Micro Exam #2 review

Which root(s) indicates the ability to prevent microbial growth?

-static, -stasis

The kilogray is equal to ______ (write the number) grays.

1000

The temperatures used in incineration must usually be above which of the following?

1000*C

Tetracyclines may be given to children of which age?

11 years old

Which of the pressure/temperature combinations is the most efficient for autoclaving?

15 psi and 121 C

Typically, endospores are how much harder to kill than vegetative bacteria?

18x

All non-heat resistant forms of bacteria, yeasts, molds, protozoa, worms and viruses are destroyed by exposure to 80οC for which minimum amount of time?

20 minutes

Erythromycin and clindamycin resistance is associated with an alteration of the drugs target on the organism's __________.

50S ribosomal subunit

Approximately what percent of infections involve biofilms?

60%

HEPA filters are used to sterilize which of the following?

Air

In sterilization, which of the following are removed or destroyed?

All microorganisms

A sterile object is free of which of the following?

All viable microorganisms and viruses

Patients taking penicillin may experience _____ reactions.

Allergic

Which of the following are side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs?

Allergic reactions, Damage to host tissues due to toxicity, Disruption of normal microflora

What is a common concern when physicians prescribe a new drug to patients for the second time?

Allergic response

Two major problems for treatment with penicillin are that some patients experience which of the following?

Allergic responses, Resistant strains of pathogens

Skin rashes and hives after taking an antibiotic could indicate a(n) _____ reaction to the drug.

Allergy

Which of the following is a hypersensitive response to a particular substance by the immune system?

Allergy

These antibiotics are amino sugars linked to 6-carbon rings.

Aminoglycosides

_____ are antibiotics composed of one or more amino sugars and a 6-carbon ring and produced by soil actinomycetes.

Aminoglycosides

Which two semisynthetic penicillins can be used against Gram-negative bacteria?

Amoxicillin, Ampicillin

Which of the following antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis?

Ampicillin, Vancomycin, Cycloserine

Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms?

Antibiotic

Griseofulvin is which type of agent?

Antifungal

______ chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infections and diseases caused by many types of microorganisms.

Antimicrobial

Which term describes chemical agents used to destroy harmful microbes found on the skin?

Antiseptics

Which of the following is not an example of antisepsis?

Applying bleach to surgical area

_____ is a term referring to a condition free of pathogenic microorganisms or a procedure or process designed to prevent entry of infectious agents.

Asepsis

Erythromycin blocks protein synthesis by which method?

Attaching to the 50S subunit of the ribosome

Identify the first tetracycline discovered.

Aureomycin

Which of the following devices would not be used for dry heat conditions?

Autoclave

Which are examples of using moist heat to sterilize or disinfect materials?

Autoclaving, Pasteurization, Boiling

Polymyxins are derived from a species of which of the following?

Bacillus

Which of the following is a bacterial cell wall inhibitor found in over-the-counter antibacterial ointments?

Bacitracin

Neosporin is an antibiotic ointment composed of which three antibiotics?

Bacitracin, Neomycin, Polymixin

Antibiotics are made primarily by aerobic spore-forming ______ and _____.

Bacteria & Fungi

Which is typically the most resistant to heat?

Bacterial endospores

Which microbial agent is the most resistant to physical and chemical control methods?

Bacterial endospores

Which term best describes the inhibition of bacterial growth?

Bacteriostatic

Which typically describes cold temperatures?

Bacteriostatic

Identify the three major modes of action of antiviral drugs.

Barring virus penetration into host cell, Blocking virus transcription and translation, Preventing virus maturation

Identify the active part of the penicillin structure.

Beta-lactam ring

Which "formation" is produced by some microbes which in turn makes them resistant to some antimicrobial compounds and the shear force of moving liquids?

Biofilm

Bacteria that form _______are difficult to control because the buildup of cells makes it difficult to for the antibiotic to reach a majority of the cells.

Biofilms

______ water can be an effective means of disinfection in the home.

Boiling

Pregnant women should avoid taking tetracyclines because these drugs can cross the placenta and affect fetal _____ And ______.

Bones, teeth

An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of microbial types is called a(n) ____ spectrum antibiotic.

Broad

_____ spectrum action is a desirable characteristic of a germicide.

Broad

Tetracycline is an example of which type of drug?

Broad spectrum

Use of which type of antibiotic can have far reaching affects on beneficial resident species?

Broad-spectrum

____ species, which can cause undulant fever, are destroyed by pasteurization.

Brucella

Which piece of equipment in the microbiology lab uses incineration to minimize contamination?

Bunsen burner

____ sp. can cause superinfections of the oropharynx called thrush.

Candida

When a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic is given to a patient with a UTI infection caused by E. coli, one possible side effect is a vaginal infection caused by which fungus?

Candida albicans

Nystatin is used orally to treat which of the following?

Candidiasis

Another name for phenol is ______ acid.

Carbolic

Antimicrobial agents affect microbial DNA in what ways?

Cause mutations, Inhibit replication, Prevent transcription

Which of the following is the consequence of exposure of a bacterium to an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis?

Cell lysis

A 30% concentration of alcohol usually affects microbes by doing which of the following?

Cell membrane

Which is the major cellular structure affected by alcohols?

Cell membrane

Chlorhexidine targets the ________ ________ by lowering surface tension and causes the denaturation of _______.

Cell membrane, proteins

Antimicrobial drugs that damage cell membrane function usually do so by creating leaks in the membrane that disrupt which of the following?

Cell metabolism, Osmotic tolerance

Which of the following structures in bacteria protect the cell from lysis (rupture) in hypotonic environments?

Cell wall

Cell wall inhibitors like penicillins and cephalosporins interfere with enzymes responsible for which of the following?

Cell wall construction

Which of the following are primary sites for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria?

Cell wall, Nucleic acids, Cell membrane, Ribosomes

Organisms resistant to penicillins and ______ often produce beta-lactamases that hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring structure of the antibiotic.

Cephalosporins

Great numbers of antibiotics are derived from which of the following fungal genera?

Cephalosporium, Penicillium

Which of the following has a unique nitrobenzene structure?

Chloramphenicol

_____ is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that blocks peptide bond formation during protein synthesis and is solely synthetic.

Chloramphenicol

Which of the following is the antiseptic cleanser of choice to control MRSA and Acinetobacter outbreaks in hospitals?

Chlorhexidine

Which is not a form of chlorine typically used in microbial control?

Chloride

Which of the following drugs are currently in use against Plasmodium infections?

Chloroquine, Primaquine

One of the greatest concerns in the canning industry is to prevent the growth of which of the following bacteria?

Clostridium botulinum

The phenol _______ , quantitatively compares the effectiveness of a chemical to that of phenol.

Coefficient

Because of our perception of temperature, irradiation is considered a what type of sterilization?

Cold

_____ temperatures and desiccation cannot be reliably used for sterilization or disinfection.

Cold

The use of two or more drugs to treat one infection or disease is called ______therapy.

Combined

One approach to deal with microbes known to be drug resistant is to do which of the following?

Combined therapies

Which type of inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the enzyme is blocked from action after a substance that mimics the normal substrate binds to the active site?

Competitive

Which of the following factors plays the largest role in antimicrobial activity?

Concentration

Microbes that are present at any given time and place that are undesirable or unwanted are known as which of the following?

Contaminants

Reverse transcriptase is a retroviral enzyme that does which of the following?

Converts RNA to DNA

The flash method of pasteurization is used to remove which species of bacteria from liquids?

Coxiella, Mycobacterium

Which of the following antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis?

Cycloserine, Ampicillin, Vancomycin

HIV integrase inhibitors prevent viral ______ from being incorporated or integrated into an host cell's chromosome.

DNA

_____ is the most active sulfone and is usually given in combination with rifampin and clofazimine.

Dapsone

When a certain threshold of a microbicidal agent is reached, ____ occurs in the microbial population in a logarithmic manner.

Death

The lowest temperature that achieves that achieves sterilization in a given quantity of broth upon a 10-minute exposure is referred to as the thermal ______ ______.

Death point

Which of the following is the mechanical removal of most microbes from animate or inanimate surface?

Decontamination

_________ is the general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage.

Decontamination

Biological matter such as serum, blood or urine has which of the following effects on a germicide?

Decreases effectiveness

Which of the following is a term used to describe the reduction of microbial load on living tissues through mechanical means (e.g., using a scrubbing brush)?

Degermation

_______ involves the disruption of protein structure which results in the loss of function.

Denaturation

Iodine compounds typically kill microbes due to which of the following?

Denaturing proteins

Moist heat works mostly by which of the following ways?

Denaturing proteins

Dry heat works by which of the following ways?

Denaturing proteins, Dehydrating the cell, Oxidizing the cell to ashes

The dehydration of pathogens that can lead to either death or preservation is referred to as ____.

Desiccation

The dehydration of pathogens that can lead to either death or preservation is referred to as ______.

Desiccation

Which term describes the removal of water that can lead to the death of some microbes?

Desiccation

Which are commonly used sanitizers?

Detergents & Soaps

The inability of a drug to _____ into a body compartment, such as the brain or joints, will render the drug ineffective.

Diffuse

A pyrimidine _____ is the union of two adjacent pyrimidines on the same DNA strand, brought about by exposure to UV light.

Dimer

Usually, UV rays are used for which of the following?

Disinfection

Which of the following includes the removal/inactivation of harmful products of microbes, like toxins?

Disinfection

Boiling water can be an effective means of obtaining which of the following in the clinic and home?

Disinfection, Sanitization

Glutaraldehyde typically kills microbes by which method?

Disrupting enzyme function, Altering amino acids

Which of the following are side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs?

Disruption of normal microflora, Allergic reactions, Damage to host tissues due to toxicity

The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called which of the following?

Drug resistance

_____ heat works by dehydrating the cell and/or oxidizing it to ashes.

Dry

What is adjusted when autoclaving large, bulky loads instead of light loads?

Duration

Which of the following is an agar diffusion test that utilizes gradients of antibiotics on strips?

E-test

Which groups of people may have greater risks to antimicrobials?

Elderly, Pregnant women, Infants.

Iodine compounds are commonly used for which of the following?

Emergency disinfection of drinking water, Treatment of skin wounds, Antisepsis of skin, Disinfection of medical equipment

A process that kills bacterial _____ will also kill resistant viruses.

Endospores

Viruses, prions, and ______ relatively resistant to heat.

Endospores

Which type of microbe is not killed or inactivated by intermediate-level germicides?

Endospores

Which of the following bacteria are routinely tested for drug susceptibility?

Enterococcus faecalis, Aerobic Gram-negative enteric bacilli, Staphylococcus sp.

The microbial agents that are least resistant to physical and chemical control methods include which of the following?

Enveloped viruses, bacterial vegetative cells.

One mechanism by which microbes can become resistant to a drug is to produce a(n) _____ that alters the structure of the drug.

Enzyme

Microbes can inactivate drugs by producing which of the following that change the structure of the drug to a nontoxic form?

Enzymes

_______ is the sterol present in fungal membranes but absent in human cell membranes.

Ergosterol

Which of the following is a macrolide antibiotic that is composed of a lactone ring?

Erythromycin

The _____is an agar diffusion test that can be used on anaerobes, mycobacteria, and fungi.

Etest

Which two alcohols are effective in microbial control?

Ethyl, Isopropyl

Drugs that are effective against fungi have a strong possibility of being toxic to humans because both organisms are which of the following?

Eukaryotes

Antimicrobial drugs that block bacterial protein synthesis could also affect which of the following in the host cell?

Eukaryotic mitochondria

The effect of a germicide is affected by the time of _______.

Exposure

True or false: All viruses have the same susceptibility to heat.

False

True or false: Natural selection for drug-resistant forms of bacteria is rare.

False

True or false: Drug resistance only arises from an organism gaining the genetic information for the resistance from another organism.

False, Reason: It can also arise from a spontaneous mutation within the chromosomes.

True or false: The most effective drugs that treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms eradicate the adult stages of the organisms.

False, Reason: They typically block metabolism at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicate the adult worms.

Most vegetative forms of microorganisms are susceptible to the same exposure to heat.

False, Vegetative cells vary in their sensitivity to heat.

True or false: Incineration is an example of using moist heat to sterilize or disinfect materials.

False: Incineration is an example of dry heat.

True or false: Ionizing radiation is not an effective method of controlling microbes in food products.

False: Ionizing radiation destroys bacterial pathogens in food.

True or false: Chilling, freezing, and dessication are reliably used for sterilization or disinfection.

False: One cannot be sure pathogens have been killed since these methods are uncertain.

True or false: The normal boiling point of water is sufficient to kill all microbes.

False: Some microbes need higher than 1000C

True or false: At cold temperatures, all microorganisms are inhibited and can no longer secrete their toxins.

False: Some psychrotrophs will continue to grow and secrete their toxic products.

_____ can, with small enough pore size, allow for true sterilization by removing bacteria and viruses.

Filters

The straining of a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms is known as _______ .

Filtration

What is the process of straining a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms?

Filtration

The ____ method of pasteurization uses higher temperatures for a duration of seconds.

Flash

Which of the following antifungal drugs is a nucleotide analog?

Flucytosine

______ is an analog of cytosine that has antifungal properties.

Flucytosine

Resistance to sulfonamides and trimethoprim develops when microbes use an alternative pathway for ________ acid synthesis.

Folic

The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause which of the following?

Food spoilage, & disease

What types of microbes are not killed or inactivated by low-level germicides?

Fungal spores, Endospores

What types of microbes are killed by intermediate-level germicides?

Fungal spores, Resistant pathogens, Viruses

Amphotericin B is considered highly versatile in that it is effective in treating most infections caused by which of the following?

Fungi

Direct examination of body fluids, sputum, and stool can provide a rapid detection method for which of the following?

Fungi, Bacteria

An agent that kills fungal spores, hyphae and yeasts is called a ______.

Fungicide

Which of the following terms is used to describe an agent that inhibits fungal growth?

Fungistatic

Which of the following devices emits ionizing rays?

Gamma ray machines, Cathode ray machines, X-ray machines

Which of the following is most penetrating?

Gamma rays

Which are not commonly used sanitizers?

Germicides & Alcohols

____ kill non-endospore forming pathogenic microorganisms.

Germicides or microbicides

The antiparasitic agents mebendazole and thiabendazole disable several stages of roundworm development by blocking the utilization of ______.

Glucose

Which of the following bacteria are normally not tested for drug susceptibility?

Group A streptococci

The primary target of fluoroquinolones in Gram-negative bacteria is the enzyme, DNA_______.

Gyrase

Sterile milk is typically generated by which of the following?

HIgh heat

The _____ are a group of nonmetallic elements with antimicrobial applications, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

Halogens

Identify any chemical agent used to control microbes.

Halogens, Detergents, Heavy metals

Which is the most prominent among antimicrobial physical agents?

Heat

Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes?

Heat, Filtration, Radiation

Tyndallization, or intermittent sterilization, is used to process which of the following?

Heat-sensitive media & Canned foods

Tyndallization, or intermittent sterilization, is used to process which of the following?

Heat-sensitive media, Canned foods

The broad-spectrum quinolones inhibit which of the following?

Helicase

Which of the following viruses is the most resistant to heat?

Hepatitis A

Liver damage caused by exposure to antimicrobial drugs can result in which of the following?

Hepatitis, Liver failure, Enzymatic abnormalities

In most cases, solutions of which general percentage are more germicidal?

High

Which level germicides can function as sterilants?

High

The advantages of ionizing radiation include which of the following?

High penetration power, Rapid results

HEPA stands for ______-_______ ______ ______ filters.

High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)

Which of the following cancers are not treated with interferon?

Hodgkin's lymphoma

The process of degermation usually involves which of the following?

Immersion in chemical & Mechanical scrubbing

An allergy is caused by a hypersensitive response from which system?

Immune

Which of the following is the practical definition of microbial death?

Inability to reproduce

A virucide _____ viruses.

Inactivates

Sterilization methods are usually reserved for which of the following?

Inanimate objects

_____ is the destruction of microbes by subjecting them to extremes of dry heat, reducing them to ashes and gas.

Incineration

What are the effects of adding pressure to water in an autoclave?

Increases boiling point of water, Increases temperature of steam

What are the effects of 100% alcohol on cells?

Inhibition of growth, Dehydration

Which of the following is the principal benefit of cold treatment?

Inhibition of microbial activity

What types of items are often sterilized by using a dry oven?

Instruments & glassware

Which HIV enzyme is responsible for incorporating the viral DNA into the host cell's chromosomes?

Integrase

Which type of germicide is used to treat medical devices in contact with membranes?

Intermediate

Selected substances that cannot withstand the temperatures of an autoclave can be subjected to _______ sterilization known as tyndallization.

Intermittent

Selected substances that cannot withstand the temperatures of an autoclave can be subjected to_____ sterilization known as tyndallization.

Intermittent

Which of the following materials require high-level germicides?

Invasive medical devices

Which type of radiation consists of short-wave electromagnetic waves (e.g., x-rays) that cause the ejection of electrons from target molecules and the creation of ions?

Ionizing

The bombarding of a substance by waves or particles for diagnosis, therapy, disinfection, or sterilization is referred to as ______.

Irradiation

_______ is the process of bombardment with radiation at the cellular level to control microbes.

Irradiation

Antacids reduce the absorption of which drug?

Isoniazid

Which is the definition of sepsis?

It is growth of microorganisms in the blood or other tissues.

Which of the following describes sterilization of the skin?

It is highly dangerous and impractical.

Which is not an advantage of glutaraldehyde?

It is highly stable in the environment.

Which of the following describe sterilization?

It is only necessary for certain groups of microbes. It is generally reserved for inanimate objects.

What is the mechanism of action of Tamiflu?

It prevents host cells from producing active viruses.

Drugs that cause damage to this organ can create changes that interfere with the body's filtration abilities.

Kidneys

The goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy is to ______ the infective agent without harming the ______.

Kill, Patient

Which of the following are effects of ionizing radiation on food products?

Killing of bacterial pathogens, Small decreases in thiamine, Changes in texture of some foods

A bactericide _____ bacteria.

Kills

If you use a process to "kill" endospores then it should have which effect on vegetative bacteria?

Kills all of the bacteria

In what unit is radiation measured?

Kilograys

Which of the following techniques is an agar diffusion test to determine antibiotic susceptibility of a particular bacterial strain?

Kirby-Bauer

What term is used to describe bacteria lacking cell walls?

L-form

What must be considered to ensure adequate sterilization by heat?

Length of exposure, Temperature

Sulfones are used to treat which of the following conditions?

Leprosy

100% alcohol solutions have _______microbicidal activity than 70% solutions.

Less

Which two types of macromolecules make up the majority of the cell membrane in organisms?

Lipids & proteins

A patient that acquires hepatitis after antimicrobial therapy could be suffering from damage to her/his _____.

Liver

The size of a microbial population is often referred to as the microbial _____.

Load

Which word is typically used to describe the size of bacterial population?

Load

In most cases, solutions of which general dilution are less germicidal?

Low

Which type of germicide is used to treat medical devices that contact the skin?

Low

Disadvantages of UV radiation include which of the following?

Low penetration power & Damage to human tissues

Which of the following processes avoids the formation of ice crystals, which can damage cells?

Lyophilization

Which of the following is used to describe the smallest concentration of a particular drug needed to kill or inhibit a microbe?

MIC

The effect of a germicide is affected by which of the following factors?

Material being treated, Nature of microbial population, Chemical action of germicide, Time of exposure to germicide, Contamination with organic matter, Concentration of germicide

What materials require intermediate germicides?

Medical devices in contact with membranes

What materials are disinfected with low-level germicides?

Medical devices that contact the skin

______ analogs are structurally similar to the natural substrate and compete with it for the active site on the enzyme.

Metabolic

The most effective drugs used to treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms inhibit _____ at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicating the adult worms.

Metabolism

Hydrogen peroxide can decompose in the presence of which of the following?

Metals, Light, Catalase

Which factors can influence the action of antimicrobial agents?

Microbial load, Temperature of environment, Presence of interfering matter

When microbes are treated with temperatures that exceed their maximum growth temperature, the condition is described as which of the following?

Microbistatic

MIC is the acronym for_____ _____ ____.

Minimum, inhibitory, concentration

Which of the following is not a primary site for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria?

Mitochondria

Drug therapy may fail because the infection is caused by a(n) ____ culture (more than one species).

Mixed

An agent's effect on cells is known as its of .

Mode of action

Many perishable substances are processed with _____ heat to allow for shelf storage time of months or years.

Moist

______ heat works primarily by denaturing proteins.

Moist

______ heat operates at lower temperatures for shorter times than _______ heat which requires higher temps and longer exposure times for the same effectiveness.

Moist, Heat

Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous _____ or gene transfer from another species.

Mutation

Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous ______ or gene transfer from another species.

Mutations

The Kirby-Bauer technique is not recommended for which bacterium?

Mycobacterium sp.

Pasteurization of milk destroys ______ tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium, M., or M

Nystatin is used only topically or orally to treat _____of the skin or mucous membranes.

Mycoses

In the treatment of HIV infections, ___ directly stop DNA synthesis by being incorporated into the DNA strand, and ____ bind directly to the reverse transcriptase enzyme and interfere with its activity.

NRTI,NNRTI

Agents that are highly selective in their targets are usually effective against a ______ range of microbes.

Narrow

An antibiotic that is only effective against a limited array of different microbes is called a(n) ____ spectrum antibiotic.

Narrow

Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectra of activity?

Narrow

The functional, normal state of a protein is called the _____ state.

Native

The functional, normal state of a protein is called the ______state.

Native

Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while others live in the presence of antimicrobial agents?

Natural selection

The outer membrane of some Gram-____ bacteria act as natural barriers to some drugs.

Negative

Polymyxins work well on Gram-______cells and daptomycin shows selectivity for Gram-______cells.

Negative, positive

_____ reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as nevirapine, bind directly to the reverse transcriptase enzyme and interfere with its activity.

Nonnucleoside

Which term describes pasteurized milk?

Nonsterile

Which of the following reason best explains why the normal boiling point of water is insufficient to kill endospores?

Not hot enough

Which is the major macromolecule target of non-ionizing radiation?

Nucleic acid

What type of molecule is acyclovir?

Nucleotide analog

Which of the following are antifungal antibiotics?

Nystatin, Amphotericin B

Alcohols are colorless hydrocarbons with one or more _______ functional groups.

OH

What items can be sterilized using dry heat?

Oils and powders & Metals

Disinfection destroys which of the following?

Only vegetative cells

The _____ _____ of the cell wall of certain gram-negative bacteria is a natural blockade against some penicillin derivatives.

Outer membrane

Resistance to aminoglycosides can result from changes in cell permeability caused by mutations in proteins in which of the following?

Outer membrane, Transport system

Regular_____ does not sterilize milk and other beverages.

Pasteurization

The heat treatment of perishable liquids to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells and prevent infection and spoilage is called ________.

Pasteurization

Which of the following are strategies that can help limit drug resistance of microorganisms?

Patients must comply with physicians guidelines when taking antibiotics, Research should focus on developing shorter term, higher-dose antibiotics, Physicians should prescribe antibiotics carefully by choosing narrow-spectrum agents when possible

Which of the following are some of the desirable qualities in a germicide?

Penetrating ability, Solubility in a solvent, Rapid action, Broad-spectrum action

If the bacterium causing a sore throat is Streptococcus pyogenes, a physician can normally prescribe the antibiotic,________.

Penicillin

Which of the following is an example of drug that blocks bacterial cell wall synthesis and exhibits excellent selective toxicity?

Penicillin

Which of the following is a natural fermentation product of Penicillin chrysogenum?

Penicillin G

_____ _______ serves as the parent compound for all "-cillin" drugs..

Penicillin G

When these two drugs are used in combination nephrotoxic effects are increased.

Penicillins, Cephalosporins

The cell walls of most bacteria are composed primarily of which of the following?

Peptidoglycan

Polyenes cause a loss of selective _____in fungal membranes.

Permeability

Which of the following would work as a better antimicrobial in the presence of organic matter?

Phenolic compounds

Polymyxins interact with which of the following membrane component(s), causing leakage of cellular contents?

Phospholipids

Most sterilization is performed using a ______ agent, such as heat.

Physical

A resistance factor is a _____ that confers drug resistance and is often shared among bacteria by conjugation.

Plasmid

What must be added to increase the temperature of steam?

Pressure

Which level of protein structure is typically the most difficult to disrupt?

Primary

Which disease agent is most likely to pass through a filter?.

Prions

_____ inhibitors have been shown to reduce HIV to undetectable levels by specifically preventing virus particle maturation.

Protease

Which type of anti-HIV drug blocks a specific enzyme and results in defective, immature, non-infective viruses to be produced?

Protease inhibitors

Ledipasvir interferes with the function of a ______called NS5A that is required for RNA polymerase to function correctly for the hepatitis C virus.

Protein

The normal 3-dimensional configuration of a _______ is called its native state.

Protein

Identify the 4 general cellular targets of antimicrobial agents.

Protein function, The cell wall, The cell membranes, Nucleic acid synthesis

Tetracyclines inhibit which of the following?

Protein synthesis

Which of the following is a microorganism that can survive at low temperatures?

Psychrotroph

Resistance to tetracycline typically results from plasmid-encoded proteins that _____that drug out of the cell.

Pump

Which of the following are synthetic antimicrobial drugs?

Quinines, Azoles, Quinolones

In recent years quinine has been replaced in the treatment of malaria by drugs in which of the following categories?

Quinolones

_____ used for microbial control includes electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths.

Radiation

Biofilms are best known to do which of the following?

Reduce drug efficacy

Identify the beneficial effects of irradiated food.

Reduction of bacterial pathogens, Longer shelf life

Which are goals of pasteurization?

Reduction of microbial load, Retention of liquid qualities

Which explains why food items in the refrigerator eventually spoil?

Refrigerator temperature only slows the activity of most microbes.

The inability to ________ even under optimal growth conditions is the practical definition of microbial death.

Reproduce

Which of the following would not help limit drug resistance of microorganisms?

Research should focus on longer course antibiotics that are more effective at lower doses.

Drug ______ of microbes to specific drugs can increase as a result of genetic based changes in the target site (receptor) that the drug binds to.

Resistance

A germicide usually cannot kill which of the following cells?

Resistant

Which is descriptive of L-forms?

Resistant to penicillin

_____ is an analog of thymine and was the first NRTI used to treat HIV infection.

Retrovir

Any RNA virus that can convert its own RNA into double-stranded DNA is called a(n)_____.

Retrovirus

What type of RNA virus can use its RNA as a template to produce DNA?

Retrovirus

A viral enzyme that converts single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA is called _____ _____.

Reverse transcriptase

Which cellular structure is involved in translation?

Ribosome

Identify the cellular target of aminoglycosides.

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis inhibiting drugs affect the activity of which of the following?

Ribosomes

Which cellular structure is involved in translation?

Ribosomes

The disadvantages of ionizing radiation include which of the following?

Safety for operators, Possible material damage

Which of the following best describes any cleansing technique that removes debris, microorganism, and toxins resulting in a decreased potential for infection and spoilage?

Sanitization

UV lamps have been commonly used to disinfect air in which of the following?

Schools, Dental offices, Hospital rooms, Food preparation areas

Denaturation of a protein occurs when which of the following structures are disrupted?

Secondary, Tertiary

The property of an antimicrobial agent to be highly toxic against its target microbe while being far less toxic to the cells of the host organism is called ______ toxicity.

Selective

Which of the following describes the main function of the cell membrane?

Selective barrier

The most common approach to drug production is the _____ method, which combines both natural and synthetic methods.

Semisynthetic

Which of the following is an antimicrobial drug isolated from natural sources and then chemically modified in the laboratory?

Semisynthetic

____ penicillins are drugs that, after being naturally produced by bacteria, are chemically modified in the laboratory.

Semisynthetic

Which of the following types of materials can be more reliably disinfected with a germicide?

Smooth objects

Which two substances have proven effective against prions?

Sodium hydroxide, Hypochlorite

_____ is a nucleotide analog which targets the RNA polymerase of the virus that causes hepatitis C.

Sofosbuvir

Antimicrobial chemicals can exist in what physical states?

Solid, liquid, gas

Which type of material cannot be penetrated by non-ionizing radiation?

Solids

The disadvantages of UV radiation include the inability to penetrate _____ substances and the damaging effect on human ______.

Solids, tissues

In dilutions, a small amount of the _____ is diluted in a large volume of solvent to achieve a certain ratio.

Solute

In a solution, solutes are dissolved in a liquid known as the _____.

Solvent

Chemical agents that can destroy all forms of life, including ______ are called sterilants.

Spores

Which of the following describe iodine compounds if they are used at proper concentrations and used for the correct period of time?

Sporicidal

What type of agent specifically destroys bacterial endospores?

Sporicide

Which of the following vegetative bacterial cells is more resistant to moist heat?

Staphylococcus aureus

An autoclave is a sterilization chamber that allows the use of ______under pressure to ______materials.

Steam, sterilize

A chemical agent that can destroy bacterial endospores and leave an inanimate object free of all life is known as which of the following?

Sterilant

Chemical agents that can destroy all forms of life, including endospores, are called which of the following?

Sterilants

Which of the following can be high-level germicides?

Sterilants

A great number of antibiotics are derived from which of the following bacterial genera?

Streptomyces, Bacillus

Which of the following genera produce aminoglycosides?

Streptomyces, Micromonospora

Which of the following aminoglycosides is still the antibiotic of choice for treating bubonic plague and tularemia?

Streptomycin

Which of the following are antimicrobials that block the folic acid pathway in bacteria?

Sulfonamides

Which of the following drugs can lead to kidney damage?

Sulfonamides

Resistance to which of the following drugs develops when microbes deviate from the usual pathway that leads to the production of folic acid?

Sulfonamides, trimethoprim

When antimicrobial therapy destroys beneficial resident microbes and allows an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms, it is called which of the following?

Superinfection

Agents that work by lowering the surface tension of cell membranes are called _____.

Surfactants

What term is used to describe chemical agents that work by lowering the surface tension of cell membranes?

Surfactants

Which of the following are examples of antisepsis?

Surgical preparation of skin, Cleansing of wound, Handwashing with soap

What is the term for an antimicrobial drug that is chemically synthesized in the laboratory?

Synthetic

Amphotericin B is one of the few drugs that can be injected to treat ______ fungal infections such as cryptococcus meningitis.

Systemic

The shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified ______ is referred to as the thermal death time (TDT).

Temperature

Resistance to this drug typically results from a plasmid-encoded protein that pumps that drug out of the cell.

Tetracyclines

Disinfectants are normally only used on inanimate objects for which reason?

The high concentrations needed are harmful to living tissues.

Which of the following are the three factors that should be known before selecting an antimicrobial drug?

The nature of the infecting agent, The overall health of the patient, The sensitivity of the infecting agent

Which of the following is the biggest disadvantage in the use of boiling water for disinfection?

The quick recontamination of items

Which microbes are resistant to the harmful effects of high temperature?

Thermophilic

______ microbes are not killed by regular pasteurization methods.

Thermophilic

Why aren't bromine and fluorine routinely used in germicidal preparations?

They are dangerous.

Which of the following describes prions?

They are resistant to heat and chemicals.

What is the disadvantage of phenolics?

They can be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes.

Identify the mode of action of the polyene antifungal antibiotics.

They form completes with fungal sterols in their cell membranes causing seepage of small ions.

Identify two antiparasitic agents that disable several stages of roundworm development by blocking the utilization of glucose.

Thiabendazole, Mebendazole

Zidovudine is an analog of which of the following?

Thymine

Typically, increases to temperature can result in a reduction in _______ to ensure adequate sterilization by heat.

Time

What is the overall goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient

The primary target of fluoroquinolones in Gram-positive cells is the enzyme, ________.

Topoisomerase

Antibiotics that disrupt nucleic acid synthesis do so by targeting components of which processes?

Transcription, DNA replication

The formation of pyrimidine dimers in cells results in the lack of which of the following?

Transcription, Replication

Resistance factors are shared among bacteria by which of the following processes?

Transduction, Conjugation, Transformation

The synthesis of proteins involves ribosomes that are used in a process called _______.

Translation

True or false: Catheters, endoscopes, and implants are not heat-sterilizable.

True

True or false: Damage to the bacterial cell membrane can disrupt metabolism or lyse the cell.

True

True or false: Microbistatic antiseptics and drugs are used to control microorganisms in the body because microbicidal compounds can be toxic to the human body.

True

True or false: Microorganisms that produce antibiotics in their natural habitat may have a selective advantage over neighboring microbes.

True

True or false: The nature and sensitivity of the microorganism need to be considered before antimicrobial treatment begins.

True

True or false: Ionizing radiation causes damage to DNA.

True: DNA can be broken

True or false: Antiviral drugs prevent penetration into a host cell, block transcription and translation, and prevent maturation of viral particles.

True: Reason: Antiviral drugs prevent the replication of viral particles.

Which of the following involves serially diluting an antibiotic in order to determine the susceptibility of a test bacterium to the drug?

Tube dilution

Sulfisoxazole is not the preferred drug for treating which of the following diseases?

Tuberculosis and leprosy

Which form of light has low penetration value so, therefore, is considered useful as a disinfectant and not a sterilizer?

UV

Chemical agents used to control microbes include all of the following except which one?

UV light

Which of the following disinfection methods is desirable for air treatment?

UV light

Which environmental conditions make chlorine unstable?

UV light, Alkaline pH

_____ radiation is most lethal from 240nm to 280nm.

Ultraviolet

_____ radiation is non-ionizing radiation that readily induces mutations.

Ultraviolet or UV

is the process of bombardment with radiation at the cellular level to control microbes.

Ultraviolet rays

Which of the following can cause permanent inactivation of microbial DNA?

Ultraviolet rays, Gamma rays

All of the following describe the typical microbial population targeted by antimicrobial drugs except which of the following?

Uniform populations of like microbes

Sulfisoxazole is the best antimicrobial for treating which of the following diseases?

Urinary tract infections, Shigellosis

Which of the following are nucleotide analogs that blocks DNA replication in some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex viruses (HHV)?

Valcyclovir, Penicyclovir, Acyclovir, Famciclovir

The antibiotic ____ is non-beta-lactam cell wall inhibitor that is usually restricted to the most serious and life-threatening conditions.

Vancomycin

Which cell wall inhibitor is typically used to treat staphylococcal infections that are resistant to penicillin and methicillin?

Vancomycin

Alcohols are most effective at destroying which of the following?

Vegetative bacteria, Enveloped viruses

What types of microbes are killed or inactivated by low-level germicides?

Vegetative bacteria, Viruses

Which of the following are the least resistant to moist and dry heat?

Vegetative states of bacteria, Vegetative states of fungi

Interferons are useful compounds against which of the following?

Viruses, Cancers

Which of the following microbial forms are relatively resistant to heat?

Viruses, endospores

Phenolics typically kill microbes by disrupting the cell _____ or ____.

Wall, membrane

Desiccation can preserve foods by reducing the availability of which element/compound to microbes necessary for their metabolism?

Water

Identify the products of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Water & oxygen

Radiation of pork products can reduce the number of Trichinella, which are what type of microbe?

Worm

Which anti-influenza medication blocks the initiation of viral RNA synthesis?

Xofluza

Which describes glutaraldehyde?

Yellow liquid

Which bacteria are the most susceptible to antibiotics that target the cell wall?

Young, growing

Polymyxins are a class of antibiotics that target the bacterial cell

_____. Membrane

_____

are organic substances that contain a -CHO functional group on a terminal carbon. Aldehydes

Which of the following is not a side effect associated with antimicrobial drugs?

blach hairy tounge

Radiation is characterized by a range of wavelengths known as the _____ _____.

electromagnetic spectrum

_______ is a method for preserving microorganisms (and other substances) by freezing and then drying them directly from the frozen state.

lyophilization

Regarding the use of the terms microbicidal and microbistatic, higher temperatures are usually ______, whereas lower temperatures are usually _______.

microbicidal, microbistatic

The concentration and action of agent and the _____ of the environment are factors which may influence the action of antimicrobial agents.

pH or temperature