AP BIO Test
Which best describes ATP production during cellular respiration?
A small amount of ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation; most is produced by oxidative phosphorylation.
Gelatin is a protein that is derived from collagen which is found in the bones, skin, and connective tissue of animals. To investigate the ability of various enzymes to digest gelatin, a group of students set up an assay involving camera film. Camera film contains gelatin and appears black when exposed to light but turns clear as the gelatin gets broken down. The students incubated pieces of exposed camera film in test tubes, each containing one of three different enzyme solutions (trypsin, lipase, or amylase) as indicated in Figure 1. The students recorded the time it took for the enzymes to digest the gelatin in each test tube, turning the film from black to clear. Which of the following would be the most appropriate control for this experiment?
A test tube containing a piece of exposed camera film submerged in water.
Which products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are required by reactions of the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADH
Muscle contraction depends on ATP hydrolysis. During periods of intense exercise, muscle cells rely on the ATP supplied by three metabolic pathways: glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and the phosphagen system. Figure 1 shows the rates at which the three metabolic pathways produce ATP following the start of an intense period of exercise. Which of the following correctly uses the data to justify the claim that the phosphagen system is an immediate, short-term source of ATP for muscle cells?
ATP production by the phosphagen system increases and decreases rapidly following the start of the exercise period.
A researcher claims that only a portion of the light energy captured by green plants is available for growth and repair. Which of the following observations best helps justify the researcher's claim?
As light energy is converted to chemical energy by metabolic process, some of the energy is lost as heat.
A researcher claims that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels cause increased growth rates in plants. Which of the following statements best supports the researcher's claim?
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis, which plants rely on for producing sugars and other organic compounds.
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is an enzyme that aids in the decomposition of ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) into nontoxic substances. Methyl alcohol acts as a competitive inhibitor of ethyl alcohol by competing for the same active site on ADH. When attached to ADH, methyl alcohol is converted to formaldehyde, which is toxic in the body. Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of increasing the concentration of substrate (ethyl alcohol), while keeping the concentration of the inhibitor (methyl alcohol) constant?
Competitive inhibition will decrease because the proportion of the active sites occupied by substrate will increase.
A researcher claims that different metabolic pathways allow bacteria to use different molecules as sources of matter and energy. Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher's claim by providing a relevant example?
E. Coli bacteria reproduce in liquid media containing either glucose or galactose.
A scientist claims that Elysia chlorotica, a species of sea slug, is capable of photosynthesis. Which of the following observations provides the best evidence to support the claim?
Elysia chlorotica grows when exposed to light in the absence of other food sources
The enzyme hexokinase catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, which is an important step in glycolysis. The reaction involves the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to glucose. Either a glucose molecule or a water molecule can fit in the active site of hexokinase. The presence of a water molecule in hexokinase's active site would result in the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP instead of the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. Which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of hexokinase?
Glucose has the right shape and charge to cause hexokinase to undergo a structural change needed for catalysis, whereas water does not.
Cyanobacteria contain a variety of pigment molecules, as shown in Table 1. As a result, the color of cyanobacteria cultures can vary significantly based on the relative amount of each pigment produced. A researcher placed a culture of cyanobacteria under green lights. Within a few weeks, the appearance of the cyanobacteria changed from green to red. The researcher claimed the color change in the culture was the result of an adaptation allowing greater photosynthesis. Which of the following provides the best reasoning to justify the researcher's claim?
In green light, more phycoerythrin molecules are produced, allowing more green light to be absorbed, thus increasing photosynthesis.
A researcher claims that increasing the environmental temperature by 10°C will double the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. To test the claim, the researcher designs an experiment that uses a particular enzyme isolated from plants. The design of the experiment is presented in Table 1. For each test tube in the experiment, the researcher will measure the rate of product formation. Which of the following statements best helps justify the inclusion of test tube 5 as a control in the experiment?
It will provide a measurement of product formation in the presence of a denatured enzyme.
Amylase is a protein that catalyzes the conversion of starch to simple sugars. Amylase activity in an aqueous solution can be measured by using iodine as a starch indicator. A solution containing iodine and starch will have a dark-blue color, whereas a solution containing iodine but no starch will have a light-brown color. The color change of an iodine solution from dark blue to light brown can be used to measure the rate at which starch is converted to simple sugars. A student designs an experiment to investigate the effect of environmental pH on amylase function. The design of the experiment is presented in Table 1. Which of the following statements best justifies the inclusion of test tube V as a control in the experiment?
It will show the color change that occurs in the absence of the enzyme activity.
Which statement best explains the role of light energy in the Calvin cycle?
Light energy enables production of NADH and ATP that are required for the Calvin Cycle.
The enzyme peroxidase is found in many organisms. It catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas. The rate of peroxidase activity at different pH values was assessed by students in the lab. The students' results are shown in graph 1. If the experiment is repeated at pH 11, the observed activity level of the enzyme will most likely be
Lower than the level at PH 9
In the lab we did yesterday, we used the enzyme catalase to accelerate the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide. The following is the equation for the chemical reaction: 2H2O2 → 2H2O. + O2 Why did the paper disks treated with higher concentration of enzyme float after placing them in wells with hydrogen peroxide?
Oxygen Gas was produced as a result of the reaction
Protein digestion in humans is primarily carried out by three enzymes. Pepsin is found in the stomach (pH2), where it aids in the breakdown of large proteins into smaller peptides, while trypsin and chymotrypsin are found in the small intestine (pH8), where they aid in the further breakdown of the proteins into amino acids and dipeptides that can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Graph 1 shows the effect of pH on the activity levels of the three enzymes. Which of the following best predicts how the structure and function of pepsin will change as it enters the small intestine?
Pepsin will change in shape because of the basic environment of the small intestine, therefore, its enzymatic activity will decrease.
A researcher claims that different enzymes exhibit maximal function over different pH ranges. To test the claim, the researcher carries out an experiment that includes three different enzymes: pepsin, salivary amylase, and arginase. The results of the experiment are represented in Figure 1. Which of the following actions will provide the most appropriate negative control for the experiment?
Repeating the experiment with denatured enzymes
The first step of the Calvin cycle, where the inorganic carbon of CO2 is fixed into the organic carbon of G3P is catalyzed by which enzyme?
Rubisco
In addition to the pigments commonly associated with photosynthesis, a certain photosynthetic species contains two additional pigment types. Which of the following best supports the claim that this species is better adapted to environmental changes than other photosynthetic species are?
The additional pigments allow the species containing them to harvest energy from wavelengths of light that the other photosynthetic species cannot use.
A researcher proposes a model of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction in which a reactant is converted to a product. The model is based on the idea that the reactant passes through a transition state within the enzyme-substrate complex before the reactant is converted to the product. Which of the following statements best helps explain how the enzyme speeds up the reaction?
The enzyme's active side binds to and stabilizes the transition state, which decreases the activation energy of the reaction.
A researcher designs an experiment to investigate the effect of environmental temperature on the function of an enzyme. For each trial included in the experiment, the researcher will add the enzyme and its substrate to an aqueous buffer solution and then measure the amount of product formed over 20 minutes. Which of the following must remain the same for all trials of this experiment?
The initial concentration of the substrate.
Which of the following statements best helps explain the reaction specificity of an enzyme?
The shape and charge of the substrates are compatible with the active site of the enzyme
ATP synthase in chloroplasts is powered by the flow of protons from the
Thylakoid space to the stroma
Photosynthesis is called a redox reaction because _____ is oxidized, releasing oxygen gas, and _______ is reduced, forming carbohydrates. 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Water, Carbon Dioxide
A researcher claims that some bacteria contain factors that influence the function of a particular enzyme but other bacteria do not. To test the claim experimentally, the researcher will grow two different bacterial strains in separate liquid cultures and isolate the contents of the cells in each culture. The researcher will add different combinations of cellular contents, substrate, and enzyme to test tubes containing a buffer solution adjusted to the optimal pH of the enzyme and then measure the rate of product formation. The design of the researcher's experiment is presented in Table 1. Which of the following statements best justifies the inclusion of test tubes 3 and 7 in the experiment?
they will show whether the isolated cellular contents have enzymatic activity.
In the lab we did yesterday, we used the enzyme catalase to accelerate the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide. The following is the equation for the chemical reaction: 2H2O2 → 2H2O. + O2 What was the purpose of the trials where you dipped the paper disks in water before placing them in the wells filled with hydrogen peroxide?
to test if hydrogen peroxide would decompose without catalase.
