AP BIO - Mitochondria

What increases the surface area of the inner membrane?

cristae increase the surface area along which chemical reactions can occur.

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm of the cell

What are cristae?

folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria

What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

glycolysis, krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) electron transport chain Electron transport chain include oxidative phosphorylation

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

mitochondrial matrix

what processes occur within the chloroplasts?

photosynthesis

What is endosymbiosis?

symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other. The theory explains how double membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts could have formed in cells. It involves the idea that a prokaryotic cell was engulfed but not destroyed within a host cell. The prokaryotic cell could then have developed a beneficial relationship with the host cell and developed into an organelle.

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

the space inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion and is enclosed within the inner membrane.

How many molecules of ATP are made per molecule of glucose during cellular respiration?

38

What is a host cell?

A cell in which another organism lives

How could mitochondria have formed within ancestral eukaryotic cells?

A host cell with a nucleus and endomembrane system could have engulfed an aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote and it could have become an endosymbiont within the cell.

How could chloroplasts have forms within ancestral eukaryotic cells?

A host cell with a nucleus, and a membrane system, and mitochondria could have engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote and it could have become a second type of endo symbiont living within the cell.

What processes occur within a mitochondria?

Aerobic cellular respiration.

What types of cells contain mitochondria?

Almost all eukaryotic cells such as protists, plants, fungi and animal cells contain mitochondria.

Where is the inter membrane space?

Between outer and inner membrane, area where hydrogen ions are pumped/concentrated.

Where are proteins used within the mitchondria and chloroplasts produced?

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA. Many of the proteins that serve as enzymes within these organelles are produced within the organelles themselves.

Which two stages of aerobic cellular respiration occur within the mitochondrion?

Citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

How many membranes surround a mitochondria?

Each mitochondrion is surrounded by two membranes which are referred to collectively as a double membrane.

What molecule is degraded in glycolysis?

Glucose molecules

Which stages of aerobic cellular respiration produce ATP via substrate level phosphorylation reactions?

Glycolysis and citric acid cycle.

Which two stages of aerobic cellular respiration produce NADH?

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

What evidence exists to support the idea that mitochondria arose in eukaryotic cells through the process of endosymbiosis?

In remembrance of mitochondria contain enzymes and transport systems similar to those found in some prokaryotic cells. Mitochondria replicate in a manner that is similar to binary fission and prokaryotic cells. Mitochondria contain a single circular chromosome which is similar to a prokaryotic chromosomes prayed. Mitochondria contain 70 S ribosomes to translate proteins as do prokaryotic cells. Mitochondria are double membrane bound, which implies that they were engulfed by another cell.

How is the nucleus thought to have formed within ancestral prokaryotic cells?

Infolding of the plasma membrane to surround the genetic material.

What is the function of NAD+ ?

It is an electron carrier that accepts a pair of high energy electrons and it helps to pass energy from glucose to other pathways. In electron transport it can except accept two electrons (reduction) and release them in another location (oxidation). It serves to carry electrons from either glycolysis or the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Where is DNA located with in a mitochondrion?

Matrix

What types of cells have proportionally more mitochondria per unit volume?

Metabolic metabolically active cells that require lots of ATP to function for example motile (moving) and contractile (change size) cells have lots of mitochondria Human liver cells

Are mitochondrial thought to have evolved before or after chloroplasts and ancestral eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondria are thought to have evolved first since they are found in all eukaryotic cells. Since chloroplasts are only found in plant cells, it is thought that this endo symbiotic relationship developed later in the course of evolution.

Where are ribosomes located within a mitochondrion?

Mitochondrial ribosome within the matrix.

Which stage of aerobic cellular respiration produces ATP via chemiosmosis?

Oxidative phosphorylation

What is the function of FAD?

Reduces and stores the energy and high electrons states in FADH2. And electron transport it can accept two electrons (reduction) and release them in another location (oxidation) it serves to carry electrons from either glycolysis or the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

How many mitochondria are typically found within a cell?

Some cells have one large mitochondrion, but most cells have between 100 and 1000 mitochondria.

Where do the processes of electron transport and Kimmy osmosis take place in the mitochondrion?

The electron transport chain is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Hydrogen ions that are pumped by the electron transport chain are moved from the matrix to the inter-membrane space. The ATP synthase molecule that carries out keep me osmosis is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane as well. Hydrogen ions move through the ATP synthase from high concentration in the inter-membrane space to the low concentration in the matrix to create ATP.

Why aren't mitochondria and chloroplasts part of the endomembrane system?

They are not connected physically or by transport vesicles to organelles of the system. The proteins in their membranes are produced by free-floating ribosomes in the cytoplasm. As well, mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by more than one membrane which implies that they were formed by phagocytosis.

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

This term refers to the mitochondrial process that uses oxygen and high=-energy electrons to produce ATP and water. The metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy. Oxidative phosphorylation involve the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain and the conversion of energy released by the electron transport chain into ATP.

Where are enzymes located within the mitochondria?

Within the matrix and embedded in the inner membrane.

What is an Endosymbiont?

a cell that lives within a host cell