AP Bio - Chapters 4 & 5
transport vesicles
Some proteins constructed on RER are transported by _____ for secretion to the outside or insertion in other membranes.
vesicle
exocytosis is the exportation of waste materials or specific products by the fusion of a _____________ with the plasma membrane of a cell.
hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes get their name from the fact that they produce ____________ during oxidation reactions
thylakoid
________ membranes contain chlorophyll that traps sunlight energy and converts it to chemical energy in ATP.
aquaporins
_________ are channel proteins that facilitate the transport of water through the plasma membrane in response to osmotic gradients.
chloroplasts
__________ are organelles that contain green pigments taht trap light energy for photosynthesis.
resolution
__________ is the capacity to distinguish fine detail in image.
centrioles
___________ may play a role in some types of microtubule formation.
magnification
____________ is the ratio of microscopic size to actual size of an object.
peripheral membrane proteins
______________ are not embedded in the lipid bilayer.
integral membrane proteins
________________ have hydrophobic regions that interact with the fatty acid tails of the membrane phospholipids
pinocytosis
a cell takes in dissolved materials
protein
a variety of membrane functions is made possible by the diversity of __________ molecules in membranes
gap junctions
plasmodesmata in plant cells are functionally equivalent to _____________ in animal cells.
cellulose
plant cell walls are composed primarily of ________ and smaller quantities of other polysaccharides.
plasma membrane
All cells are enclosed by a __________________
plasma membrane
All cells are physically separated from the external environment by a ____.
chromatin
DNA is associated with proteins, forming a complex known as _____________.
size, shape, and electrical charge
Diffusion rate is affected by temperature and the ______________ of the moving particles.
nucleus
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is contained in the ________.
digestive enzymes
Lysosomes are small sacs containing _________ that can break down complex molecules, foreign substances, and "dead" organelles.
alpha a beta tubulin
Microtubules consist of these two proteins:
ribosomes
Rough RER is studded with ___________ that are involved in protein synthesis.
nonpolar
Small ________ molecules easily permeate plasma membranes
strength, shape, and movement
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that are responsible for the ______________ of cells.
endoplasmic reticulum
The _______ is a complex of intracytoplasmic membranes that compartmentalize the cytoplasm.
nuclear envelope
The ________ consists of two concentric membranes that separate the nuclear contents from the surrounding cytoplasm.
tonoplast
The membrane of a vacuole is called the _________.
cells
are the building blocks of complex multicellular organisms.
fewer
because of the sodium-potassium pump, there are __________ potassium ions inside the cell relative to the sodium ions outside.
cell fractionation
cell components are separated by a method known as _________.
eukaryotic
cells are relatively complex and possess both membrane-bound organelles and a "true" nucleus.
prokaryotic
cells are relatively lacking in complexity, and their genetic material is not enclosed by membranes.
phagocytosis
in ______________ a cell ingests large, solid particles
glycocalyx
in most eukaryotic cells polysaccharide side chains of proteins and lipids form a _____________, or cell coat, that is part of the plasma membrane
myosin
in muscle cells actin is associated with the protein __________ to form fibers associated with muscle contraction
cisternae
in some cells the Golgi consists of flattened membranous sacs called _____________.
intermediate filaments
keratin and neurofilaments are examples of tough, flexible fibers called _________________ that stabilize cell shape.
cadherins
membrane proteins known as ___________ are responsible for calcium-dependent adhesion between cells in multicellular sheets.
compartments
membranes divide the eukaryotic cell into _____________.
free radicals
mitochondria negatively affect health and aging through the release of ______________.
desmotubule
most plasmodesmata contain a cylinder-shaped structure called the ___________.
symporters
move two types of substances in one direction
hydrocarbon chains
the two-dimensional fluid property of the lipid bilayer is due to the constant motion of _______________.
ultrastructure
powerful electron microscopes are used to study the ____________ of cells.
Golgi complex
primary lysosomes are formed by budding form the _____________.
plasma membrane
products are secreted from cells by the fusion of vesicles with the ___________.
blood-brain barrier
the _______, composed of tight junctions, prevents many substances in the blood from passing into the brain.
osmotic pressure
the ________ of a solution is determined by the amount of dissolved substances in the solution.
sizes and shapes
the ____________ of cells are related to the functions they perform.
mitochondria
the chemical reactions that convert food energy to ATP take place in organelles called ___________.
amphipathic
the cylindrical shape and strongly ___________ character of phospholipid molecules are features responsible for teh formation of the bilayer.
negatively
the distribution of sodium and potassium across cell membranes causes the inside of the cell to be ____________ charged relative to the outside
endomembrane system
the internal membrane system in the eukaryotic cell is known as ____________.
organelles
the internal structures of cells that carry on life's activities are called ______________.
osmosis
the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
phospholipids
the physical properties of biological membranes are due primarily to their ______________.
indirect active transport
the process whereby the movement of one solute down its concentration gradient provides the energy to transport another solute up its concentration gradient known as ____________.
uniporters
transport oen type of substance in one direction