Micro Exam #2 review
Which root(s) indicates the ability to prevent microbial growth?
-static, -stasis
The kilogray is equal to ______ (write the number) grays.
1000
The temperatures used in incineration must usually be above which of the following?
1000*C
Tetracyclines may be given to children of which age?
11 years old
Which of the pressure/temperature combinations is the most efficient for autoclaving?
15 psi and 121 C
Typically, endospores are how much harder to kill than vegetative bacteria?
18x
All non-heat resistant forms of bacteria, yeasts, molds, protozoa, worms and viruses are destroyed by exposure to 80οC for which minimum amount of time?
20 minutes
Erythromycin and clindamycin resistance is associated with an alteration of the drugs target on the organism's __________.
50S ribosomal subunit
Approximately what percent of infections involve biofilms?
60%
HEPA filters are used to sterilize which of the following?
Air
In sterilization, which of the following are removed or destroyed?
All microorganisms
A sterile object is free of which of the following?
All viable microorganisms and viruses
Patients taking penicillin may experience _____ reactions.
Allergic
Which of the following are side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs?
Allergic reactions, Damage to host tissues due to toxicity, Disruption of normal microflora
What is a common concern when physicians prescribe a new drug to patients for the second time?
Allergic response
Two major problems for treatment with penicillin are that some patients experience which of the following?
Allergic responses, Resistant strains of pathogens
Skin rashes and hives after taking an antibiotic could indicate a(n) _____ reaction to the drug.
Allergy
Which of the following is a hypersensitive response to a particular substance by the immune system?
Allergy
These antibiotics are amino sugars linked to 6-carbon rings.
Aminoglycosides
_____ are antibiotics composed of one or more amino sugars and a 6-carbon ring and produced by soil actinomycetes.
Aminoglycosides
Which two semisynthetic penicillins can be used against Gram-negative bacteria?
Amoxicillin, Ampicillin
Which of the following antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis?
Ampicillin, Vancomycin, Cycloserine
Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms?
Antibiotic
Griseofulvin is which type of agent?
Antifungal
______ chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infections and diseases caused by many types of microorganisms.
Antimicrobial
Which term describes chemical agents used to destroy harmful microbes found on the skin?
Antiseptics
Which of the following is not an example of antisepsis?
Applying bleach to surgical area
_____ is a term referring to a condition free of pathogenic microorganisms or a procedure or process designed to prevent entry of infectious agents.
Asepsis
Erythromycin blocks protein synthesis by which method?
Attaching to the 50S subunit of the ribosome
Identify the first tetracycline discovered.
Aureomycin
Which of the following devices would not be used for dry heat conditions?
Autoclave
Which are examples of using moist heat to sterilize or disinfect materials?
Autoclaving, Pasteurization, Boiling
Polymyxins are derived from a species of which of the following?
Bacillus
Which of the following is a bacterial cell wall inhibitor found in over-the-counter antibacterial ointments?
Bacitracin
Neosporin is an antibiotic ointment composed of which three antibiotics?
Bacitracin, Neomycin, Polymixin
Antibiotics are made primarily by aerobic spore-forming ______ and _____.
Bacteria & Fungi
Which is typically the most resistant to heat?
Bacterial endospores
Which microbial agent is the most resistant to physical and chemical control methods?
Bacterial endospores
Which term best describes the inhibition of bacterial growth?
Bacteriostatic
Which typically describes cold temperatures?
Bacteriostatic
Identify the three major modes of action of antiviral drugs.
Barring virus penetration into host cell, Blocking virus transcription and translation, Preventing virus maturation
Identify the active part of the penicillin structure.
Beta-lactam ring
Which "formation" is produced by some microbes which in turn makes them resistant to some antimicrobial compounds and the shear force of moving liquids?
Biofilm
Bacteria that form _______are difficult to control because the buildup of cells makes it difficult to for the antibiotic to reach a majority of the cells.
Biofilms
______ water can be an effective means of disinfection in the home.
Boiling
Pregnant women should avoid taking tetracyclines because these drugs can cross the placenta and affect fetal _____ And ______.
Bones, teeth
An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of microbial types is called a(n) ____ spectrum antibiotic.
Broad
_____ spectrum action is a desirable characteristic of a germicide.
Broad
Tetracycline is an example of which type of drug?
Broad spectrum
Use of which type of antibiotic can have far reaching affects on beneficial resident species?
Broad-spectrum
____ species, which can cause undulant fever, are destroyed by pasteurization.
Brucella
Which piece of equipment in the microbiology lab uses incineration to minimize contamination?
Bunsen burner
____ sp. can cause superinfections of the oropharynx called thrush.
Candida
When a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic is given to a patient with a UTI infection caused by E. coli, one possible side effect is a vaginal infection caused by which fungus?
Candida albicans
Nystatin is used orally to treat which of the following?
Candidiasis
Another name for phenol is ______ acid.
Carbolic
Antimicrobial agents affect microbial DNA in what ways?
Cause mutations, Inhibit replication, Prevent transcription
Which of the following is the consequence of exposure of a bacterium to an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis?
Cell lysis
A 30% concentration of alcohol usually affects microbes by doing which of the following?
Cell membrane
Which is the major cellular structure affected by alcohols?
Cell membrane
Chlorhexidine targets the ________ ________ by lowering surface tension and causes the denaturation of _______.
Cell membrane, proteins
Antimicrobial drugs that damage cell membrane function usually do so by creating leaks in the membrane that disrupt which of the following?
Cell metabolism, Osmotic tolerance
Which of the following structures in bacteria protect the cell from lysis (rupture) in hypotonic environments?
Cell wall
Cell wall inhibitors like penicillins and cephalosporins interfere with enzymes responsible for which of the following?
Cell wall construction
Which of the following are primary sites for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria?
Cell wall, Nucleic acids, Cell membrane, Ribosomes
Organisms resistant to penicillins and ______ often produce beta-lactamases that hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring structure of the antibiotic.
Cephalosporins
Great numbers of antibiotics are derived from which of the following fungal genera?
Cephalosporium, Penicillium
Which of the following has a unique nitrobenzene structure?
Chloramphenicol
_____ is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that blocks peptide bond formation during protein synthesis and is solely synthetic.
Chloramphenicol
Which of the following is the antiseptic cleanser of choice to control MRSA and Acinetobacter outbreaks in hospitals?
Chlorhexidine
Which is not a form of chlorine typically used in microbial control?
Chloride
Which of the following drugs are currently in use against Plasmodium infections?
Chloroquine, Primaquine
One of the greatest concerns in the canning industry is to prevent the growth of which of the following bacteria?
Clostridium botulinum
The phenol _______ , quantitatively compares the effectiveness of a chemical to that of phenol.
Coefficient
Because of our perception of temperature, irradiation is considered a what type of sterilization?
Cold
_____ temperatures and desiccation cannot be reliably used for sterilization or disinfection.
Cold
The use of two or more drugs to treat one infection or disease is called ______therapy.
Combined
One approach to deal with microbes known to be drug resistant is to do which of the following?
Combined therapies
Which type of inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the enzyme is blocked from action after a substance that mimics the normal substrate binds to the active site?
Competitive
Which of the following factors plays the largest role in antimicrobial activity?
Concentration
Microbes that are present at any given time and place that are undesirable or unwanted are known as which of the following?
Contaminants
Reverse transcriptase is a retroviral enzyme that does which of the following?
Converts RNA to DNA
The flash method of pasteurization is used to remove which species of bacteria from liquids?
Coxiella, Mycobacterium
Which of the following antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis?
Cycloserine, Ampicillin, Vancomycin
HIV integrase inhibitors prevent viral ______ from being incorporated or integrated into an host cell's chromosome.
DNA
_____ is the most active sulfone and is usually given in combination with rifampin and clofazimine.
Dapsone
When a certain threshold of a microbicidal agent is reached, ____ occurs in the microbial population in a logarithmic manner.
Death
The lowest temperature that achieves that achieves sterilization in a given quantity of broth upon a 10-minute exposure is referred to as the thermal ______ ______.
Death point
Which of the following is the mechanical removal of most microbes from animate or inanimate surface?
Decontamination
_________ is the general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage.
Decontamination
Biological matter such as serum, blood or urine has which of the following effects on a germicide?
Decreases effectiveness
Which of the following is a term used to describe the reduction of microbial load on living tissues through mechanical means (e.g., using a scrubbing brush)?
Degermation
_______ involves the disruption of protein structure which results in the loss of function.
Denaturation
Iodine compounds typically kill microbes due to which of the following?
Denaturing proteins
Moist heat works mostly by which of the following ways?
Denaturing proteins
Dry heat works by which of the following ways?
Denaturing proteins, Dehydrating the cell, Oxidizing the cell to ashes
The dehydration of pathogens that can lead to either death or preservation is referred to as ____.
Desiccation
The dehydration of pathogens that can lead to either death or preservation is referred to as ______.
Desiccation
Which term describes the removal of water that can lead to the death of some microbes?
Desiccation
Which are commonly used sanitizers?
Detergents & Soaps
The inability of a drug to _____ into a body compartment, such as the brain or joints, will render the drug ineffective.
Diffuse
A pyrimidine _____ is the union of two adjacent pyrimidines on the same DNA strand, brought about by exposure to UV light.
Dimer
Usually, UV rays are used for which of the following?
Disinfection
Which of the following includes the removal/inactivation of harmful products of microbes, like toxins?
Disinfection
Boiling water can be an effective means of obtaining which of the following in the clinic and home?
Disinfection, Sanitization
Glutaraldehyde typically kills microbes by which method?
Disrupting enzyme function, Altering amino acids
Which of the following are side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs?
Disruption of normal microflora, Allergic reactions, Damage to host tissues due to toxicity
The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called which of the following?
Drug resistance
_____ heat works by dehydrating the cell and/or oxidizing it to ashes.
Dry
What is adjusted when autoclaving large, bulky loads instead of light loads?
Duration
Which of the following is an agar diffusion test that utilizes gradients of antibiotics on strips?
E-test
Which groups of people may have greater risks to antimicrobials?
Elderly, Pregnant women, Infants.
Iodine compounds are commonly used for which of the following?
Emergency disinfection of drinking water, Treatment of skin wounds, Antisepsis of skin, Disinfection of medical equipment
A process that kills bacterial _____ will also kill resistant viruses.
Endospores
Viruses, prions, and ______ relatively resistant to heat.
Endospores
Which type of microbe is not killed or inactivated by intermediate-level germicides?
Endospores
Which of the following bacteria are routinely tested for drug susceptibility?
Enterococcus faecalis, Aerobic Gram-negative enteric bacilli, Staphylococcus sp.
The microbial agents that are least resistant to physical and chemical control methods include which of the following?
Enveloped viruses, bacterial vegetative cells.
One mechanism by which microbes can become resistant to a drug is to produce a(n) _____ that alters the structure of the drug.
Enzyme
Microbes can inactivate drugs by producing which of the following that change the structure of the drug to a nontoxic form?
Enzymes
_______ is the sterol present in fungal membranes but absent in human cell membranes.
Ergosterol
Which of the following is a macrolide antibiotic that is composed of a lactone ring?
Erythromycin
The _____is an agar diffusion test that can be used on anaerobes, mycobacteria, and fungi.
Etest
Which two alcohols are effective in microbial control?
Ethyl, Isopropyl
Drugs that are effective against fungi have a strong possibility of being toxic to humans because both organisms are which of the following?
Eukaryotes
Antimicrobial drugs that block bacterial protein synthesis could also affect which of the following in the host cell?
Eukaryotic mitochondria
The effect of a germicide is affected by the time of _______.
Exposure
True or false: All viruses have the same susceptibility to heat.
False
True or false: Natural selection for drug-resistant forms of bacteria is rare.
False
True or false: Drug resistance only arises from an organism gaining the genetic information for the resistance from another organism.
False, Reason: It can also arise from a spontaneous mutation within the chromosomes.
True or false: The most effective drugs that treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms eradicate the adult stages of the organisms.
False, Reason: They typically block metabolism at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicate the adult worms.
Most vegetative forms of microorganisms are susceptible to the same exposure to heat.
False, Vegetative cells vary in their sensitivity to heat.
True or false: Incineration is an example of using moist heat to sterilize or disinfect materials.
False: Incineration is an example of dry heat.
True or false: Ionizing radiation is not an effective method of controlling microbes in food products.
False: Ionizing radiation destroys bacterial pathogens in food.
True or false: Chilling, freezing, and dessication are reliably used for sterilization or disinfection.
False: One cannot be sure pathogens have been killed since these methods are uncertain.
True or false: The normal boiling point of water is sufficient to kill all microbes.
False: Some microbes need higher than 1000C
True or false: At cold temperatures, all microorganisms are inhibited and can no longer secrete their toxins.
False: Some psychrotrophs will continue to grow and secrete their toxic products.
_____ can, with small enough pore size, allow for true sterilization by removing bacteria and viruses.
Filters
The straining of a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms is known as _______ .
Filtration
What is the process of straining a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms?
Filtration
The ____ method of pasteurization uses higher temperatures for a duration of seconds.
Flash
Which of the following antifungal drugs is a nucleotide analog?
Flucytosine
______ is an analog of cytosine that has antifungal properties.
Flucytosine
Resistance to sulfonamides and trimethoprim develops when microbes use an alternative pathway for ________ acid synthesis.
Folic
The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause which of the following?
Food spoilage, & disease
What types of microbes are not killed or inactivated by low-level germicides?
Fungal spores, Endospores
What types of microbes are killed by intermediate-level germicides?
Fungal spores, Resistant pathogens, Viruses
Amphotericin B is considered highly versatile in that it is effective in treating most infections caused by which of the following?
Fungi
Direct examination of body fluids, sputum, and stool can provide a rapid detection method for which of the following?
Fungi, Bacteria
An agent that kills fungal spores, hyphae and yeasts is called a ______.
Fungicide
Which of the following terms is used to describe an agent that inhibits fungal growth?
Fungistatic
Which of the following devices emits ionizing rays?
Gamma ray machines, Cathode ray machines, X-ray machines
Which of the following is most penetrating?
Gamma rays
Which are not commonly used sanitizers?
Germicides & Alcohols
____ kill non-endospore forming pathogenic microorganisms.
Germicides or microbicides
The antiparasitic agents mebendazole and thiabendazole disable several stages of roundworm development by blocking the utilization of ______.
Glucose
Which of the following bacteria are normally not tested for drug susceptibility?
Group A streptococci
The primary target of fluoroquinolones in Gram-negative bacteria is the enzyme, DNA_______.
Gyrase
Sterile milk is typically generated by which of the following?
HIgh heat
The _____ are a group of nonmetallic elements with antimicrobial applications, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
Halogens
Identify any chemical agent used to control microbes.
Halogens, Detergents, Heavy metals
Which is the most prominent among antimicrobial physical agents?
Heat
Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes?
Heat, Filtration, Radiation
Tyndallization, or intermittent sterilization, is used to process which of the following?
Heat-sensitive media & Canned foods
Tyndallization, or intermittent sterilization, is used to process which of the following?
Heat-sensitive media, Canned foods
The broad-spectrum quinolones inhibit which of the following?
Helicase
Which of the following viruses is the most resistant to heat?
Hepatitis A
Liver damage caused by exposure to antimicrobial drugs can result in which of the following?
Hepatitis, Liver failure, Enzymatic abnormalities
In most cases, solutions of which general percentage are more germicidal?
High
Which level germicides can function as sterilants?
High
The advantages of ionizing radiation include which of the following?
High penetration power, Rapid results
HEPA stands for ______-_______ ______ ______ filters.
High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)
Which of the following cancers are not treated with interferon?
Hodgkin's lymphoma
The process of degermation usually involves which of the following?
Immersion in chemical & Mechanical scrubbing
An allergy is caused by a hypersensitive response from which system?
Immune
Which of the following is the practical definition of microbial death?
Inability to reproduce
A virucide _____ viruses.
Inactivates
Sterilization methods are usually reserved for which of the following?
Inanimate objects
_____ is the destruction of microbes by subjecting them to extremes of dry heat, reducing them to ashes and gas.
Incineration
What are the effects of adding pressure to water in an autoclave?
Increases boiling point of water, Increases temperature of steam
What are the effects of 100% alcohol on cells?
Inhibition of growth, Dehydration
Which of the following is the principal benefit of cold treatment?
Inhibition of microbial activity
What types of items are often sterilized by using a dry oven?
Instruments & glassware
Which HIV enzyme is responsible for incorporating the viral DNA into the host cell's chromosomes?
Integrase
Which type of germicide is used to treat medical devices in contact with membranes?
Intermediate
Selected substances that cannot withstand the temperatures of an autoclave can be subjected to _______ sterilization known as tyndallization.
Intermittent
Selected substances that cannot withstand the temperatures of an autoclave can be subjected to_____ sterilization known as tyndallization.
Intermittent
Which of the following materials require high-level germicides?
Invasive medical devices
Which type of radiation consists of short-wave electromagnetic waves (e.g., x-rays) that cause the ejection of electrons from target molecules and the creation of ions?
Ionizing
The bombarding of a substance by waves or particles for diagnosis, therapy, disinfection, or sterilization is referred to as ______.
Irradiation
_______ is the process of bombardment with radiation at the cellular level to control microbes.
Irradiation
Antacids reduce the absorption of which drug?
Isoniazid
Which is the definition of sepsis?
It is growth of microorganisms in the blood or other tissues.
Which of the following describes sterilization of the skin?
It is highly dangerous and impractical.
Which is not an advantage of glutaraldehyde?
It is highly stable in the environment.
Which of the following describe sterilization?
It is only necessary for certain groups of microbes. It is generally reserved for inanimate objects.
What is the mechanism of action of Tamiflu?
It prevents host cells from producing active viruses.
Drugs that cause damage to this organ can create changes that interfere with the body's filtration abilities.
Kidneys
The goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy is to ______ the infective agent without harming the ______.
Kill, Patient
Which of the following are effects of ionizing radiation on food products?
Killing of bacterial pathogens, Small decreases in thiamine, Changes in texture of some foods
A bactericide _____ bacteria.
Kills
If you use a process to "kill" endospores then it should have which effect on vegetative bacteria?
Kills all of the bacteria
In what unit is radiation measured?
Kilograys
Which of the following techniques is an agar diffusion test to determine antibiotic susceptibility of a particular bacterial strain?
Kirby-Bauer
What term is used to describe bacteria lacking cell walls?
L-form
What must be considered to ensure adequate sterilization by heat?
Length of exposure, Temperature
Sulfones are used to treat which of the following conditions?
Leprosy
100% alcohol solutions have _______microbicidal activity than 70% solutions.
Less
Which two types of macromolecules make up the majority of the cell membrane in organisms?
Lipids & proteins
A patient that acquires hepatitis after antimicrobial therapy could be suffering from damage to her/his _____.
Liver
The size of a microbial population is often referred to as the microbial _____.
Load
Which word is typically used to describe the size of bacterial population?
Load
In most cases, solutions of which general dilution are less germicidal?
Low
Which type of germicide is used to treat medical devices that contact the skin?
Low
Disadvantages of UV radiation include which of the following?
Low penetration power & Damage to human tissues
Which of the following processes avoids the formation of ice crystals, which can damage cells?
Lyophilization
Which of the following is used to describe the smallest concentration of a particular drug needed to kill or inhibit a microbe?
MIC
The effect of a germicide is affected by which of the following factors?
Material being treated, Nature of microbial population, Chemical action of germicide, Time of exposure to germicide, Contamination with organic matter, Concentration of germicide
What materials require intermediate germicides?
Medical devices in contact with membranes
What materials are disinfected with low-level germicides?
Medical devices that contact the skin
______ analogs are structurally similar to the natural substrate and compete with it for the active site on the enzyme.
Metabolic
The most effective drugs used to treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms inhibit _____ at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicating the adult worms.
Metabolism
Hydrogen peroxide can decompose in the presence of which of the following?
Metals, Light, Catalase
Which factors can influence the action of antimicrobial agents?
Microbial load, Temperature of environment, Presence of interfering matter
When microbes are treated with temperatures that exceed their maximum growth temperature, the condition is described as which of the following?
Microbistatic
MIC is the acronym for_____ _____ ____.
Minimum, inhibitory, concentration
Which of the following is not a primary site for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria?
Mitochondria
Drug therapy may fail because the infection is caused by a(n) ____ culture (more than one species).
Mixed
An agent's effect on cells is known as its of .
Mode of action
Many perishable substances are processed with _____ heat to allow for shelf storage time of months or years.
Moist
______ heat works primarily by denaturing proteins.
Moist
______ heat operates at lower temperatures for shorter times than _______ heat which requires higher temps and longer exposure times for the same effectiveness.
Moist, Heat
Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous _____ or gene transfer from another species.
Mutation
Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous ______ or gene transfer from another species.
Mutations
The Kirby-Bauer technique is not recommended for which bacterium?
Mycobacterium sp.
Pasteurization of milk destroys ______ tuberculosis.
Mycobacterium, M., or M
Nystatin is used only topically or orally to treat _____of the skin or mucous membranes.
Mycoses
In the treatment of HIV infections, ___ directly stop DNA synthesis by being incorporated into the DNA strand, and ____ bind directly to the reverse transcriptase enzyme and interfere with its activity.
NRTI,NNRTI
Agents that are highly selective in their targets are usually effective against a ______ range of microbes.
Narrow
An antibiotic that is only effective against a limited array of different microbes is called a(n) ____ spectrum antibiotic.
Narrow
Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectra of activity?
Narrow
The functional, normal state of a protein is called the _____ state.
Native
The functional, normal state of a protein is called the ______state.
Native
Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while others live in the presence of antimicrobial agents?
Natural selection
The outer membrane of some Gram-____ bacteria act as natural barriers to some drugs.
Negative
Polymyxins work well on Gram-______cells and daptomycin shows selectivity for Gram-______cells.
Negative, positive
_____ reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as nevirapine, bind directly to the reverse transcriptase enzyme and interfere with its activity.
Nonnucleoside
Which term describes pasteurized milk?
Nonsterile
Which of the following reason best explains why the normal boiling point of water is insufficient to kill endospores?
Not hot enough
Which is the major macromolecule target of non-ionizing radiation?
Nucleic acid
What type of molecule is acyclovir?
Nucleotide analog
Which of the following are antifungal antibiotics?
Nystatin, Amphotericin B
Alcohols are colorless hydrocarbons with one or more _______ functional groups.
OH
What items can be sterilized using dry heat?
Oils and powders & Metals
Disinfection destroys which of the following?
Only vegetative cells
The _____ _____ of the cell wall of certain gram-negative bacteria is a natural blockade against some penicillin derivatives.
Outer membrane
Resistance to aminoglycosides can result from changes in cell permeability caused by mutations in proteins in which of the following?
Outer membrane, Transport system
Regular_____ does not sterilize milk and other beverages.
Pasteurization
The heat treatment of perishable liquids to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells and prevent infection and spoilage is called ________.
Pasteurization
Which of the following are strategies that can help limit drug resistance of microorganisms?
Patients must comply with physicians guidelines when taking antibiotics, Research should focus on developing shorter term, higher-dose antibiotics, Physicians should prescribe antibiotics carefully by choosing narrow-spectrum agents when possible
Which of the following are some of the desirable qualities in a germicide?
Penetrating ability, Solubility in a solvent, Rapid action, Broad-spectrum action
If the bacterium causing a sore throat is Streptococcus pyogenes, a physician can normally prescribe the antibiotic,________.
Penicillin
Which of the following is an example of drug that blocks bacterial cell wall synthesis and exhibits excellent selective toxicity?
Penicillin
Which of the following is a natural fermentation product of Penicillin chrysogenum?
Penicillin G
_____ _______ serves as the parent compound for all "-cillin" drugs..
Penicillin G
When these two drugs are used in combination nephrotoxic effects are increased.
Penicillins, Cephalosporins
The cell walls of most bacteria are composed primarily of which of the following?
Peptidoglycan
Polyenes cause a loss of selective _____in fungal membranes.
Permeability
Which of the following would work as a better antimicrobial in the presence of organic matter?
Phenolic compounds
Polymyxins interact with which of the following membrane component(s), causing leakage of cellular contents?
Phospholipids
Most sterilization is performed using a ______ agent, such as heat.
Physical
A resistance factor is a _____ that confers drug resistance and is often shared among bacteria by conjugation.
Plasmid
What must be added to increase the temperature of steam?
Pressure
Which level of protein structure is typically the most difficult to disrupt?
Primary
Which disease agent is most likely to pass through a filter?.
Prions
_____ inhibitors have been shown to reduce HIV to undetectable levels by specifically preventing virus particle maturation.
Protease
Which type of anti-HIV drug blocks a specific enzyme and results in defective, immature, non-infective viruses to be produced?
Protease inhibitors
Ledipasvir interferes with the function of a ______called NS5A that is required for RNA polymerase to function correctly for the hepatitis C virus.
Protein
The normal 3-dimensional configuration of a _______ is called its native state.
Protein
Identify the 4 general cellular targets of antimicrobial agents.
Protein function, The cell wall, The cell membranes, Nucleic acid synthesis
Tetracyclines inhibit which of the following?
Protein synthesis
Which of the following is a microorganism that can survive at low temperatures?
Psychrotroph
Resistance to tetracycline typically results from plasmid-encoded proteins that _____that drug out of the cell.
Pump
Which of the following are synthetic antimicrobial drugs?
Quinines, Azoles, Quinolones
In recent years quinine has been replaced in the treatment of malaria by drugs in which of the following categories?
Quinolones
_____ used for microbial control includes electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths.
Radiation
Biofilms are best known to do which of the following?
Reduce drug efficacy
Identify the beneficial effects of irradiated food.
Reduction of bacterial pathogens, Longer shelf life
Which are goals of pasteurization?
Reduction of microbial load, Retention of liquid qualities
Which explains why food items in the refrigerator eventually spoil?
Refrigerator temperature only slows the activity of most microbes.
The inability to ________ even under optimal growth conditions is the practical definition of microbial death.
Reproduce
Which of the following would not help limit drug resistance of microorganisms?
Research should focus on longer course antibiotics that are more effective at lower doses.
Drug ______ of microbes to specific drugs can increase as a result of genetic based changes in the target site (receptor) that the drug binds to.
Resistance
A germicide usually cannot kill which of the following cells?
Resistant
Which is descriptive of L-forms?
Resistant to penicillin
_____ is an analog of thymine and was the first NRTI used to treat HIV infection.
Retrovir
Any RNA virus that can convert its own RNA into double-stranded DNA is called a(n)_____.
Retrovirus
What type of RNA virus can use its RNA as a template to produce DNA?
Retrovirus
A viral enzyme that converts single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA is called _____ _____.
Reverse transcriptase
Which cellular structure is involved in translation?
Ribosome
Identify the cellular target of aminoglycosides.
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis inhibiting drugs affect the activity of which of the following?
Ribosomes
Which cellular structure is involved in translation?
Ribosomes
The disadvantages of ionizing radiation include which of the following?
Safety for operators, Possible material damage
Which of the following best describes any cleansing technique that removes debris, microorganism, and toxins resulting in a decreased potential for infection and spoilage?
Sanitization
UV lamps have been commonly used to disinfect air in which of the following?
Schools, Dental offices, Hospital rooms, Food preparation areas
Denaturation of a protein occurs when which of the following structures are disrupted?
Secondary, Tertiary
The property of an antimicrobial agent to be highly toxic against its target microbe while being far less toxic to the cells of the host organism is called ______ toxicity.
Selective
Which of the following describes the main function of the cell membrane?
Selective barrier
The most common approach to drug production is the _____ method, which combines both natural and synthetic methods.
Semisynthetic
Which of the following is an antimicrobial drug isolated from natural sources and then chemically modified in the laboratory?
Semisynthetic
____ penicillins are drugs that, after being naturally produced by bacteria, are chemically modified in the laboratory.
Semisynthetic
Which of the following types of materials can be more reliably disinfected with a germicide?
Smooth objects
Which two substances have proven effective against prions?
Sodium hydroxide, Hypochlorite
_____ is a nucleotide analog which targets the RNA polymerase of the virus that causes hepatitis C.
Sofosbuvir
Antimicrobial chemicals can exist in what physical states?
Solid, liquid, gas
Which type of material cannot be penetrated by non-ionizing radiation?
Solids
The disadvantages of UV radiation include the inability to penetrate _____ substances and the damaging effect on human ______.
Solids, tissues
In dilutions, a small amount of the _____ is diluted in a large volume of solvent to achieve a certain ratio.
Solute
In a solution, solutes are dissolved in a liquid known as the _____.
Solvent
Chemical agents that can destroy all forms of life, including ______ are called sterilants.
Spores
Which of the following describe iodine compounds if they are used at proper concentrations and used for the correct period of time?
Sporicidal
What type of agent specifically destroys bacterial endospores?
Sporicide
Which of the following vegetative bacterial cells is more resistant to moist heat?
Staphylococcus aureus
An autoclave is a sterilization chamber that allows the use of ______under pressure to ______materials.
Steam, sterilize
A chemical agent that can destroy bacterial endospores and leave an inanimate object free of all life is known as which of the following?
Sterilant
Chemical agents that can destroy all forms of life, including endospores, are called which of the following?
Sterilants
Which of the following can be high-level germicides?
Sterilants
A great number of antibiotics are derived from which of the following bacterial genera?
Streptomyces, Bacillus
Which of the following genera produce aminoglycosides?
Streptomyces, Micromonospora
Which of the following aminoglycosides is still the antibiotic of choice for treating bubonic plague and tularemia?
Streptomycin
Which of the following are antimicrobials that block the folic acid pathway in bacteria?
Sulfonamides
Which of the following drugs can lead to kidney damage?
Sulfonamides
Resistance to which of the following drugs develops when microbes deviate from the usual pathway that leads to the production of folic acid?
Sulfonamides, trimethoprim
When antimicrobial therapy destroys beneficial resident microbes and allows an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms, it is called which of the following?
Superinfection
Agents that work by lowering the surface tension of cell membranes are called _____.
Surfactants
What term is used to describe chemical agents that work by lowering the surface tension of cell membranes?
Surfactants
Which of the following are examples of antisepsis?
Surgical preparation of skin, Cleansing of wound, Handwashing with soap
What is the term for an antimicrobial drug that is chemically synthesized in the laboratory?
Synthetic
Amphotericin B is one of the few drugs that can be injected to treat ______ fungal infections such as cryptococcus meningitis.
Systemic
The shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified ______ is referred to as the thermal death time (TDT).
Temperature
Resistance to this drug typically results from a plasmid-encoded protein that pumps that drug out of the cell.
Tetracyclines
Disinfectants are normally only used on inanimate objects for which reason?
The high concentrations needed are harmful to living tissues.
Which of the following are the three factors that should be known before selecting an antimicrobial drug?
The nature of the infecting agent, The overall health of the patient, The sensitivity of the infecting agent
Which of the following is the biggest disadvantage in the use of boiling water for disinfection?
The quick recontamination of items
Which microbes are resistant to the harmful effects of high temperature?
Thermophilic
______ microbes are not killed by regular pasteurization methods.
Thermophilic
Why aren't bromine and fluorine routinely used in germicidal preparations?
They are dangerous.
Which of the following describes prions?
They are resistant to heat and chemicals.
What is the disadvantage of phenolics?
They can be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes.
Identify the mode of action of the polyene antifungal antibiotics.
They form completes with fungal sterols in their cell membranes causing seepage of small ions.
Identify two antiparasitic agents that disable several stages of roundworm development by blocking the utilization of glucose.
Thiabendazole, Mebendazole
Zidovudine is an analog of which of the following?
Thymine
Typically, increases to temperature can result in a reduction in _______ to ensure adequate sterilization by heat.
Time
What is the overall goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?
To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient
The primary target of fluoroquinolones in Gram-positive cells is the enzyme, ________.
Topoisomerase
Antibiotics that disrupt nucleic acid synthesis do so by targeting components of which processes?
Transcription, DNA replication
The formation of pyrimidine dimers in cells results in the lack of which of the following?
Transcription, Replication
Resistance factors are shared among bacteria by which of the following processes?
Transduction, Conjugation, Transformation
The synthesis of proteins involves ribosomes that are used in a process called _______.
Translation
True or false: Catheters, endoscopes, and implants are not heat-sterilizable.
True
True or false: Damage to the bacterial cell membrane can disrupt metabolism or lyse the cell.
True
True or false: Microbistatic antiseptics and drugs are used to control microorganisms in the body because microbicidal compounds can be toxic to the human body.
True
True or false: Microorganisms that produce antibiotics in their natural habitat may have a selective advantage over neighboring microbes.
True
True or false: The nature and sensitivity of the microorganism need to be considered before antimicrobial treatment begins.
True
True or false: Ionizing radiation causes damage to DNA.
True: DNA can be broken
True or false: Antiviral drugs prevent penetration into a host cell, block transcription and translation, and prevent maturation of viral particles.
True: Reason: Antiviral drugs prevent the replication of viral particles.
Which of the following involves serially diluting an antibiotic in order to determine the susceptibility of a test bacterium to the drug?
Tube dilution
Sulfisoxazole is not the preferred drug for treating which of the following diseases?
Tuberculosis and leprosy
Which form of light has low penetration value so, therefore, is considered useful as a disinfectant and not a sterilizer?
UV
Chemical agents used to control microbes include all of the following except which one?
UV light
Which of the following disinfection methods is desirable for air treatment?
UV light
Which environmental conditions make chlorine unstable?
UV light, Alkaline pH
_____ radiation is most lethal from 240nm to 280nm.
Ultraviolet
_____ radiation is non-ionizing radiation that readily induces mutations.
Ultraviolet or UV
is the process of bombardment with radiation at the cellular level to control microbes.
Ultraviolet rays
Which of the following can cause permanent inactivation of microbial DNA?
Ultraviolet rays, Gamma rays
All of the following describe the typical microbial population targeted by antimicrobial drugs except which of the following?
Uniform populations of like microbes
Sulfisoxazole is the best antimicrobial for treating which of the following diseases?
Urinary tract infections, Shigellosis
Which of the following are nucleotide analogs that blocks DNA replication in some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex viruses (HHV)?
Valcyclovir, Penicyclovir, Acyclovir, Famciclovir
The antibiotic ____ is non-beta-lactam cell wall inhibitor that is usually restricted to the most serious and life-threatening conditions.
Vancomycin
Which cell wall inhibitor is typically used to treat staphylococcal infections that are resistant to penicillin and methicillin?
Vancomycin
Alcohols are most effective at destroying which of the following?
Vegetative bacteria, Enveloped viruses
What types of microbes are killed or inactivated by low-level germicides?
Vegetative bacteria, Viruses
Which of the following are the least resistant to moist and dry heat?
Vegetative states of bacteria, Vegetative states of fungi
Interferons are useful compounds against which of the following?
Viruses, Cancers
Which of the following microbial forms are relatively resistant to heat?
Viruses, endospores
Phenolics typically kill microbes by disrupting the cell _____ or ____.
Wall, membrane
Desiccation can preserve foods by reducing the availability of which element/compound to microbes necessary for their metabolism?
Water
Identify the products of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Water & oxygen
Radiation of pork products can reduce the number of Trichinella, which are what type of microbe?
Worm
Which anti-influenza medication blocks the initiation of viral RNA synthesis?
Xofluza
Which describes glutaraldehyde?
Yellow liquid
Which bacteria are the most susceptible to antibiotics that target the cell wall?
Young, growing
Polymyxins are a class of antibiotics that target the bacterial cell
_____. Membrane
_____
are organic substances that contain a -CHO functional group on a terminal carbon. Aldehydes
Which of the following is not a side effect associated with antimicrobial drugs?
blach hairy tounge
Radiation is characterized by a range of wavelengths known as the _____ _____.
electromagnetic spectrum
_______ is a method for preserving microorganisms (and other substances) by freezing and then drying them directly from the frozen state.
lyophilization
Regarding the use of the terms microbicidal and microbistatic, higher temperatures are usually ______, whereas lower temperatures are usually _______.
microbicidal, microbistatic
The concentration and action of agent and the _____ of the environment are factors which may influence the action of antimicrobial agents.
pH or temperature
