters
What are the challenges for subsistence farmers?
Problems: -suburban sprawl -sanitation -climate change -air and water quality -energy use Responses: -regional planning efforts -remediation and redevelopment of Brownfields -establishment of urban growth boundaries -farmland protection policies
What are the challenges that MDC's and LDC's both face? How do they respond to these challenges?
-they're wealthy, developed, and capitalistic -they extract profits from periphery countries
What are the characteristics of core countries from Wallerstein's World System Theory? What do they do?
they're poor and dependent nations
What are the characteristics of periphery countries from Wallerstein's World System Theory?
-expensive to deliver from there and most perishable crops and items are located here -market gardening and dairying are performed here
What are the characteristics of ring one (the one after the center) of the Von Thunen Model?
beyond consumption (the age of durable consumer goods, where we used fancier, stronger, better looking products)
What are the characteristics of the 6th stage that has been added to Rostow's Model of Development?
-extensive activities are located here -open land -usually animal grazing occurs here
What are the characteristics of the fourth ring of the Von Thunen Model?
-crops/items are located here that require large amounts of land -rotating crops are located here (grain, etc.)
What are the characteristics of the third ring of the Von Thunen Model?
-expensive to transport from here (since the crops/items are heavy) -woodlots are located here
What are the charactertisitcs of the second ring in the Von Thunen Model?
-not as many people in the workforce -governments push pronatalist (advocating for high birth rates) policies to maintain population -money spent on healthcare increases -services for elderly increase (ex: retirement homes) -poiticians become conservative to appeal to elderly
What are the combined effects of the CBR and CDR decreasing?
-economic opportunity -cultural freedom -environmental comfort
What are the common pull factors that influence migration?
-seeking asylum (a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another) -war/violence -lack of food/water -natural disasters -economic recession/depression or just a bad economic condition
What are the common push factors that influence migration?
-displacement due to rising poverty values and rents; impacting less affluent elderly, or marginalized groups -changing cultural landscape as modern or contemporary buildings take the place of traditional/historic architecture -increased social tension due to changes in neighborhood characteristics, diversity, and opportunities -displacement may lead to increased homelessness -changing businesses as small, locally-owned businesses are replaced with national/global chains franchises or companies with prohibitively expensive goods and services -shift in dwelling use from residential to commercial, or change in the type of available housing units going from multifamily structures to single-family structures; or single-family structures to condominiums
What are the cons of gentrification?
-you tend to have more kids later on as well -you are more likely to get employed in the informal sector since you had kids at an earlier age and had less time to finish education
What are the consequences if you have kids at a younger age?
when rent payed to the landlord becomes less than the cost of maintenance and taxes, the building starts to deteriorate and grows unfit for occupancy
What are the consequences of filtering (a process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment)?
rice, corn, manioc, millet, sorghum, yams, sugarcane, plantain, vegetables, sweet potatoes, corn, rice, manioc, papaya, banana, pineapple, mango, cotton, beans
What are the crops of shifting cultivation agriculture?
-since some individuals are not in a position to identify 1 or more of their personal traits -for example, a person who as parents with different ethnicities, races, and nationalities
What are the differences between nationality, race, and ethnicity, often not clear cut?
-developed countries: 3400 kcal/day, which is nearly twice the recommended minimum (for example, U.S. is 3800 kcal/day and this is the HIGHEST in the world) -developing countries: 2800 kcal/day (below the recommended minimum), and sub-saharan Africa is 2400 kcal/day
What are the differences in consumption (kcal/person/day) in developed countries versus less developed countries?
by distinct development patterns
What are the different economic sectors are characterized by?
-primary: extraction of raw materials -secondary: manufacturing -tertiary: services -quarternary: information services -quinary: human services
What are the different economic sectors?
-housing shortages -traffic congestion -crime and pollution -urban area is much richer than rural areas -imbalance in development (usually the primate city is highly developed and the outside cities and rural areas are lacking in development)
What are the disadvantages of a primate city?
-urban-rural inequalities -imbalance in development -concentration of power -has a parasitic effect, sucking wealth, natural and human resources into city -become centers for unemployment, crime, pollution
What are the disadvantages of a primate city?
-due to too many low-income families being concentrated into a high density environment, many crime and drug related came up -also, juveniles terrorized people in the hallways and elevators were often broken
What are the disadvantages of public housing?
-labor intensive: cows must be milked twice a day, every day; although the actual milking can be done by machines, dairy farming nonetheless requires constant attention throughout the year -winter feed: dairy farmers face the expense of feeding the cows in the winter, when they may be unable to graze on grass. In northwest Europe and in the northeastern U.S., farmers generally purchase have or grain for winter feed. In the western part of U.S. dairy region, crops are more likely to be grown in the summer and stored for winter feed on the same farm
What are the distinctive features of dairy farming that have exacerbated the economic difficulties?
there won't be a large enough young population for manual labor, and hence, businesses need to shift to outsourced industries (products come from other places outside the country), there has to be more machine and tech-based work done, there is a shift to the tertiary, quaternary, and quinary economic sectors, retirement ages may be shifted further down since there aren't enough young people to support labor in the economy, etc.
What are the economic challenges that a country faces when it enters stage 4 of the demographic transition model, and becomes more developed?
-green productive growth -creation of decent employment -production and distribution of renewable energy -technology and innovation
What are the economic development characteristics of sustainable cities?
-productive v. dependency group -immigration of skilled workers -immigration of unskilled workers and interaction with social services -brain drain - affects immigrant's original country -remittance - transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or her home country
What are the economic processes of immigration?
-income tax burden falls on shrinking workforce -people over 65 expect long term expensive chronic illnesses -strain on the pension system (a fund into which a sum of money is added during an employee's employment years and from which payments are drawn to support the person's retirement from work in the form of periodic payments) with fewer paying in -capital flow from aging countries shifting global economic power
What are the economic risks as population grows and changes by 2050?
fewer workers will be available to contribute to pensions, health care, and other support that older people need
What are the effects of the elderly support ratio to decline to 2050?
-architectural upgrading, remodeling landscapes and rehabilitating houses could result in safer streets, better mobility, improved aesthetics, and stronger social cohesion (all of which are linked to positive health outcomes) -increases in property values and lifestyle costs lead to social exclusion, gentrification and displacement of long term residents of lower socio-economic (SES) levels -through these programs, cities displaced hundreds of thousands of families from their homes and neighborhoods
What are the effects of urban renewal?
-less government spending on healthcare and pension -more people in workforce -pronatalist policies are enforced by government to make up for high CDR -politicians target young people to get more votes
What are the effects of young populations?
-economic factors are the MAIN cause of migration -most migrants only move a SHORT distance -long-distance migrants are more likely to migrate to urban areas because they believe cities are more likely to have jobs than rural areas -most migration is rural to urban migration. Starting with the Industrial Revolution, which made fewer farm workers necessary, people have flocked from the countryside to the cities -MOST migration occurs through STEP migration -MOST migrants are YOUNGER ADULTS, people from age 20 to 45 with less established jobs -YOUNG MEN are more likely to migrate INTERNATIONALLY, as it poses a great risk, but WOMEN are more likely to migrate INTERNALLY, whether for work or to live with their husband's family -each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow
What are the eight parts of Ravenstein's Law of Migration?
-originated in England in the eleventh century and became part of global culture in 19th century and started with workers excavating a building, then finding a Danish soldier's head, and kicking it. -in 1800's/1900's, it began to be taught in school and in 1863, British clubs came together to create rules and leagues
What are the elements of origin and diffusion of soccer?
-written by specific individuals in order to be sold or performed -often times has high uses of electronic equipment -musicians are increasingly clustering in communities so they can be near sources of employment and cultural activities that appeal to a wide variety of artists and to get better access to agencies that book live performances
What are the elements of the origin and characteristics of popular music?
-invented in 2697 b.c. (according to legend) -in reality, originated anonymously and was transmitted orally -song may be modified from each generation and is spread by migration -these songs tell stories/convey info
What are the elements of the origins and distribution of folk music?
-environmental: climate (temperate with moderately cold, rainy winters, and fairly long, hot summers), topography (vineyards are on hillsides), and coarse and well drained soil -cultural: monasteries preserved wine making tradition in medieval Europe for sustenance and ritual -areas of religion other than Christianity avoid wine
What are the environmental and cultural factors that show the spatial distribution of wine production?
-border construction -migration paths -refugee camps -resources and carrying capacity, and interaction of birth rates and wealthier lifestyles
What are the environmental consequences of immigration?
hexagons
What shape is used in the central place theory to represent market areas?
People pushed from hard or hazardous regions to live in: -most common: water (too much or too little) People pulled towards physically attractive regions: -mountains, seasides, and warm climates
What are the environmental factors that influence migration?
high use of fertilizer, pesticides, fossil fuels, pollution from machinery
What are the environmental impacts of commercial agriculture?
soil erosion, increased water usage, methane release
What are the environmental impacts of subsistence agriculture and growing wet rice?
-forest and soil management -waste and recycling management -energy efficiency -water management (including freshwater) -air quality conservation -adaptation to and mitigation (reduction) of climate change
What are the environmental management characteristics of sustainable cities?
-reduced life expectancy -low income levels -failure of governmental control -failure to build institutions to foster economic growth
What are the factors that cause a failed state (a political body that has disintegrated to a point where basic conditions and responsibilities of a sovereign government no longer function properly)?
compact, prorupt, elongated, fragmented, and perforated
What are the five basic state shapes?
avocados, corn, pineapples, cabbage, and frozen sweet peas
What are the five cleanest produces?
-humid low-latitude climates dry climates -warm mid-latitude climates -cold mid-latitude climates -polar climates
What are the five climate regions o the Koppen System?
branco (white), pardo (brown), preto (black), amarelo (yellow), and indigenous
What are the five main Brazilian races?
apples, peaches, nectarines, strawberries, and grapes
What are the five most pesticide ridden fruits?
Location, human-environment interaction, region, place, and movement
What are the five themes of geography?
-core -domain -sphere -outliers
What are the four broad components of a cultural region (in order from where the traits of the culture are most strongly expressed to where they are least expressed)?
-germanic -inod-iranian -balto-slavic -romance
What are the four groups that comprise the indo-european language family?
-houses are larger and less expensive -houses are more attractive -less commuting -neighborhoods are near recreational facilities
What are the four reasons for why inner-city neighborhoods are attractive?
-move large amount of military equipment and personnel into a village with no strategic value -round up all the people in the village and segregate all the men, women, children, and old people and then place men in detention camps or kill them -force the rest of the people to leave the village and march them in a convoy to a place outside the territory that is being ethnic cleansed -destroy the vacated village, such as by setting it on fire
What are the four steps (in order) that ethnic cleansing usually follows?
1. field is prepared, typically using animal power. Flat land is needed to grow rice, so hillsides are terraced 2. field is flooded with water, and the Sawah/paddy is created 3. Rice seedlings grown for the 1st month in a nursery are transplanted into the flooded field 4. Rice plants are harvested with knives. The chaff (husks) are separated from the seeds by threshing (beating) the husks on the ground. Threshed rice is placed in a tray for winnowing, in which the lighter chaff is allowed to be blown away by the wind
What are the four steps in growing rice?
-ask questions -gather data -examine and analyze data -act on new information
What are the four steps of spatial analysis in order?
Mercator, Robinson, Peter's, Goode-Homolosine
What are the four types of map projections?
-named after a person (it's founder or a famous person) -named to indicate the origin of its settlers (for example, place names in North America love British origins) -some are derived from features of the physical environment (trees, valleys, bodies of water, etc.) -derived from ancient history (Athens, etc.)
What are the four ways that places can receive names?
-main transportation are cars on the interstate -occurs when sprawl, decentralization, and sub-urbanization at their greatest extent -lack of taxable economic activity, leaves many cities poor, leading to mergers like the Louisville-Jefferson county -most urban areas become almost entirely dependent on cars for transportation -more edge cities appear as rich mostly live in suburbs
What are the key points of the galactic city/urban realms model?
beef, pork, poultry
What are the leading sources of protein in developed countries?
dimension indexes which fall under indicators and then indicator which fall under dimensions
What are the levels that most indexes of development have?
-the fail to consider the reason that lead people to select particular residential locations -the models are also outdated since they were based on conditions in U.S. cities between world war one and world war two
What are the limitations of the sector model, concentric zone model, and multiple-nuclei model?
-increased prostitution for women and now they go on sex tours from Japan to Northern Europe with airfare, hotels, and a predetermined # of women -leading for these type of tours destinations include the Philippines, Thailand, and South Korea -there is also an increase in demand for dowries (a small gift from the groom to the bride's family)
What are the negative aspects of the diffusion of popular culture to India in terms of the status of men and women?
-it is confined to neighborhood boundaries -may be used as a marketing scheme by developers -hard to implement in existing neighborhoods
What are the negatives of new urbanism (development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. It is a reaction to urban sprawl in order to maintain sustainable growth)?
helps create an overall picture of where various types of people tend to live, depending on their particular personal characteristics
What does social area analysis help do?
-since they're often the centers of jobs and development, which can subtract wealth distribution from other parts of the country -job declines in other parts of countries cause heavy migration to primate city -as a result, primate city becomes a center of pollution, crime, and unemployment -parasitic effect occurs, where wealth is sucked out of other regions that are surrounding the primate city
What are the negatives of primacy and using a primate city?
it ends up displacing the poor people that were living in the slums and squatter settlements before they were torn down
What are the negatives of urban renewal?
-increasing role of borders -changing groups in the country
What are the political consequences of immigration?
Forced political migrants: -refugee: forced to migrate to avoid conflict, natural disasters, and the cannot return for fear of life -internally displaced individual: similar to refugee but hasn't left the country -asylum: someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee
What are the political factors that influence migration?
don't eat cattle because of environmental and religious factors
What are the popular food taboos for Hinduism?
don't eat pigs since pigs are unsuited for the dry lands of the Arabian peninsula
What are the popular food taboos for Islam?
prohibited from eating animals that don't chew their cud, have cloven feet, and fish lacking fins and scales
What are the popular food taboos for Judaism?
-1 out of every 3 people are already retired -there's a 50% decrease in population -fewer workers and consumers -smaller workforce -population will go from 126 million to half of that by 2050 -women are afraid to have children, because they think they will get fired from their job due to the high competition for jobs
What are the population issues in Japan?
-women don't just perform household chores -women don't just bear and raise large #'s of children -women don't just make money by agriculture or trading
What are the positive aspects of the diffusion of popular culture to India in terms of the status of men and women?
-you can find the best doctors, hotels, or colleges in the country there -increased tourism -increased global trade -boosted economy
What are the positives of primacy and using a primate city?
-its not comprehensive -it does not measure short term development -it is complex -it is an average measurement -income is not a separate variable
What are the problems with the human development index?
-increasing property values or as properties are renovated, they rise in value -stimulating new businesses and/or investment. New businesses are attracted to the area due to increased incomes of new residents and/or increased tourism -new employment either in construction (short term) or in the new businesses that open (longer term) -changing cultural landscape as a result of restoration efforts, aesthetic improvement of older or decaying structures, neighborhood rehabilitation, or historical preservation of structures or neighborhoods -improvement in business services and consumer, resident, or visitor amenities (e.g. young, diverse, "cool city" factor) -improvement in public infrastructure such as new sidewalks, repaved roads, community centers, parks, upgrading of utilities
What are the pros of gentrification?
-since they have negative NIR's. high CDR, and low CBR -have low CBR is due to a long tradition of strong family planning programs and pessimism towards having children -high CDR due to legacy of inadequate pollution controls and inaccurate reporting by communists
What are the reasons for why Russia (as well as other former Communist European countries) faces a possible stage 5?
-south: includes whites mainly. Major destination for immigrants from Portugal during colonial times and from other European countries after independence -north: covered primarily by the Amazon rain forest and has the highest % of indigenous people, who are classified by Brazil's census as brown. Relatively few European immigrants reach here -northeast: populate primarily by brown people. Region received largest # of black slaves. Nearly 1/2 of Brazil's blacks are along east coast between Bahia and Rio de Janeiro -West-central: mix of white and brown population. Sparsely inhabited until Brasilia was constructed in the region to be the capital of Brazil since 1960. All Brazilian races migrated to this region to work in the capital
What are the region differences in the distribution of races in Brazil?
coke in in almost in every developed country while Pepsi is only in Canada, Saudi Arabia, India, an some other south east Asian countries
What are the regional difference is Coke and Pepsi preferences?
-protestant (lutheran) -speak Uralic language that is similar to Finnish
What are the religion and language like in Estonia?
-mainly lutheran with Roman catholic minority -speak language of the Baltic group
What are the religion and language like in Latvia?
-roman catholic -speak language from Baltic group of Balto-slavic branch of Indo-European language family
What are the religion and language like in Lithuania?
-in developing countries, families often divide responsibilities by gender -women: subsistence agriculture (earn cash by creating products or crops for local markets) -men: leave to work for wagers (either in commerical farming or jobs in distant cities)
What are the roles of men and women in agriculture?
-few services -homes are made from scavenged cardboard, wood boxes, sackcloth, and crushed beverage cans -water carried away from central well or dispersed from truck -latrines designated by the settlement leaders -electricity may be stolen by running a wire from a power line to the settlement -no public transportation
What are the services and amenities like in squatter settlements/informal settlements?
-immigrants are young and are seeking after jobs -women are increasing in immigration and therefore, the # of children in also increasing -assimilation - process where a person's culture comes to adopt those of another group
What are the social consequences of immigration?
-education and health -food and nutrition -green housing buildings -water and sanitation -green public transportation -green energy access -recreation areas and community support
What are the social development characteristics of sustainable cities?
-ethnic and racial tensions -religious connections -family connections
What are the social factors that influence migration?
-the workforce changes -migration is need to satisfy labor needs
What are the social risks as population grows and changes by 2050?
clothing, food, shelter, etc.
What are the things that folk and popular material culture include?
-farmers encouraged not to produce crops that are excess in supply, and also to plant fallow crops to restore soil nutrients -the government sets target prices for commodities and pays farmers the difference between the price they receive in the market and the target price set by the government -government buys all surplus production and either sells or donates it to foreign governments. Also, low income Americans receive food stamps in part to stimulate their purchase of additional food
What are the three agricultural policies that the U.S. government designed to improve financial position of farmers?
Postructialist geography, humanistic geography, and behavioral geography
What are the three approaches to explaining the relationship between cultural identity and space?
-modern tech -modern weapons -modern transportation and communications
What are the three challenges of pastoral nomadism in modern times?
health, education, and living standards
What are the three dimensions of the Human Development Index?
Topography, vegetation, and water
What are the three environmental factors tat affect people's choices of where to settle?
-Spinifex/Pila Nguru from Australia's Great Victorian Desert -Sentinelese people from India's Adaman Islands -the San who live in Bostwana and Namibia
What are the three hunter gatherer societies?
-The city is located centrally within an isolated state that has no interactions with the outside The Isolated State is surrounded by wilderness -The land is completely flat and has no rivers or mountains -transportation is the key variable that could change depending on the situation
What are the three key GENERAL assumptions of the Von Thunen Model?
-Hispanic Americans are clustered in southwest (came from Mexico since it is in close proximity to the U.S.) -African Americans are clustered in southeast(brought to the U.S. through slavery) -Asian Americans are clustered in the west (came across the Pacific Ocean due to proximity of Asia to U.S.)
What are the three largest ethnic groups in the U.S.?
dimensions (there are 3 of them) which consist of indicators (there are 4 of them) which consist of dimension indexes (there are 3 of them), and the dimension indexes compose the Human Development Index
What are the three levels in the Human Development Index (HDI)?
-time and distance decay -cultural barriers -physical barriers
What are the three main barriers to diffusion?
nationality, race, and ethnicity
What are the three main cultural traits?
-trying to achieve their objective through organized acts that spread fear and anxiety among people, such as bombing, kidnapping, hijacking, taking hostages, and assassinating -viewing violence as means of bringing widespread publicity to goals and grievance that aren't being addressed through peaceful means -believing in a cause so strongly that they don't hesitate to attack despite knowing that they'll probably die in act
What are the three main distinctive characteristics of terrorists?
-metes and bounds survey (creates a weirdly shaped pattern of rural settlements) -land ordinances (creates a grid-shaped pattern of rural settlements) -landlots (based on the fact that land ordinances might give someone a good piece of land with good soil while someone else might get bad land with and soil, and so, landlots assigns land to people so that everyone gets the same soil quality and type of land (this was mainly used in Europe and Canada))
What are the three main methods of surveying rural settlements (putting boundaries for rural settlements and farms)?
-promote christianity -extract useful resources and to as capture markets for their products -to establish relative power through the # of colonies claimed
What are the three main reasons for why Europeans sought colonies?
cultural boundaries, geometric boundaries, and physical boundaries
What are the three main types of boundaries?
mountains, water, and desert
What are the three main types of physical boundaries?
Hispanic American, African American, and Asian American
What are the three most numerous ethnicities in the U.S.?
Native American, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian
What are the three principal ethnic identities of indigenous people in the U.S.?
-it connects people together -helps communicate behavior -preserves traditions
What are the three reasons for why language is important to culture?
-replacement of increasingly irrelevant and out of touch monarchies with elected government officials that broaden individual rights and beliefs -widening of participation in policy making to all citizens through rights to vote and to serve in government -diffusion of democratic government structures created in Europe and North America to other regions
What are the three reasons for why the world has become more democratic?
Judaism, Islam, and Christianity
What are the three religions connected through the ancient ancestor, Abraham?
the rank-size rule
What does the distribution of settlements in the U.S. follow?
-sharp decrease in the use of the 3 fossil fuels -increase in the use of renewable energy -use of carbon capture and storage (CCS), which involves capturing waste carbon dioxide, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally underground
What are the three solutions that the U.N. has offered to reduce pollution and fossil fuel dependency?
-providing sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other countries -supplying weapons, money, and intelligence to terrorists -planning attacks using terrorists
What are the three ways in which states (particularly in Southwest Asia in recent decades) have given support to terrorists?
1. U.S. 2. Australia 3. Canada
What are the top three countries, ranked, that have the most foreign born residences?
there's not enough space to even travel on the road and there is a lot of traffic congestion, hence, it takes much more time to travel
What are the transportation challenges like for urban parts of LDC's?
-sudden drop in death rate that comes from tech innovation -sudden drop in birth rate that comes from changing social customs
What are the two big breaks with the past that the four stage demographic transition model is characterized by?
age and gender
What are the two factors that divide population pyramids?
sustainable and unstainable
What are the two general categories of tourism?
-cultural relativism (the view that right actions are sanctioned by one's culture. Nothing is right or wrong and different cultures have their own set of beliefs because they just do, due to how they've developed (and we cannot judge these beliefs)) -ethnocentrism (the devaluation of another culture because you think your culture is meant to be the norm and that it is superior to other culture)
What are the two general responses to viewig cultural differences?
environmental and cultural factors
What are the two general types of factors that led to the agricultural revolution?
expected years of schooling and mean years of schooling
What are the two indicators for the education dimension in the Health Development Index?
Basque and Icelandic
What are the two isolated languages?
-relocation diffusion: spread of an idea through large scale movement of people from one place to another (ex: spread of ideas through imperialism or migration) -expansion diffusion (has 3 types: hierarchical diffusion, contagious diffusion, and stimulus diffusion)
What are the two main categories of diffusion?
-farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and then burning the debris; shifting cultivation is sometimes called SLASH AND BURN agriculture -farmers then grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years until soil nutrients are depleted, and then leave it fallow (with nothing planted) for many years so the soil can recover
What are the two main distinctive features of shifting cultivation?
price of land and the nature of the crop/cost of transportation
What are the two main elements the Von Thunen Land Use Model considers?
olives and grapes
What are the two main mediterranean crops?
-for economic reasons -political and environmental factors can also encourage it
What are the two main reasons for why migrants move?
ethnic and geometric boundaries
What are the two main types of cultural boundaries?
-those separated by water -those separated by an intervening state
What are the two main types of fragmented states?
-new urbanism (development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. It is a reaction to urban sprawl in order to maintain sustainable growth) -smart growth (a set of principles for community planning that focuses on strategies to encourage the development of sustainable, healthy communities)
What are the two methods that are used for sustainable growth of cities?
wood and brick
What are the two most common building resources for folk housing?
corn and soybeans
What are the two most common crops in the U.S.?
cardiovascular diseases (heart attacks, etc.) and cancer
What are the two most important chronic diseases?
corn (maize) and soybeans
What are the two most important crops in the U.S. mixed commerical farming region?
Hinduism and Judaism
What are the two oldest religions?
-as a referencet tool: finding locations, the shortest routes, etc. -as a communication tool: showing distributions of things and the reasons behind this
What are the two purposes that cartography serves?
lowering through education and health care and lowering through contraception
What are the two strategies that been successful in reducing birth rates?
-erosion: soil washes away in the rain or blows away in the wind -depletion of nutrients: nutrients are depleted when plants withdraw more nutrients than natural processes can replace
What are the two sustainability issues that arise from the destruction of soil?
permanent and temporary
What are the two types of legal U.S. immigrants?
-an increase in the # of people living in cities (occurs mainly in MDC's) -an increase in the percentage of people living in cities (occurs mainly in LDC's)
What are the two types of urbanization?
-pollution of landscape -depletion of scarce natural resources
What are the two ways in which popular customs have an adverse effect on the natural environment?
where it is possible to separate speakers of different languages, followers of different religions, or members of different ethnicities
What causes the creation of cultural boundaries?
-more people are alive at this time than at any other point in history -virtually all global population growth is concentrated in developing countries -the world's population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the 20th century than ever before; slowed down a bit during 21st century
What are three reasons why studying population geography is so important?
-The World Wildlife Fund says we passed the world's sustainble level around 1980 and we're currently using 13 billion hectares of the surface and we have only 11.4 billion hectares of biologically productive land left -others say the sustainability limit has not been reached or exceeded yet, because resource availability has no maximum and earth's resources have no absolute limit because the definition of resources changes drastically and unpredictably over time
What are two critiques of sustainability?
In every country, men earn more than women (women have an income on average that is 50% of men income) and in the two most populous countries - India and China, the # of femal babies is much lower than the # of male babies
What are two examples of gender inequality in the world today?
-Africans have moved away from traditional religions and have adopted Christianity and Islam, which are shared by hundreds of millions of people -Social customs such as wearing jeans and eating hamburgers, etc. threaten local cultural beliefs, customs, etc.
What are two examples of how cultural globalization has impacted local diversity?
-using pesticides, we can prevent more crops from getting diseases -using tech, we can get better seeds that result in higher yields and can be grown in a wide variety of locations
What are two positive impacts of the Green Revolution?
-watching tv is the most popular leisure activity -tv has been the most important mechanism by which popular cultures such as profession sports, have rapidly diffused across earth
What are two reasons for why tv is an especially significant element of culture?
-extreme cold -ground covered with ice or is permanently frozen (permafrost)
What are two reasons why cold lands are inhospitable, causing them to be sparsely populated and have a scattered population?
-too dry for farming -lack sufficient water for crops
What are two reasons why dry lands are inhospitable, causing them to be sparsely populated and have a scattered population?
-steep and snow covered (mountains) -possible at high lands at low latitude/near equator
What are two reasons why high lands are inhospitable, causing them to be sparsely populated and have a scattered population?
-due to the E.U., the Schengen agreement was created, which created the Schengen area in Europe, where border patrol and internal border checks have been removed (hence, there was an open transfer of boundaries, where you could transfer across a boundary without any documentation) -due to the E.U., the common currency-the Euro, was created for a more common market and more economic equality between member countries
What are two ways in which supra-nationalism has affected the functions of international boundaries in Europe?
-it affects the overall communication between everyone and how we make decisions -different groups in a country can feel like they aren't being represented if the country does not have a single language that everyone speaks (ex: Hispanics and Asians in America)
What are two ways that language can be a centrifugal force?
-it originally assumed the following: -New York City is the only market -Crops are ranked by rent paying ability -No terrain or climatic variations -what its really like today: -New York City is still the only market -Crops are ranked by rent paying ability -no terrain variations accounted for still -but, now CLIMATIC VARIATIONS are considered
What assumptions did the Von Thunen Model make in terms of the U.S.? How is this different from what agriculture looks like in the U.S. today?
if the country is developing/developed, is the place on the coast, what is the culture of that place, etc.
What can a play a major role in the growth of a population of a country/place?
religious values and customary beliefs
What can affect folk housing?
-affordable housing programs -rent control -public housing developments -require developers to add affordable housing units -historical preservation laws -enforce historical preservation laws to maintain character -city government can purchase rights of buildings -urban planning or zoning -ensure planning involves participation of entire community -development of services or retailing for lower-income residents
What can be done to prevent gentrification?
-gross domestic product (GDP) -gross national product (GNP) -gross national income (GNI)
What can be used to measure the economic development of a country?
transportation innovations
What can models change with?
the location of the place (where it is located for trade, etc.)
What can play a major role in GDP growth?
sustainable development strategies
What can remedy environmental problems that stem from industrialization?
gender equity, since in most poor countries, the boys that are given birth to are fed before the girls that are given birth to, so a higher IMR could indicate that many of the girls are dying due to gender inequality
What can the infant mortality rate (IMR) be an indication of? How?
then the country does not have a rank size rule
What can we assume if the settlement hierarchy in a country does not graph as a straight line?
-since people move to urban areas for jobs and resources -people are able to make more money in urban locations if they aren't able to produce enough crops for money
What causes rural to urban migration?
an external influence such as an imperialising country, etc.
What causes stage 2 (the transition to a country becoming more developed) of Rostow's Model of Development to begin?
-the expansion of boomburbs (rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city) -the increased need for access to resources as there is more urban sprawl due to the expansion of boomburbs
What causes the creation of edge cities?
traditional society that has the primary sector and its activities/characteristics like subsistence agriculture, limited tech, and low productivity
What characterizes stage 1 of Rostow's Model of Development?
transitional stage (there's political+economic changes, states start to dominate, and there's essential economic growth)
What characterizes stage 2 of Rostow's Model of Development?
the country "takes off" and starts to develop (there's sustained growth, there's mechanized agriculture, and resource exploitation begins)
What characterizes stage 3 of Rostow's Model of Development?
country starts becoming mature, which is known as the "drive to maturity" (industrial specialization, global trade, economic diversification, tech drives economic activity, and there's self sufficiency)
What characterizes stage 4 of Rostow's Model of Development?
one or more unifying characteristics or they are on patterns of activity
What defines a region?
-from socio-economic challenges such not experiencing discrimination when people are buying a home, getting a mortgage, seeking house assistance, or engaging in other house related activities -it made redlining and blockbusting illegal
What did The Fair Housing Act of 1968 protect people from in the U.S.? What did it make illegal?
-communications would consider and hence, isolated states would have to end up interacting with each other at some point -science and transportation would get better and faster, resulting in faster transport and even crops that would be fit for a variety of conditions
What did Von Thunen not consider when creating his model?
white flight
What did blockbusting result in?
created polders and dikes to drain and hold back water from rising sea levels
What did humans do to modify the hydrosphere in the Netherlands?
-convicted and sentenced to death for Boston Marathon bombing -had older brother (Tamerlan Tsarnev) killed in shootout -before being captured, he left a note criticizing U.S. against actions in Iraq and Afghanistan against Muslims
What did the terrorist, Dzhokhar Tsarnev do?
-he was convicted and executed for Oklahoma cit bombing -did this for his rage against the U.S. for actions done by FBI such as a 51 day siege of Branch Dravidian religious compound near Waco, Texas that caused 80 deaths
What did the terrorist, Timothy Mcveigh do?
housing developments
What do boomburbs (rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city) focus heavily on?
they get trapped in neocolonialism (where there is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often cause monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc)).
What do periphery and semi-periphery countries get trapped in, according to the dependency theory?
countries and alliances, reasons underlying the observed arrangements, and the conflicts that result for the organization
What do political geographers study?
the place's function and origin
What do site and situation help us figure out about a place?
progress in development, such as small-scale finance and public transportation projects
What do the U.N.'s sustainable development goals help measure?
the country's gross domestic product (the total value of all goods and services produced WITHIN a country during a year)
What do the different economic sectors affect in a country's economy?
adopt their own laws
What do the local governments in federal states have the power to do?
Conduct research, operate factories, and sell products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principal shareholders are located
What do transnational corporations do?
-North Atlantic Treaty Organization -it's a military alliance among 16 democratic states, including the U.S. and Canada and 14 European states
What does NATO stand for? What was its purpose?
that the available agricultural land is being used more and may reach its output limit sooner than a country that has a lower physiological density
What does a higher physiological density (# of people per arable land area) suggest?
-the agriculture in that country is likely to be very developed and the country might be a MDC, since a low agricultural density means that you have more arable land but a lower number of farmers on that land -hence, the only way you can farm so much land with so few farmers is through the use of technology -the opposite is true for a country with a high agricultural density
What does a low agricultural density (ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land) explain about the development of agriculture in a country and the development of that country?
placing a burden on governments in developed countries to meet adequate levels of income and medical care for older people who have retired
What does graying of a population refer to?
the location of manufacturing such as if it will be in the core, semi-periphery, or periphery locations
What does labor, transportation (including shipping containers), the break of bulk point, least cost theory, markets, and resources influence?
-the relation between population and agricultural resources in a society -a higher physiological density suggests that the available agricultural land is being used more and may reach its output limit sooner than a country that has a lower physiological density
What does physiological density (# of people per arable land area) give us a good measure of?
-Incompatible land-use activities avoid clustering in the same locations -example: heavy industry and high-income housing aren't in the same neighborhood
What does the multiple-nuclei model state in terms of the compatibility of the land use of different activities?
-A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities resolve -some activities are attracted to particular nodes, whereas others try to avoid them (ex: universities may attract well-educated residents, bookstores, etc., but you might not find a NARUTO theme park here)
What does the multiple-nuclei model state?
takes raw materials from primary sector and manufactures them into finished products that can be sold
What does the secondary sector (economic sectors) do?
due to an environmental factor or just by chance
What does the sector model explain why certain areas of the city are more attractive for various activities?
it affects the potential for communication and conflict with neighbors
What does the shape of state affect, concerning its neighbors?
-services such as the transportation, distribution, and sale of goods that come manufactured from the secondary sector -it also involves things like transportation, education, health, water, sanitation, etc.
What does the tertiary sector involve?
increased population density in cities
What effect did elevators and steel frames have on population distribution?
moved people west in the U.S.
What effect did railroads have on population distribution?
ethnic unrest occurred, which led to the start of war due to the boundaries of the countries not matching the distribution of the ethncities
What ethno-poltical problems did Yugoslavia face after the death of Tito in the 80's and the fall of communism in the 90's?
how much of the edible portion actually comes in contact with the environment (in the most pesticide-ridden, it is basically the whole surface of the produce while this is the opposite in the cleanest ones)
What features differentiates the most pesticide-ridden fruits from the produces that are the cleanest?
-a civil war from 1975-1990 for either Christian or Muslim control over Beirut, the capital of Lebanon -each group formed their own private militia
What happened in 1975 in Lebanon?
In June of 1914, Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serb who sought independence for Bosnia
What happened in the Balkans to start World War 1?
killed by many of the people from the rival religion living there
What happened to many of the refugees as they traveled from West Pakistan to East Pakistan to India, and so on and so forth?
land becomes less attractive to industry because of the reducing transportation linkages and a decreasing marketplace
What happens in the concentric zone model, as one travels farther out from the CBD?
its has been globalized
What has happened to popular music, that has caused musicians to become less tied to the culture of particular places?
-inclusionary zoning (affordable housing for low to moderate incomes) -local food movements (farmer's markets, urban gardens, etc.)
What have been some responses to economic and social challenges in urban areas?
-first agricultural revolution -second agricultural revolution -columbian exchange -third agricultural revolution (green revolution) -fourth agricultural revolution
What have been the 5 most major events in the history of agriculture?
-transportation -climate -access to raw materials and labor
What have been the three major influencers of agriculture?
if it exists in a country, the residents have a better quality of life and the absence of a rank-size rule indicates that there is not enough wealth in society to pay for a full variety of services (this is because of the absence of settlements between a small amount of the population and where the large population lives)
What impact does the existence of rank-size rule have on the quality of life or a country's inhabitants? Why?
-this type of agriculture exists primarily on lands that border the Mediterranean Sea in southern Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia -each one of those areas borders a sea and prevailing sea winds provide moisture and moderate the winter temperatures -hot and dry summers and land is very hilly in this type of agriculture and mountains frequently plunge directly to the sea, leaving very strips of flat land along coast -main cash crops: olives and grapes
What is Mediterranean agriculture like?
the argument that the social reality within which we live and which determines what our options are has not been the multiple national states of which we are citizens, but something larger, which we call a world-system (x)
What is Wallerstein's World System Theory/Analysis?
A location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. In a port, the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains, trucks, or perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution.
What is a break-of-bulk point?
A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
What is a central place?
those in India that are not Hindu and are of different cultures, and how this has caused conflict
What is a centrifugal force that affects the viability of a nation like India?
most people there are hindu and the festivals and cultural traits that are part of Hinduism
What is a centripetal force that affects the viability of a nation like India?
-population grew from 500,000 in 1900 to 21 million in the urban area in 2015 -Late Texcoco was drained by the canal, allowing the city to expand north and east -the dried up lake is now a less desirable location due to dust storms -the reforma between downtown and Chapultepec became the spine of an elite sector -palaces were built along this sector -growth reinforced social patterns from the 19th century
What is independent Mexico City like?
the effort to unite people who share cultural elements, but are divided by a national boundary
What is irredentism?
-in the center is the city -in the first ring, market gardening and milk production is performed -in ring two, there are woodlots -in ring three, there are rotating crops -in ring four, there's animal grazing
What is located in each ring of the Von Thunen Model?
usually factories, businesses, etc. are located there but housing isn't located there
What is mainly located in the CBD? What is not located there?
you'll usually find residentials areas (due to cheaper land) there and not as many businesses and factories
What is mainly located in the concentric zone model as you get farther from the CBD? What isn't located there?
it is the way government agencies and institutions are dispersed between state, county, city, and neighborhood levels
What is meant by the functional and geographic fragmentation of governments?
new food introduced (this could develop into a business), greater linguistic, cultural, and ethnic diversity, etc.
What is one cultural impact that refugees can have on the country that is receiving them?
racial discrimination, new language and religion laws (oppression), etc.
What is one cultural reason for why refugees flee their home country?
bring in new skill sets to the population, bring new jobs, increased tax revenue, they could become a financial liability since they might need help settling into the new country, etc.
What is one economic impact that refugees can have on the country that is receiving them?
land ownership, which can allow women to own money and contribute to the family's income
What is one impact of empowering women within the rural agricultural regions of developing countries?
migration (immigration/emmigration)
What is one major thing that the natural increase rate (how much a country's population grows by each year) not include?
northern europe
What is one of the best regions in the world, where women are treated with the same equality or near the same equality that men are?
the primary source of protein
What is one of the most fundamental differences between developed and developing regions?
-there's ethnic/religious differences among different people and tribes which leads to political unrest among the different groups -there are also terrorist organizations who are looking to control the state in the way that they feel is right, such as Boko Haram
What is one political impact that results from devolutionary pressures related to cultural differences in Nigeria?
there's limited cultural and political autonomy for different ethnicities like the Basque, who feel as though that they should have their own country
What is one political impact that results from devolutionary pressures related to cultural differences in Spain?
-Chian is responsible for 1/3 of the world's highest yield of fish -China, Indonesia, and Peru all overfish -This is causing fish species to decline only 1/4 of fish species have been left underfished
What is overfishing like in the world?
-religion used somewhat to draw the boundary between 2 states on the island of Eire (Ireland) -most of the island became an independent country but the northern part (northern Ireland) remained in the U.K.
What is religious situation in Ireland like?
zone in transition: contains industry and poorer-quality housing (immigrants first live here)
What is ring 2 of the concentric zone model?
-zone of working class homes: older houses, stable, working class families -example of this is Philadelphia
What is ring 3 of the concentric zone model?
zone of better residences: newer, more spacious houses for middle class families
What is ring 4 of the concentric zone model?
commuter's zone: beyond the continuous built up area of the city (people here live in small communities and commute to work in the CBD)
What is ring 5 of the concentric zone model?
-Cocaine: its principal shipping route is from Colombia to Mexico (by sea) and then from there to the U.S. -Heroin: Afghanistan grows the most, and Myanmar (Burma) and Laos are the second-largest growers. Traffic flows from Afghanistan to Iran to Turkey to the Balkans and then to the western hemisphere. Second trade route goes through central Asia to Russia -Marijuana: grown in Mexico and then transported to the U.S.
What is role of the drug trade in global trade, including drugs like cocaine, heroin, and marijuana?
the terrain around an absolute location (the exact location)
What is site?
it is the relative location and the uniqueness of that relative location
What is situation?
-since the U.S. shouldn't just stand aside and do nothing when innocent people are being killed -if the U.S. doesn't stop genocide now, then it could happen again -democratic values compel the U.S. to help those in trouble
What is some evidence that supports why the U.S. should intervene in ethnic conflict?
-the U.S. can't keep solving everyone's problems and must leave ethnic groups to solve their own problems -U.S. should intervene only if national interest are directly intervened -intervening get the U.S. entangled in complex disputed that only end up hurting itself
What is some evidence that supports why the U.S. shouldn't intervene in ethnic conflict?
taiwan was controlled by nationalists by fled from China, while china was controlled by communists and while the nationalists claimed to have control over china, then never really did
What is some evidence to state that China and Taiwan should be two separate states?
-gained independence from Great Britain in 1960 -Turkish minority was given a substantial share of elected officers and control over its own education, religion, and culture -conflict between Turks and Greeks for control over Turkey -Turks control northern part but Greeks control southern part -wall created to split the 2 regions and the U.N. created a buffer zone
What is the ethnic situation in Cyprus like?
quinary sector, where there are human services
What is the fifth economic sector? What is in that sector?
Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970-?): also called the high tech epoch. This stage has continued to the present day as both and transportation and tech improves
What is the fifth stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?
the primary sector
What is the first economic sector?
the primary sector, where extraction of raw materials occurs
What is the first economic sector? What happens in that sector?
Sail Wagon Epoch (1790-1830): cities grew new ports and waterways which are used for transportation. The only means of international trade was sailing ships, and once good were on land, they were hauled by the wagon to their final destination
What is the first stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?
Ask questions
What is the first step of spatial analysis?
-it has increased from 27 million metric tons in 1960 to 132 million metric tons in 2012 -developing countries are responsible for 5/6 of the increase -increased more rapidly than population growth -during the past 50 years, per capita consumption of fish has nearly doubled in both developed and developing countries -fish and seafood are only 1% of all calories consumed by humans -production is higher than consumption
What is the fish consumption like in the world?
-there are 18 major fishing regions including 7 in Atlantic and Pacific each, 3 in Indian Ocean, and 1 in the Mdeiterranean -rivers and lakes are separate regions -areas with largest yields are the Pacific northwest and Asia's inland waterways -in the last 50 years, productivity has increased from 36-158 million metric tons -only 2/3 of the fish caught from the ocean are consumed directly by humans
What is the fish production like in the world currently?
the quaternary sector
What is the fourth economic sector?
quaternary sector, where there are information services
What is the fourth economic sector? What is in that sector?
Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970): growth in gasoline combustion
What is the fourth stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?
Act on new information
What is the fourth step of spatial analysis?
-land devoted to this form of agriculture is declinging in the tropics by 7500 km or 0.2% per year -tropical rain-forests have been reduced to 1/2 the area -this agricultural practice is being replaced by logging, cattle ranching, and cultivation of cash crops -people see this agricultural practice as inefficient -critics say it should be replace with more sophisticated agricultural techniques that yield more per land area -stopping it would help reduce the GREENHOUSE EFFECT -countries have started restricting this agricultural practice
What is the future of shifting cultivation agriculture going to be like?
2.5
What is the global average TFR (total fertility rate)?
political relationships, infrastructure, and patterns of world trade
What is the global system of agriculture and main elements of global food distribution networks affected by?
the government owns the houses
What is the government's role in public housing?
-3000 years ago, they controlled a kingdom in the Caucasus mountains -lived as an isolated Christian enclave under Turkish/Muslim people -Turkey and USSR split it up amongst them and it is mostly homogeneous in the region
What is the history of Armenia like?
-more diverse population than Armenia or Azerbaijan -Ossetians fought Germans and this resulted in them declaring south Ossetia as independent
What is the history of Georgia like?
-suffered from ethnic conflict -comprised of Kyrgzs, Uzbeks, and Russians -speak altaic languages -ethnic cleansing occurred between Uzebks and Kyrgzs
What is the history of Kyrgyzstan like?
-suffered from civil war between Tajiks and Muslim fundamentalists and western oriented intellectuals -15% of the population was made homeless in this
What is the history of Tajikistan like?
-agricultural exports from all countries have increased from $0.4 trillion in 2000 to $1.3 trillion in 2012 -Europe used to be the only major food importing region prior to world war 2 -European countries used their colonies as suppliers of food -USSR and east Asia became net food importers in 1950's -Now Japan is the leading food importer
What is the history of global food trade like?
-in Latin, it mean "to frighten" -the word was first applied to the period of French Revolution between March 1793 to July 1794, known as the Reign of Terror
What is the history of the word "terror"?
it is in the form of informal/squatter setttlement
What is the housing in the outer rings like the DeBlij's model of a Sub-Saharan African City?
one story houses with a steep roof and chimneys at either end
What is the housing style like for the Lower Chesapeake area in the U.S.?
known as "I" houses that typically are 2 full stories in height and one room date and at least 2 rooms wide
What is the housing style like for the Middle Atlantic area in the U.S.?
box shaped houses with a central hall
What is the housing style like for the New England region in the U.S.?
there is a shift to tertiary, quaternary, and quinary sectors and people will be working past their retirement ages due to the lack of young people in the workforce
What is the impact of an aging population on the country's economic sectors?
due to the lack of a young population, schools must be shifted to other facilities such as hospitals to support the aging population
What is the impact of an aging population on the country's social support system?
it creates hardships for people who must ravel to reach an urban settlement that offers services such as shops and hospitals
What is the impact of the absence rank-size rule in developing countries? Does having only one or two large cities and villages nearly everywhere else in the country, negatively affect the different aspects of the country?
GNI per capita in dollars
What is the indicator for the living standards dimension in the Health Development Index?
-they're stable nation-states and both speak Altaic languages
What is the language of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan like?
one major city that works as the financial, political, and population center of a country and doesn't have any city that compares with it; They don't have to be but are most often the capital of a city
What is the main idea of a primate city?
why did people settle at this site?
What is the main question that geographers ask when analyzing patterns and looking at the origin of a place?
Maps
What is the main tool of geographers?
Kunic
What is the name of the written alphabet of Old English?
-Origin: from the Latin word cultus, which means "to care for" -first meaning - to care about: to adore or wroship something as in the modern word cult -second meaning - to take care of: to nurse or look after something, as in the modern word cultivate
What is the origin of the word "culture"? What are the two different meanings of "to care for"?
it's hard to grow food there (which ties into the agriculture unit)
What is the overall main reason for why cold, wet, and dry areas are sparsely populated?
They tend to gravitate towards people of their own ethnicity
What is the pattern we see when it comes to the ditribution of ethnicities in the United States (what do individuals tend to do with people of the same ethnicity)
Lack of income to purchase the material
What is the principle obstacle in the distribution of popular culture?
-inner city lacks police, fire protection, shops, hospitals, clinics, other health care facilities -food deserts are common in low-income inner city areas
What is the problem of inadequate services like in cities?
-they have poor internal communications -ex: Malawi and Gambia
What is the problem with elongated state shapes?
-low income residents need services but can't pay taxes for them -can't fund services
What is the problem with municipal finances in cities?
it isn't accurate to the country from which the person came from
What is the problem with the way the U.S. Census Bureau defines "Asian"?
-it makes services available in more villages than would otherwise be possible, at least on a part-time basis -in urban areas, periodic markets offer residents fresh foods brought in the morning from the countryside
What is the purpose of a periodic market?
to give low income people a place to live
What is the purpose of public housing?
-the max distance people are willing to travel to use a service -it is the radius of the circle drawn to delineate a service's market area
What is the range of a service area?
they vary somewhat inversely (as one thing increases, the other decreases) and this is because many of the foods found in a lot of locations are processed and unhealthy and hence, don't cost as much
What is the relationship between Kcal/person/day (diet) and percent income spent on food? Why?
they're directly proportional (the people are willing to travel longer for it=larger, and the opposite is true for when people are willing to travel shorter for it)
What is the relationship between how long people are willing to travel for a service and the range of the service?
-they're inversely proportional (since as population grows, the GNI goes down, and vice versa) -this happens because we are dividing by population to get GNI
What is the relationship between population and the Gross National Income (GNI)? Why?
a greater population density results in higher stress and vice versa
What is the relationship between population density and the stress put on the city and it's environment+resources?
they're directly proportional (as density of the population increases, the amount of pollution (quality of water and air) and stress the place has to bear increases as well, and vice versa)
What is the relationship between the density of a population in a place, and the amount of pollution and stress that the place has to bear?
as population grows, it becomes more apparent as to not how many babies are born but WHERE they are being born, since this will end up causing growth in part
What is the relationship between the rise of population and the growth of cities?
directly proportional (small settlements=small threshold and range, large settlements=large threshold and range)
What is the relationship between the size of a settlement and the nesting (range and threshold) of its services?
segregation of people occurs based on economic status
What is the result of gentrification?
the secondary sector, where manufacturing occurs
What is the second economic sector? What happens in that sector?
Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870): characterized the impact of steam engines, tech, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks
What is the second stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?
stage 4, since it has a declining population
What stage of the DTM is Denmark in, and why?
-Rwanda is controlled by the Tutsis (cattle herders who migrated to present-day Rwanda and Burundi from the Rift valley of Western Kenya 400 years ago) but Burundi is led by democratically elected Hutus (settled farmers that grew crops in fertile hills and valleys of present-day Rwanda and Burundi, known as the Great Lakes region of Central Africa) since 2005
What is the situation in Rwanda and Burundi today?
the tertiary sector
What is the third economic sector?
tertiary sector, where there are services
What is the third economic sector? What is in that sector?
Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920): dominated by the development of long-haul railroads and a national railroad network
What is the third stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?
the minimum # of people needed to support a service
What is the threshold of a service?
2 or less
What is the total fertility rate for Europe?
5
What is the total fertility rate for Sub-Saharan Africa?
the market forces of supply and demand
What is the use of land in developed countries is determined primarily by what?
-use factory made machines (tractors, etc.) -use GPS, etc.
What is the use of machinery like in commerical agriculture?
-it occurs at a local scale -it is the growth in urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanse of land -results in suburbanization and the creation of things like suburbs -occurs AFTER URBANIZATION
What is urban sprawl?
-changes in transportation and communication (the different epochs in Borchert's epoch model): increases global connectivity, increases trade, increases mobility and growth of cities -population growth -migration -economic development -government policies
What led to the growth of modern day cities?
-set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman organization or organizations -devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code
What makes a religion?
the core-periphery model
What model is the dependency theory based on?
an idealized urban hierarchy in which people travel to the closest local market for lower-order goods, but must go to a larger town or city for higher orders goods
What must the central place theory represent?
Great Migration of African Americans
What occurred between 1900 and 1970 that was related to blockbusting?
3%
What percent of farmers in the labor force practice commerical farming?
4th
What place does China rank when we are looking at countries by their area?
-35 million less women than men -10 million population increase per 3 years -forced labor upon women by families, which increases population -0.5 billion more people by 2050
What population issues are India facing?
they don't have direct access to the ocean, hence, they don't get to facilitate their own international states, and they don't have any of their own seaports to transport items that go over long distances
What problems do landlocked states have?
-russian minority started an uprising in eastern Ukraine after the breakup of the USSR due to them being endangered in Ukraine -Russia then invaded Ukraine and took control over Crimea -crimea's pop. is 60% russian, 24% Ukrainian, 10% Tatar, and 6% other ethnicities -russia took control of crimea in 1783, and in 1921, it became part of the USSR -it became part of Ukraine after the USSR split up and in 2014, Russia invaded it an annexed it -though, almost all countries recognize Ukraine's sovereignty over crimea
What problems have there been in Crimea and what is the ethnicity and sovereignty like there?
as the population grows, there won't be enough food to feed people that aren't farmers
What problems would occur with subsistence farming and high levels of population growth?
to heal scars from WW2
What purpose was the EU created for?
-how much is there? -Population density asks the following Q's: -how many people live there? -how close do they live together
What questions does density ask?
-where is something found? -Population distribution asks the gollowing Q's: -where are people found? -where do people live?
What questions does distribution ask?
due to colonist exploitation (so basically due to imperialism and colonialism)
What reason does the dependency theory give for why there has been underdevelopment in Latin America and parts of Africa and Asia?
We compare the location of an unfamiliar place to a familiar one (for example, the house is down the courthouse on Locust street, after the third traffic light, beside the yellow brick bank
What role do familiar places have in understanding the situation of unfamiliar places?
-Spain conquered Tenochtitlan in 1521 -they destroyed Tenochtitlan and killed its inhabitants -it was rebuilt and renamed as Mexico City -built around a main square called the Zocalo on the Aztec's sacred precinct in the center of the island -streets were laid out in a grid pattern from Zocalo
What was colonial Mexico City like?
-founded by Azecs and they called it Tenochtitlan and it was on Chapultepec Hill -they were forced by others to leave the hill and hence, they moved to an island in Lake Texcoco -node of religion was the Great Temple -three causeways with bridges linked Tenochtitlan to mainland and helped control flooding -aquaduct brought water from Chapultepec -canals conducted the transportation of goods which were carried on boats -Aztecs conquered neighboring people and Mexico and hence, Tenochtitlan grew
What was pre-colonial Mexico City like?
-multiple civil wars occurred since 1983 which caused genocide and ethnic cleansing -Sudan is consisted of 70% Arab, 97% Muslim, and the rest is other ethncities -Black African ethnicities launched a rebellion in 2003 against Arab nomads called Janjaweed, but Sudan's government put down the rebellion -450,000 people in Darfur have died in genocide and 2.5 million in ethnic cleansing -war from 1985-2005 between north and south Sudan caused 1.9 million Sudanese to die and 700,000 to be ethnically cleansed -Sudan and South Sudan are trying to seize Abyei but are prevented by Ethiopia -Blue Nile and South Kordofan contain large #'s of ethnicities in Sudan and South Sudan -ethnicities are also fighting the Sudanese government with Eritrea over oil
What was the ethnic cleansing and genocide in Sudan like? Why did it occur?
-when Africa became independent states, areas of new states typically matched the previously imposed colonial administrative units rather than the historical distribution of ethnicities -hence, ethnic groups became divided among states causing conflict
What was the impact of the late 19th and 20th century practice of Europeans carving up the African continent into a collection of colonies?
-"Great Migration" to northern cities, beginning in 1930's - occurred in Detroit, Philadelphia, Cleveland, LA, Oakland, and Phoenix
What was the internal migration of African Americans in the U.S.?
Bubonic plague, which was caused by flea infested rats
What was the most violent stage 1 epidemic from the epidemiological transition?
-Nazi's wanted to unify all German speaking parts of Europe -this later led to WW2 and after Germany lost, it was split into west germany (controlled by U.S., France, and Great Britain) and east germany (controlled by Soviets) -this lasted till 1990 -massive forced migration of people in Europe occurred after WW2, and many ethnicities were relocated -the German Democratic Republic ended after the fall of communism and it became part of the German federal Republic
What was the multi-ethnic revival in Europe like?
-existed from 1922-1991 -used to be the world's largest state in area and it consisted of 15 republics of its 15 largest ethnicities -russians were 51% of the population, 15% ukranians, 6% uzbeks, and the other 25% were 100 other ethnicities
What was the multi-national state of USSR like?
-countries boycotted trade with south africa -could not participate in world sport tournaments
What was the outside pressure on Apartheid?
-it was a military agreement among communist eastern European countries -the pact disbanded in 1991 following the end of communism in eastern Europe
What was the purpose of the former Warsaw Pact?
new tech and increased food production led to better diets, life expectancy, and rural to urban migration for industrial jobs in the cities
What was the second agricultural revolution?
Boers/Afrikaans
What were Netherlands' colonizers of Africa called?
-they were city-states -they can be traced back to the fertile crescent (Mesopotamia) -one city/tribe in Mesopotamia would gain military dominance to form and empire -Mesopotamia was organized into a succession of empires -Mesopotamia was in modern day Iraq
What were ancient states like?
-had massive walls that were a defense for the empires -Roman empire controlled most of Europe, southwest Asia, and North Africa -Roman empire at its height, had 38 provinces with the same laws used in Rome -European portion of the empire split into estates owned by monarchs, dukes, barons, nobles, etc. -consolidation of neighboring estates (combining the estates) under the unified control of a monarch/emperor set the basis for the development of modern European nations
What were medieval states like?
-constitutional changes -Tito dies -economic downturn -Milosevic restores Serbian sovereignty -Yugoslavian communist party dissolved in 1990 -war
What were some of the centrifugal forces in Yugoslavia that split the nation apart?
-river valley areas of China -Mesopotamia -Egypt -South Asia and later in Mesoamerica -Andes Mountains -Western Africa
What were some of the early hearths for plant and animals domestication?
-beginning of the 20th century, most land was ruled by monarchs/emperors -map of Europe was redrawn at Versailles Peace Conference after WW1 -new states were created and boundaries of the existing ones were adjusted to resemble the territory occupied by different LANGUAGES -many of the nation state created, DID NOT SURVIVE
What were states like in the 20th century in Europe?
Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia
What were the 3 major Caucasus states that were part of the USSR?
Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova
What were the 3 major European states that were part of the USSR?
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
What were the 3 major baltic states that were part of the USSR?
-most dramatic attack on the U.S. -World Trade Center's Twin Towers in New York City collapsed after planes hit them and the Pentagon near Washington D.C. was damaged -2977 civilians died in total -88 were on American Airlines flight 11 and it crashed into the north tower -60 were on the United Airlines flight 175 and it crashed into the south tower -2605 died on ground at the World Trade Center -125 died on the ground at the Pentagon -40 died on United Airlines flight 93 (crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania and passengers fought with terrorists in board, preventing it from crashing into D.C.)
What were the September 11, 2001 attacks like?
as population keeps growing even when it is above 10 million (since that is how many people you need for a city to be a megacity), think about what are the stresses being put on the city (lack of transportation as you get farther from the center, lack of resources, worse living conditions, poverty issues, growth of squatter settlements, etc.)
When trying to identify the relationship between population and the growth of megacities in less developed countries, what should you think about?
1958
When was the European Union formed?
in 1945 by 51 original members, including 49 sovereign states
When was the United Nations established, by whom?
12000 years ago
When were dogs domesticated?
global cultural, economic, and political patterns
Where and how people live is essential to understanding what?
in the southeast
Where are African Americans clustered in the U.S.?
in the west
Where are Asian Americans clustered in the U.S.?
in the southwest
Where are Hispanic Americans clustered in the U.S.?
in the western half of the U.S.
Where are Native Americans mainly located in the U.S.?
in cities
Where are ethnic groups clustered mainly?
they're along good transportation lines and in other sectors, apart from the corridor that contains the best housing from downtown to the outermost edge of the city
Where are industrial and retailing activities in the city in the sector model?
Southeast region (ex: Florida, Georgia, and Alabama)
Where are most African-Americans concentrated in the U.S.? Provide examples of 3 states in that region too.
Europe
Where are most of the states with the least amount of ethnic diversity?
Africa
Where are most of the states with the most amount of ethnic diversity?
Africa, and they're mainly there because after the British and French empires are gone, former colonies became independent states and colonial railroads pass through these countries
Where are most of the world's landlocked state? Why there?
parts of Asia and Europe
Where are the highest arithmetic densities ((# of people per total land area) found around the world?
they're at the very top and they drive globalization
Where are world/global cities in the urban hierarchy? What do they do?
LDC's
Where are young populations mostly found (MDC's or LDC's)?
where the territories occupied by various ethnic groups didn't match the boundaries of the new countries
Where did ethnic cleansing occur after the breakup of Yugoslavia?
Asia and Latin America
Where did people come from to the U.S. (internationally) after world war two till today?
90% from Europe: -1840's and 1850's: Germany and Ireland -Irish famine -Germany: Political unrest 1860's break: Civil war -1870's: Germany and Ireland -1880's: Scandinavia -1905-1914: Southern and Eastern Europe
Where did people come from to the U.S. (internationally) from 1820-1920?
-in the cities of semi-periphery countries, some of the problems that exist here are squatter settlements/slums, crime, bad living conditions, etc. -in the cities of periphery countries, the problems exist at even a greater magnitude than the cities from semi-periphery countries since there is almost no access to any resources (like water, etc.), and even when building your houses, you have to build them out of anything you find
Where do most of problems occur in the most populous cities in less developed countries? What problems are there in this place?
in MDC's (more developed countries)
Where does commerical agriculture take place?
in Asia (south-east Asia)
Where does microfinance exist (this is the same place where microloans are given out the most)?
where there's high levels of immigration
Where does sequent occupanc (the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape) take place for the most part?
in LDC's (less developed countries)
Where does subsistence agriculture mainly take place?
mainly in MDC's
Where does the type of urbanization occur that involves an increase in the # of people living in cities?
mainly in LDC's
Where does the type of urbanization occur that involves an increase in the percentage of people living in cities?
in MDC's (more developed countries)
Where does urban sprawl mainly occur?
in LDC's (less developed countries)
Where does urbanization mainly occur?
in Latin America and the Caribbean, since they are tourist destinations and hence, women are increasing in the workforce and they are starting to get more manger type positions
Where has the idea of gender equity begun to have great progress? Why?
in the broken up communist states in Europe
Where has the most rapid increase in democracies occurred?
in Japan
Where have we seen success in gender equity around the world?
-best: Serbs since they compromised 40% of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina but got 50% of the land -worse: Bosnians since they compromised 45% of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina but only got 30% if the land
Who got the best deal and worst deal at the agreement made at Dayton, Ohio in 1996, between the Serbs+Croats and Bosnian Muslims?
The British
Who took over the Dutch land in Africa in 1795 and controlled in till 1948?
-dictator Josef Tito and the USSR -Tito died in 1980 and the USSR split up in 1991
Who was the main centripetal force for Yugoslavia?
- to create an ethnically homogeneous population they murdered, tortured, arrested, put people in detention camps, executed, raped, sexually assaulted, confined them in ghetto areas, forcibly removed, displaced, deported, used the military to attack the people, and destroyed civilian property
Why and how did Serbs and Croats in Bosnia (aka Bosnia and Herzegovina) ethnically cleanse themselves of Bosnia Muslims?
-much of land near north and south pole is covered with ice (permafrost) -high altitude areas
Why are cold areas sparsely populated?
-multiple nationalities, ethnicities, or cultures cause diverse states to devolve power in order to reduce separatists tendencies or to enhance loyalty to the country -to address devolutionary forces arising from physical, economic, or political differences, hence, federal governments are able to maintain cohesion by bridging physical or cultural barriers or providing means for resolving conflicts between subnational areas -larger countries, or territorial control over large or fragmented area allow units to provide more effective governmental services and to address local issues
Why are countries governed as federal states?
-too dry for farming and they cover 20% of earth's surface -insufficient water to grow crops
Why are dry areas sparsely populated?
since they offer a compromise between the geometric properties of circles (equidistant) and squares (don't overlap)
Why are hexagons used to represent a central place and market area?
-since monarchies are being replaced -more people are able to participate in voting -the spread of governments similar to Europe and North America
Why are most countries becoming democratic?
because it's cheaper
Why are people choosing to live in "sprawled" suburbs rather than closer to downtown?
-pay gap decreasing between men and women -more women educated longer than men -women are waiting later in life to have children and are focusing more on their education and careers
Why are places like Switzerland, Norway, Northern Europe, really good places for women to live?
-women are treated poorly there since they are considered inferior due to religious and cultural beliefs -the women employed there are in the informal sector -have children earlier like in their teenage years -very low literacy rate compared to men due to much less education
Why are places like the Middle East, really bad places for women to live?
-they're readily visible on maps and aerial imagery -defense from an invading state since the country being invaded could concentrate its defense at the landing point where the invaders have to transport its troops by ship/air
Why are rivers, lakes, and oceans the physical features that are most commonly used as boundaries?
people cluster with other people that are in their own social hierarchy, hence, this separates people of different classes
Why are suburbs segregated?
drawn every 10 years and this is done to ensure that each district has about the same population due to the change of population in districts that are caused due to migration
Why are the boundaries of legislative districts occasionally redrawn? How often is this done in the U.S.?
since people are moving to the cities in search of jobs to be more financially secure and also have more access to resources
Why are urban areas in nations on the periphery growing at rapid rates?
-areas receive very high levels of precipitation -areas are located primarily near equator -the combo of rain and heat rapidly depletes nutrients from the soil, hindering agriculture
Why are wet areas sparsely populated?
-since deserts are hard to cross and they're sparsely inhabited -ex: Sahara desert separates Algeria, Libya, and, Egypt from the north from Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, and then Sudan on the south
Why can deserts effectively divide two states? What is an example of a desert boundary?
-since contact between nationalities living on opposite sides may be limited/completely impossible if passes are closed by winter storms, and mountains are also permanent and sparsely inhabited
Why can mountain boundaries be effective?
since creating boundaries using them can be difficult due to it being hard to draw boundaries from one mountain peak to another
Why can mountain boundaries sometimes cause conflict?
since they needed people to rebuild the country after wars ended
Why did Europe stop large scale immigration to the U.S. in the mid-1900's?
-a constitutional amendment guaranteed families the legal right to decide on the # and spacing of children -National Population Council was established to improve family planning through education
Why did Mexico's rapidly declining CBR in stage 3 of the DTM happen?
mostly European countries that had been liberated from Nazi Germany
Why did membership in the U.N. increase in 1955?
-17 new members except for one former African colony of Britain or France -only 4 African states were original members and 6 more joined in the 1950's
Why did membership in the U.N. increase in 1960?
-26 countries added due to breakup of the USSR and Yugoslavia -membership also increased due to admission of microstates
Why did membership in the U.N. increase in 1990's?
since languages hold a lot of information about the culture itself, since that's how people communicated in that culture, and hence, we can learn about the history of the culture (learned Egyptian history by translating the hieroglyphs on the Rosetta Stone)
Why do cultures try to preserve and protect their languages?
to understand the relationship between population and resources in a country
Why do geographers examine physiological densities (# of people per arable land area) and agricultural densities (ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land) together?
since hexagons represent a compromise between circles and squares, and like squares, hexagons next without gaps
Why do geographers use hexagons to delineate market areas?
to help explain the importance of proximity to market in the choice of crops on commerical farms
Why do geographers use the Von Thunen Model?
since they have a wide variety of job opportunities and a wide diversity of cultures (and their foods, clothing, etc.)
Why do global cities attract more international migrants than smaller places?
since they're near business and consumer services and offer vital public services
Why do inner rings house higher income people and house the most attractive residential areas in Deblij's model of a sub-saharan African City?
since they want even more living space than what you would get in suburbs
Why do people move into exurbs (prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs)?
Since tech and fiance allow a few people to farm large land areas and feed many people
Why do richer countries have low agricultural densities?
-lack of workforce -economic challenges of sustaining a high standard of living -aging population with a high dependency ratio
Why do you think Japan's population pyramid is problematic for the country?
-since it is an autonomous kingdom of Denmark -it runs its own internal affairs yet Denmark controls its foreign affairs and defense
Why does the U.N. not consider Greenland as a colony?
-since they're attached to the mainland of China -hong kong was a colony of U.K. until it was returned to China in 1997 and year later, Portugal returned it colony of Macau -the 2 have some autonomy in economic matters but China controls foreign affairs and defense
Why does the U.N. not consider Hong Kong and Macau as a colony?
commonwealth of the U.S. Puerto Ricans are citizens of the U.S. but they do not participate in the U.S. elections or have a voting member of congress
Why does the U.N. not consider Puerto Rico as a colony?
due to difficulties faced by low income people in gaining access to health care
Why does the U.S. have a higher MMR than other wealthy countries?
Due to the large amounts of immigration into the U.S.
Why does the population continue to increase in the U.S. but the CBR is declining?
public expenditures for renovation has been criticized as subsidies for the middle class the expense of people with lower incomes who are sometimes forced to move out of gentrified neighborhoods because of a higher rent
Why has gentrification (the process of converting an urban neighborhood from a pre-dominantly low-income renter-occupied to a pre-dominantly middle class, owner-occupied area) been criticized?
since it has meandered from its previous course, and hence, land has exchanged between the 2 states
Why has the Rio Grande necessitated treaties between the U.S. and Mexico?
to promote communist values
Why has the enormous China adopted a unitary system?
to accommodate the 2 main cultural groups, the Flemish and the Walloons
Why has tiny Belgium adopted a unitary system?
modern communications systems permit states to monitor and guard boundaries effectively
Why have frontiers been replaced by boundaries?
since economic growth has slowed, while % of people needing public assistance has increased
Why have governments needed to change their approach towards public assistance?
since it has basically a homogeneous population of Japanese people
Why is Japan an near perfect example of a nation-state?
since understanding the religion of a particular culture, helps us see what beliefs has helped a shape a good chunk of the culture, and that culture's views
Why is it important to study religions to understand culture?
-as demand for single-family detached housing increases, land on the fringes of urban areas must be converted to houses -this land cannot be converted fast since developers try to find isolated+cheap areas and also since many people want to own large amounts of land, then cost is also higher since roads and utilities have to be extended
Why is suburban sprawl inefficient?
-since attacks are aimed at ordinary people rather than at military targets or political leaders -terrorists view civilians as legitimate targets
Why is terrorism different from other acts of political violence?
since it is a representation of gender inequality and the different treatments that the two genders get
Why is the fact that women have a larger number in the workforce but don't get as high as wages or as many job opportunities, so important?
due to demographic momentum, which occurs when, despite a decreasing fertility rate, a country with a young population continues to experience continued population growth
Why is the world population still growing?
since those places are wanting to enter the consumer world with a better quality of life and living, with more technology, etc.
Why is there an increasing demand for natural resources as development levels increase?
-support: supporters want to preserve rural village life in parts of Europe -backlash: critics state that Europeans have to pay needlessly higher prices for food as a result of subsidies
Why is there support for high farm subsidies (a sum of money granted by the government or a public body to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive) in Europe? Why is there backlash?
-due to separate beliefs and different styles of life such women from Islam who wear a hijab, niqab, or burqa in western countries. France and Belgium have prohibited this -another ex is just wearing folk culture clothing in countries that have mainly popular culture
Why might folk and popular culture come into conflict?
due to different economic conditions
Why might two countries that have similar physiological densities (# of people per arable land area), produce significantly different amounts of food?
since people think of distance in terms of time rather than in terms of a liner measurement like miles (hence, the range of services that is represented by circles must now be represented by irregularly shaped circles since travel time varies with road conditions)
Why must the range of a service be modified?
since they are looking for more space to live, schools, lower crime rates, more community togetherness, etc.
Why people travel to the outer suburbs of cities and why does suburbanization occur?
since they set the territory shape and give the state it its distinctive shape
Why re boundaries important?
-districts will be compact and follow logical boundaries such as cities and countries -communities that don't support the majority party will be divided among multiple districts, diluting their power -1 party can gain a much higher % of seats than their share of total vote would suggest
Why should independent commissions be used to decide electoral boundaries?
-elected officials, by virtue of having been elected, best represent the will of the people -bestowing power in hands of unelected commissions makes process less accountable to the people -politicans help ensure racial and ethnic minorities constitute a majority in some districts
Why shouldn't independent commissions be used to decide electoral boundaries?
Inequality
With gender, geographers tend to focus on the distribution of what?
-serbs got control of Kosovo and they began ethnic cleansing to get rid of the Albanians living there -in 1999, 800,000 of 2 million Albanians living there were removed and sent to camps in Albania -NATO was upset at Serbia for their ethnic cleansing of the Albanians, hence, they launch an air attack against Serbia -Kosovo declared independence in 2008 and 108 countries in the world recognized it as independent but Serbia and it allies still oppose it
With the breakup of Yugoslavia, what begun to happen in Kosovo?
symbol of Taoism
Yin and Yang
Uniform dispersion pattern
a dispersion pattern where individuals are equally space apart in a population
Poplation Pyramid
a bar graph that shows the age and gender composition of a population; helps us see population chnage in a country
Climate Change
a change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.
primate city
a city that is the largest settlement in a country and has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
Carl Sauer
a cultural geographer who believed that the earliest form of plant cultivation was VEGETATIVE PLANTING
intensive subsistence agriculture
a form of subsistence agriculture characteristics of Asia's major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the max feasible yield from a parcel of land
Multi-national state
a government with multiple ethnicities (ex: Canada and its provinces)
Underclass
a group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of more developed society because of a variety of social and economic hardships
language branch
a group of many languages, all which came from the same original language long ago, but have since evolved differently
J Curve
a growth curve that depicts exponential growth
Mercator Projection
a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder
Edge cities
a node of office and retail activity on the edge of an urban area
Romance languages
a part of Indo-European language family; is clustered in southwestern Europe and Latin America (French, Spanish, Italian)
rank-size rule
a pattern of settlements in a country such tha the nth largest settlement is (1/n) times the population of the largest settlement
settlement
a permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services
Ethnic enclave
a place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area
Imperialism
a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force
exclave
a portion of a state that is separated from the main territory and surrounded by another country
traingular slave trade
a practice primarily during the 18th century in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to the Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean islands to Europe, and then trade goods from Europe to Africa
Informal settlements/Squatter settlements
a residential area where housing has been built on land to which the occupants have no legal claim or hasn't been built to the city's standards for legal buildings
nation-state
a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied y a particular ethnicity
Ethnoburb
a suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population
Abiotic system
a system composed of nonliving or inorganic matter
Frontier
a zone where no state exercises complete political control
Median-line principle
according to the UNCLOS, the EEZ for maritime countries located closer to each other than 200 miles is located halfway in between.
Geometric boundaries
boundaries based on human constructs, such as straight lines
Definitional dispute
confusion over the language used in a treaty's outline of the boundary
Brownfields
contaminated industrial or commercial sites that may require environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped or expanded
population momentum
continued population growth that does not slow in response to growth reduction measures
Anocratic Government
creates a country that is not full democratic or autocratic
Autocratic Government
creates a country that is run for the interests of the leaders and not the people
Democratic Government
creates a country where citizens elect leaders and can run for office
Cultural autonomy
cultures will develop regardless of the physical environment (California has droughts, but it still developed)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
ensures the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure and efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers
Centripetal Forces
factors that unify or hold a state or nation together ( create peace)
Monoculture
farming strategy in which large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year
Double cropping
harvesting twice a year from the same field
World Trade Organization (WTO)
intergovernmental organization that is designed to enforce rules for international trade, provide a forum for negotiation and monitoring trade and resolve trade disputes
green revolution
invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s
Food security
it is the physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
Malnutrition
lack of proper nutrition
emigration
leaving (EXITING) and area
Apartheid
legal separation of people based upon race in South Africa into different geographic area (begins in 1948)
Interregional Migration
movement between regions
Seasonal migration
movement for a short period of time, then movement to another location or back home
emigration
movement of individuals out of a population
Immigration
moving into an area
Transnational/International migration
moving into another country
Permeable barriers
obstacle which slows down diffusion without stopping
Overpopulation
occurs when the # of people exceeds capacity of environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Bypasses
operations that repair deficiencies in the cardiovascular system
Asylum
shelter from physical harm and persecution that one country gives to a refugee from another country
biologically productive land
the amount of land required to produce the resources currently consumed and handle the wastes currently generated by the world's 7 billion people at current levels of technology
Milkshed
the area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
Market Area/Hinterland
the area surrounding a service from which consumers are attracted to
material culture
the art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people
Cultural determinism
the belief that the culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels. This supports the theory that environmental influences dominate who we are instead of biologically inherited traits.
Culture
the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people
Gross National Income (GNI)
the dollar value of a country's final income in a year (including what is produced within a country and income received from investments), divided by the country's population
Nativism
the policy of protecting the interests of native born inhabitants over those of immigrants, which pairs with the concept of ethnocentrism (all other cultures are evaluated against one's own culture for comparison)
Non-ecumene
the portion of Earth's surface not occupied by permanent human settlement
Blockbusting
the practice of persuading owners to sell property cheaply because of the fear of people of another race or class moving into the neighborhood, and this profiting by reselling at a higher price
Crop rotation
the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
Gentrification
the process of changing the character of a neighborhood through the influx of more affluent residents and businesses
gentrification
the process of converting an urban neighborhood from a pre-dominantly low-income renter-occupied to a pre-dominantly middle class, owner-occupied area
Diffusion
the process of moving across space from one place to another over time
Demography
the scientific study of population characteristics
Assimiliation
the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another
Toponymy
the study of place names
Geography
the study of the earth's physical and cultural features
Geopolitics
the study of the interplay between international political relation and the territories in which they occur
Behavioral geography
the study of the psychological basis for individual human actions in space
social area analysis
the study of where people of varying living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area
Social Area Analysis
the study of where people of varying living standards, ethnic backgrounds, and lifestyle live within an urban area
Culture
the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society
Conservation
the sustainable use and management of natural resources to meet human needs like food, etc.
Cornucopian Theory
the theory that humans can innovate ways to expand the food supply
Agricultural Revolution
the time when human beings domesticated plants and animals and no long relied entirely on hunting and gathering
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
the total value of all goods and services produced WITHIN a country during a year
Devolution
the transfer of delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration
Geographical data
usually numerical information used to describe or measure geographical phenomena
Microcredit/microloans
very small loans given to small groups of individuals, often women, to stimulate economic development and to help businesses grow and raise money
Contiguous zone
water boundary from 12-24 nautical miles from shore; state may enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration
Exclusive economic zone
water boundary from 24-200 nautical miles from shore; a state has their own private right to the fish and other marine life
Territorial waters
water boundary up to 12 nautical miles from shore; state may set laws regulating passage by ships registered in other states
Outsourcing
when a business obtains services or products used in manufacturing, such as parts for a television set, from an outside (often overseas) supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs
trade concentration (Wallerstein's World System Theory)
when a peripheral nation trades with just a few core countries
Fortified boundary
when a state constructs physical barriers along a boundary to either keep people in or out of its territory
investment concentration (Wallerstein's World System Theory)
when investment comes from a few core countries
Linear pattern
when the pattern in along straight lines, like rivers, streets, or railroad tracks.
cultural globalization
worldwide spread of similar norms, values, and practices
