UTA A&P Exam 2; Chapters 7-12

Bipolar Neurons made of

1 dendrite, 1 axon, cell body center

For muscle contraction nerve signals travel along axon and end at the ___ _____

synaptic terminal

Presynaptic membrane-

synaptic terminal on neuron

meatus

tube-like opening in a bone

Intracapsular ligaments-

within capsule, excluded from synovial cavity by folds of synovial membrane

Parasympathetic division of ANS

relaxing effect "Rest and Digest"

Bones (and number) associated with the skull (not a part of)

6 auditory ossicles, 1 hyoid bone

Hamstrings

Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus

Classes of Opioids

Enkephalins Endorphins Dynorphins

Neuropeptides (4)

Enkephalins Endorphins Dynorphins Substance P

Muscles 3 layers of CT extend from fascia

Epimysium Perimysium: Endomysium

Example of fibrous joint: synostosis

Epiphyseal lines of mature long bones

which vertebrae has no spinous process or body

C1 atlas

Autonomic nervous system (ANS):

Controls subconscious actions: contractions of smooth & cardiac muscle and glandular secretions

Processes of the glenoid cavity

Coracoid process: anterior Acromion: posterior articulates with clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint

Dorsolateral surfaces of vertebrae body have costal facets articulate with heads of ____

ribs

Bones of the thoracic cage (2)

ribs, sternum

Lever-

rigid structure that moves on a fixed point

Ends of muscle fibers, myofibrils are anchored to inner surface of ______

sarcolemma

Bipennate

Fibers on both sides of tendon

Nebulin (muscle filament) function

Holds actin strands together

______-______ joint is the Largest, strongest articulation at elbow where the Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna

Humero-ulnar

Coxal bones- made up of 3 fused bones

Ilium Ischium Pubis

____ ______ binds fibula to tibia

Interosseous membrane

Cramp

Involuntary and often painful muscle contractions

ACh binding opens sodium channels on muscle cell and ____ rushes into sarcoplasm (neural stimulation of muscle)

Na+

Diarthrosis

Most movement Also called synovial joints

Synovial Joints (diarthroses)

Movable joints- wide range of motion

Propagation

Moves action potentials generated in axon hillock along entire length of axon Series of repeated actions, positive feedback

Fast axonal transport

Moves both directions- microtubules Uses motor proteins

Serratus anterior where, origin, insertion

On the chest Originates along ribs Inserts on anterior scapular margin

Subclavius origin and insertion

Originates on ribs Inserts on clavicle

Nerve- bundle of axons in ____ Tract- bundle of axons in ____

PNS, CNS

Functions of thoracic rib cage

Protects organs of the thoracic cavity Attaches muscles

Function of bursae

Reduce friction, shock absorbers; Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub against other tissues

astrocytes control interstitial environment by (4)

Regulate Na+, K+, CO2 Transport nutrients Control blood volume through capillaries Absorb/recycle neurotransmitters

2 types of neuroglia in PNS

Satellite cells Schwann cells

Short bones

Small and thick

ANS divisions (2)

Sympathetic division; Parasympathetic division

Neuropeptides function

30-40 AAs, bind to metabotropic Inhibitory & excitatory

How many cranial and facial bones of the skull?

8, 14

I Band extends from A band of 1 sarcomere to the _ _____of the next sarcomere

A band

M line- center of the _ _____at midline of sarcomere

A band

What happens during the Latent period before contraction (twitch)

Action potential moves through sarcolemma Causing Ca2+ release

Adductors of the thigh (5)

Adductor magnus; Adductor brevis, Adductor longus, Pectineus, Gracilis

Muscle Opposition

Agonists and antagonists work in pairs:

Unipennate

All fibers on same side of tendon

Absolute refractory period

All sodium channels open or inactivated No action potential possible

Example of where labrum can be found

Ball & socket joints (shoulder, hip)

4 regions of the sacrum

Base Ala Sacral promontory Apex

Where gliding occurs in body

Between carpal bones Between tarsal bones Between clavicles & sternum

example of Cartilaginous Joint:

Between vertebrosternal ribs & sternum

Supporting Structures of the Elbow

Biceps brachii muscle ; Elbow Ligaments

Hallux

Big toe or great toe, 2 phalanges (distal, proximal)

Troponin

Binds tropomyosin to actin Controlled by Ca2+

False pelvis

Blades of ilium above arcuate line

___ ____. ______ & ______ stabilize brain position, attach to inner surface of cranium

Blood vessels, nerves, and membranes

Cartilaginous Joint: symphysis

Bones separated by wedge or pad of fibrocartilage

What makes elbow joint extremely stable? (3)

Bony surfaces of humerus & ulna interlock Single, think articular capsule surrounds humero-ulna & proximal radio-ulna joints Articular capsule is reinforced by strong ligaments

Triangular (Convergent) Muscles

Broad area converges on attachment site

At ends of muscles, collagen fibers of endomysium, perimysium, & epimysium come together to form (2)

Bundles- tendons Broad Sheets- aponeurosis

Enteric Nervous system Communicates with ____through PNS (via vagus nerve) & SNS (via prevertebral ganglia)

CNS

Serotonin

CNS neurotransmitter Concentrated in raphe nucleus Affects attention and emotional states (depression) Sensory perception, temperature regulation, appetite

Preganglionic fibers travel from

CNS to autonomic ganglia

what happens during the relation phase of twitch

Ca2+ levels fall Active sites are covered Tension falls to resting levels

Achilles Tendon-

Calcaneal tendon Shared by the gastrocnemius and soleus

During Contraction phase (twitch) _____ ions bind and tension builds to peak

Calcium

_____ ions released by SR center, enter regions where thick and thin filaments interact

Calcium

Efferent division (PNS)

Carries motor commands from CNS to PNS muscles and glands

Afferent division (PNS)

Carries sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS

Type B Fibers of axon function

Carry intermediate signals to CNS; 34 mph

Type C Fibers of axon function

Carry slower information to CNS Info- involuntary muscle, gland control, sensory info; 4mph

Biogenic Amines- decarboxylated AA's

Catecholamines- synthesized from tyrosine Norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine Dopamine saratonin

Multipolar neuron characteristics (3)

Cell body (soma) Short, branched dendrites Long, single axon

REPOLARIZATION

Cells uses pumps & channels to restore negative interior-

First-Class Lever

Center fulcrum between applied force & resistance

Agonist (or prime mover)

Chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement

Microglia function

Clean up cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens

Multipolar neurons found

Common in the CNS Include all skeletal muscle motor neurons

Platysma

Covers anterior surface of neck

During attachment , myosin head attaches to ____ to release phosphate

actin

I bands (light) of muscle striation

actin

subscapular fossa

anterior surface of scapula

Neurons-

cells that send and receive signals

at the NMJ the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane are separated by a _____

cleft

Action potential generated by increase in Na+ in sarcolemma travels along the T tubules, leads to _____-______ ______

excitation-contraction coupling

Mechanical advantage-

load is closer to fulcrum and effort farther, only takes a small effort to move large load a small distance

Mechanical disadvantage-

load is farther from fulcrum, effort is applied closer, takes a large effort to move a small load (but at greater speed)

fossa

shallow depression in a bone

Jugular notch-

shallow indentation between clavicular articulations on sternum

spinous process

sharp, slender projection on a bone

Skeletal muscle- ___ refractory period

short

Graded potentials

short distance communication

Least stable joint in the body

shoulder joint

Base of patella attaches ____ _____

quadriceps femoris

Recruitment

Smooth, steady increase in muscle tension produced by increasing active number of motor units Delay fatigue, allow sustained contraction

Functions of pelvic floor muscles (3)

Support organs of pelvic cavity Flex sacrum & coccyx Control movement of materials through urethra & anus

3 Functions of axial skeleton

Supports & protects brain, spinal cord, organs in ventral body cavities Extensive surface area for attachment of muscles Limited movement but very strong, reinforced with ligaments

Tibia

Supports body weight Larger than fibula Medial to fibula

Hyoid Bone function

Supports tongue, provides attachment for tongue, neck, pharynx muscles

Rotator Cuff

Supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor

Satellite cells

Surround neural cell bodies in ganglia, flat

Perimysium of muscle

Surrounds 10-100 muscle fibers- fascicles (bundle of fibers)

endomysium of muscle

Surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers) Contains myosatellite cells

Multipennate

Tendon branches within muscle

Muscles That Produce Flexion (Dorsiflexsion) at Ankle

Tibialis anterior- opposes the gastrocnemius

Anulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs

Tough outer layer Collagen fibers attach disc to vertebrae Surrounds nucleus pulposus

Where is Vertebra prominens (C7)

Transition from cervical to thoracic vertebrae

DISTAL carpal bones (4)

Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate

Saddle Joints (sellaris joints)

Two concave, straddled (biaxial)

All-or-None Principle

a stimulus exceeds threshold amount the action potential is the same no matter how large the stimulus Action potential is either triggered or not produced at all

Sartorius originates superior to the _______ for lateral rotation at the hip

acetabulum

hamstrings inferior and posterior to _____ to extend the hip

acetabulum

During muscle contraction the synaptic terminal releases ______ into synaptic cleft

acetylcholine

Thin filaments of muscle

actin

T tubules transmit ____ ____ through entire muscle fibers

action potential

The greater the stimulus strength above threshold, the greater the frequency of ____ _____ until max frequency is reached.

action potentials

Sensory neurons are ____ neurons of PNS

afferent

When do the lumbar & cervical curves appear

after birth

Sinuses

air filled chambers in the skull

Load (L) in a lever

also called resistance, opposes movement

Pelvic diaphragm supports the ___ ____

anal triangle

Where are short bones found

ankle and wrist bones

Synovial membranes made up of

areolar tissue covered by incomplete epithelial layer

Longissimus group of superficial spinal extensors (3)

capitis, cervicis, thoracis

Spinalis group of superficial spinal extensors- (3)

capitis, cervicis, thoracis

Disk-shaped radial head above the neck, articulates with the ______ of the humerus & ____ ____ of the ulna

capitulum ; radial notch

Cardiac muscle cells

cardiocytes

Axon-

carries electrical signal (action potential) to target

Cartilaginous joints connected by _____

cartilage

Effort (E) in a lever

causes movement, force from contraction

Anterograde axoplasmic transport travels from

cell body to synaptic knob

Electrical synapses happen when there is Direct physical contact between ____

cells

Neuroglia

cells that support and protect neurons

Ependymal Cells secrete and monitor ____

cerebrospinal fluid

Iliocostalis group of superficial spinal extensors (3)

cervicis, thoracis, lumborum

membrane potential

charge difference; voltage across membrane

genioglossus originates at

chin

Ganglion-

clusters of cell bodies in PNS Associated with cranial and spinal nerves

Autonomic ganglia-

collection of neural cell bodies that regulate autonomic nervous system, control peripheral effectors

function of pectoral girdle

connects arms to body, positions shoulders, provides a base for arm movement

Orbicularis oris

constricts the mouth opening q

2 methods of propagating action potentials

continuous, saltatory

Change in transmembrane potential initiates ____ of muscles

contractions

When the forearm is flexed the coronoid process enters the ____ ____ of the humerus

coronoid fossa

Trochlea of the humerus contains which two fossas

coronoid fossa (anterior) olecranon fossa (posterior)

Pelvic Girdle made up of 2 bones

coxal bones

Cranial Bones enclose the ___ _____

cranial cavity

Sarcomere stretched too far, zone of overlap reduced, ____-_____ interactions reduced or do not occur

cross-bridge

Axoplasm-

cytoplasm of axon

Sarcoplasm-

cytoplasm of muscle fiber Contains lots of glycogen & myoglobin

_____- higher [K+], lower [Na+] _____ _____ =higher [Na+], lower [K+]

cytosol, extracellular fluid

Shoulder Separation-

dislocation of the shoulder joint, common injury partial/complete dislocation of acromioclavicular joint

Medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus are found on the ____ ______

distal epiphysis

When is the primary curve present in the spine

during fetal development

motor neurons are ____ neurons of PNS

efferent

Ligamentum nuchae

elastic ligament) extends from C7 to skull

Two Types of Synapses

electrical, chemical

_____- charge attraction ______- concentration gradient

electro, chemical

Ions move down ___ _____

electrochemical gradient

True pelvis-

encloses pelvic cavity

Modifications of pelvis for childbearing

enlarged pelvic outlet, broad pubic angle less curvature of sacrum and coccyx wide, circular pelvic inlet

Acetylcholinesterase

enzyme that breaks down ACh in cleft after action potential started

Ependymal Cells Form epithelium called

ependyma

Ionotropic receptors- _____ Metabotropic receptors- ______

excitatory, inhibitory

Gluteus maximus Produces -____ and _____rotation at hip

extension ; lateral

Ramus-

extension of bone making angle with rest of structure

Enteric Plexuses-

extensive networks of neurons located in walls of organs of GI tract

Muscles of head and neck Move (3)

face, tongue, larynx

6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck

fasical, eye, mastication, tongue, pharynx, neck

extensors of knee originate on _____ ____ & instert on the _____

femoral surface; patella

Bones of Lower Limbs

femur, patella, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Oblique-

fibers at an oblique angle across longitudinal axis

Transversus

fibers run across longitudinal axis

Rectus-

fibers straight, parallel muscles to longitudinal axis

Labrum

fibrocartilaginous tissue extends from edge of joint

Adductor longus movements

flexion and adduction

gracilis movements

flexion and adduction

pectineus movements

flexion and adduction

Adductor brevis movements

flexion, adduction

Mylohyoid muscle

floor of the mouth

Pharyngeal constrictor muscles move

food into esophagus

radial groove of humerus

for radial nerve on posterior surface

Sacral hiatus-

formed by ridges of sacral cornua, covered by connective tissues

Synovial joints-

freely moveable

Digastric muscles

from chin to hyoid & hyoid to mastoid

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

from clavicle and sternum to mastoid

sulcus

furrow along bone surface for blood vessels, nerves or tendons

Median sacral crest-

fused spinous processes, 4 pairs of sacral foramina open to either side

Lateral sacral crest-

fused transverse processes, attach to muscles of lower back and hip

tetanus

fusion of contracions

Postganglionic fibers connect

ganglion cells to effectors

Presynaptic & postsynaptic membranes locked together at ____ ____

gap junctions

Nodes

gaps between internodes where axons may branch

Scapular head holds the ____ ____ and articulates with ______ to form the shoulder joint

glenoid cavity; humerus

Gluteal muscles (4)

gluteus maximus, tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

Initiating Action Potential

graded depolarization large enough to change resting potential to threshold level

Summation-

graded potentials add together

Active transport of Ca from sarcoplasm into sarcoplasmic reticulum sets up _______

gradient

Flexors of the Knee (3)

hamstrings, Sartorius, popliteus

Example of first class lever

head

acetabulum articulates with

head of femur

Pronator teres and supinator Originate on ____ & _____and Rotate radius (no flexion or extension)

humerus and ulna

hypoglossus originates at

hyoid bone

Acetabulum is the meeting point of what parts of the coxal bone

ilium, ischium, & pubis

Sutures

immovable joints of the skull

Cartilaginous joints-

immovable/slightly moveable

Fibrous joints-

immovable/slightly moveable

Patellofemoral stress syndrome-

improper tracking (gliding) of patella in groove of femoral condyles

Wave Summation

increasing tension or summation of twitches ; increasing tension or summation of twitches

Perineum region of pelvis

inferior edges of true pelvis forms pelvic outlet perineal muscles support organs of pelvic cavity

Gliding joints occur in the vertebrae at ___ articular processes and ____ articular processes

inferior, superior

Hyperpolarize-

inside cell becomes more negative than at rest

Depolarize-

inside cell becomes positive Na+ channels open- positive flow in

Medial condyle & lateral condyle: separated by _____ fossa and patellar surface

intercondylar

Medial & lateral tibial condyles: separated by _____ ______

intercondylar eminence

symphyseal joints occur in between the vertebral bodies and are separated by _____ _____

intervertebral discs

Hyperpolarized-

intracellular more negative

Depolarized

intracellular more positive

Astrocytes

large cell bodies with many processes

condyle

large round protuberance with a smooth articulate surface at the end of a bone

Infraspinatus and teres minor produce ___ rotation at shoulder

lateral

Interosseous membrane of the forearm connects the ____ margin of the ulnar shaft to the radius

lateral

Lateral malleolus of tibia

lateral projection of ankle

Example of Extracapsular ligaments-

lcl & mcl knee joint

Bones act as _____Joints- ______

levers; fulcrum

Extracapsular ligaments-

lie outside joint capsule

Sprain

ligaments stretched, tear collagen fibers

Rectus abdominis Divided longitudinally by _____ _____ and Divided transversely by _____ _____

linea alba ; tendinous inscriptions

Movement occurs when effort applied to insertion overcomes the ____

load

Movement of Na+ through channel produces ____ current

local

Cardiac muscle- _____refractory period

long

action potentials used for ____ distance communications

long

line

long, narrow ridge or border on a bone

Refractory period-

loss of excitability, cannot respond to stimulus Due to repolarization

Intracellular concentration of Ca2+ is _____

low

___ frequency of action potential- light touch ____ frequency of action potential- firm pressure

low; high

Functions of synovial fluid: (3)

lubrication, shock absorption, nutrient distribution

Which section of vertebra bears the most weight

lumbar

lordosis

lumbar curvature becomes exaggerated

Mysosin molecule

made of 2 globular protein subunits reaches the nearest thin filament

Deltoid is a major ____ of the arm

major abductor

Subscapularis and Teres major produce _____ rotationat shoulder

medial

Medial & lateral tibial condyles articulate with

medial and lateral condyles of femur

Medial malleolus of tibia

medial projection at the ankle

Resting potential-

membrane potential of a resting cell

Articular discs

menisci; Fibrous cartilage pad situated between opposing bones within a synovial joint

Skeletal Muscle Fibers develop through fusion of ______ cells

mesodermal

iliac crest of ilium purpose

muscle/ligament attachment

Subcutaneous layer separates _____ from _____

muscle; skin

Reverse muscle actions- -

muscles can reverse, switch origin/insertion

Oblique and rectus muscles Forms

muscular walls of thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities

Schwann cells form ____ _____ around peripheral axon

myelin sheath

Axolemma wrap around axons to form ____ _____

myelin sheaths

White matter-

myelinated axons

Saltatory propagation

myelinated axons, current jumps from node to node

Internodes

myelinated segments of axon

A bands (dark) of muscle striation

myosin

During detachment (muscle contraction) a new molecule of ATP attaches to the myosin head releasing _____ from actin

myosin

think filaments of muscle

myosin

ATP hydrolysis for muscle contraction

myosin heads hydrolyze ATP and become reoriented and energized

Thick Filaments contain twisted ____ subunits and ___ strands that recoil after stretching

myosin; titin

surgical neck of humerus

narrow metaphysis

Fissure

narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones; blood vessels & nerves pass through

Inside muscle ____ at rest

negative

function of intervertebral foramina

nerve connections to spinal cord

Action potentials called ____ _____.

nerve impulses

Opioids-

neuromodulators in the CNS relieve pain Bind to the same receptors as opium or morphine

Each skeletal muscle fiber controlled by ____ at single NMJ midway along the fiber

neuron

satellite cells regulate environment around ____

neuron

Gray matter-

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia

Ependymal cells

neuronal support cells with highly branched processes

Neural Tissue contains 2 kinds of cells

neurons, nuroglia

Ionotropic receptors-

neurotransmitter binding site & an ion channel (both on the same protein)

Metabotropic receptors-

neurotransmitter binding site, COUPLED to an ion channel through G-protein Neurotransmitter binds receptor, activates G-protein, G-protein opens ion channel

Do muscle cells divide

no

Intervertebral Discs-

pads of fibrous cartilage, separate vertebral bodies & absorb shocks

Palatoglossus originates on

palate

In triangular muscles the Entire muscle contracts, fibers do not pull as hard on attachment site as ____ muscle of same size, fibers pull in different directions

parallel

Classification of Skeletal Muscles (4)

parallel, convergent, pennate, circular

all four muscles of the quadriceps femoris insert on the ______

patella

Tibial tuberosity attaches

patellar ligament

apex of patella attaches ____ _____

patellar ligament

6 Ligaments of the Knee Joint

patellar, popliteal, acl, pcl, tibial collateral (mcl) fibular collateral (lcl)

Humerus articulates with

pectoral girdle

Tubercular body (shaft) of rib attaches muscles of ___ _______ & _______, attaches to intercostal muscles that move ribs

pectoral girdle & trunk

example of triangular muscles

pectoralis muscles

True pelvis encloses the _______ ________

pelvic cavity

Flexors of the knee originate on

pelvic girdle

Hyaline cartilage has no _____

perichondrium

Lateral rotators (5) of leg

piriformis, obturator, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, quadriceps femoris

Example of second class lever

plantar flexion lifting body

Sarcolemma-

plasma membrane of muscle fiber

Ischial tuberosity-

posterior projection you sit on

2 groups of efferent axons

preganglionic, postganglionic

Inguinal hernia-

pressure forces inguinal canal open, push portion of intestines into pocket created

Muscles of pelvic floor Extend between ____ & _____ _____ and form the _____

sacrum & pelvic girdle; perineum

Outer surface of the ______ is attached to collagen fibers of tendons or aponeurosis of muscle

sarcolemma

A Band- located in the center of ____-

sarcomere

Contractile units of muscle are the

sarcomeres

Z lines: centers of I bands, marks boundary between adjacent ______

sarcomeres

facet

smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface of a bone

Differences of female pelvis compared to male (3)

smoother & lighter Less prominent muscle & ligament attachments Modifications for childbearing

palatal muscles lift the

soft palate

Fontanels

soft, mesenchyme-filled spaces between cranial bones in babies.

Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, controlled by _____ motor neurons

somatic

Motor units-

somatic motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it stimulates

Two major efferent systems

somatic, autonomic

Bipolar neurons found in

special sensory organs

Axolemma-

specialized cell membrane that covers the axoplasm

The rest of the braincase bones are dependent for support on the _____ bone (with its greater and lesser wings).

sphenoid

Ependymal Cells Line central canal of ___ ____and ventricles of ____

spinal cord, brain

Where are Irregular bones found

spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones

function of styloid process of radius

stabilize wrist joint

Sympathetic division of ANS

stimulating effect "Fight or Flight"

incomplete or fused tetanus

stimulation continues, muscle never relaxes completely, twitches reach maximum tension

Complete Tetanus-

stimulation frequency is high enough, muscle never begins to relax- in continuous contraction

Repolarize-

stimulus removed, inside cell becomes negative again K+ channels open- positive flows out

Titin (muscle)

strands of elastic protein extend from the Z line to M line (not shown)

Range of motion Compromises ______ & ______

strength, mobility

Styloglossus originates on

styloid process

T1-T8 articulate with 2 pairs of ribs at the ____ & ______ ______ facets

superior & inferior costal

Scapulae Body Corners(3)

superior angle inferior angle lateral angle

Scapulae Body structure (3)

superior border medial border (vertebral border) lateral border (axillary border)

iliac fossa of ilium purpose

support abdominal organs & muscle attachment

Ligaments functions (3)

support, strengthen, reinforce

Examples of fibrous joints (2)

suture, syndesomses

Retrograde axoplasmic transport

synaptic knob to cell body

Bones of the ankle (6)

talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, medial cuneiform, lateral cuneiform

Example of Gomphosis ("bolting together") Fibrous connection

teeth bound to the sockets

The hyoid bone is suspended in the body by the ____ bones

temporal

SR Forms chambers border each side of T tubule called _____ _______

terminal cisternae

Maximum tension Achieved when all motor units reach complete ______

tetanus

Bones of the vertebral column (3)

vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

trochanter

very large projection on bone

Diaphragmatic hernia-

visceral organs forced into pleural cavity

Pedicles of vertebrea

walls of arch (surrounding vertebral foramen)

Cardiac muscles contracts with autorhythmic pacemaker cells to Prevent ____ ______

wave summation

Tension of a Single Muscle Fiber depends on (3)

Fiber's resting length at the time of stimulation Frequency of stimulation- Nutrient & oxygen availability

Parallel Muscles-

Fibers parallel to the long axis of muscle

Medial & lateral menisci

Fibrous cartilage pads Lie between femur-tibia surfaces Cushion & stabilize joint Give lateral support

Rigor Mortis

Fixed muscular contraction after death Caused when calcium ion pumps cease to function

Planar Joints (gliding)

Flattened or slightly curved faces Limited motion (nonaxial)

Brachialis & brachioradialis

Flex elbow

Abdominal Rectus muscles functions

Flex vertebral column Oppose erector spinae

Biceps brachii functions (2), origin, insertion

Flexes elbow Stabilizes shoulder joint Originates on scapula Inserts on radial tuberosity

Muscles That Produce Flexion at the Toes

Flexor digitorum longum Flexor hallucis longus

Obturator foramen (pubis) formed by and attaches to

Formed by ischial & pubic rami Attaches hip muscles

Coccygeal cornua

Formed by laminae of 1st coccygeal vertebra

Vertebral canal

Formed by vertebral foramina to enclose spinal cord

orbits

Forms the eye sockets

Where are suture bones found

Found between the flat bones of the skull

Where are long bones found

Found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, toes

chemical synapses found

Found in most synapses between neurons & all synapses between neurons and other cells

Where are flat bones found

Found in the skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae

Occipitofrontalis

Frontal and occipital bellies

7 bones of orbital complex

Frontal bone Ethmoid Sphenoid Maxilla Lacrimal Palatine bones Zygomatic

Fibrous joint: Synostosis

Fused bones, boundary disappears

Pubic symphysis

Gap between pubic tubercles

Intervertebral foramina

Gaps between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae

5 Muscles That Produce Extension (plantar flexion) at the Ankle

Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Fibularis brevis, Fibularis longus, Tibialis posterior

Shoulder joints:

Glenohumeral joint; ball & socket

Types of Dynamic Motion (4)

Gliding, Angular motion, Rotation, Special Movements

Amino Acids

Glutamate, aspartate- excitatory Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) & glycine- inhibitory

H Zone- lighter region on either side of _ ______

H Zone- lighter region on either side of M Line

Fibula Articulations with tibia

Head (proximal) inferior tibiofibular joint (distal

Thoracic vertebrae features (4)

Heart-shaped bodies Larger bodies than C1-C7 Smaller vertebral foramen than C1-C7 Long, slender spinous processes

Temporalis lifts the

Helps lift the mandible

Fixator

Helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist by preventing movement at another joint

Dendrites

Highly branched Dendritic spines: many fine processes receive information from other neurons

Functions of fascia (3)

Hold muscles of similar function together Carry nerves, blood vessels Fills spaces between muscles

example of metabotropic receptor

IPSP- K+ (outflow, more neg inside)

Somatic nervous system (SNS):

Includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles Conscious control Cell bodies lie in CNS, axons extend into periphery

Runners Knee caused by

Increased compression forces (running) Hard or slanted surfaces (concrete/beach) Inadequate arch support

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Inflammation of connective tissue between ligaments & carpal bones, compresses median nerve

Type A Fibers of axon function

Info- pressure, position, balance, touch,pain, motor impulses ; 290 mph

Thoracic region of oblique muscles

Intercostal muscles (external and internal); Respiratory movements of ribs Transversus thoracis ;Cross inner surface of ribs

example of Cartilaginous Joint: symphysis

Intervertebral discs

Transverse tubules (T tubules)

Invaginations of sarcolemma, tunnel in from surface toward the center of each muscle fiber Open to extracellular environment- filled with interstitial fluid

Enteric Nervous System functions

Monitor chemical changes, stretching of walls of GI tract

Interoceptors function (2)

Monitor internal systems (digestive, respiratory, urinary, cardiovascular, reproductive) Provide sensations of taste, deep pressure, pain

Proprioceptors function (1)

Monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)

Slow axonal transport

Moves one direction- cell body toward axon Replenishes axoplasm

Spatial Summation

Multiple locations in the membrane of postsynaptic cell Many stimuli, arrive at multiple synapses at same time

origin

Muscle attachment to stationary bone-

insertion

Muscles attachment to moving bone-; usually proximal

Intrinsic muscles

Muscles inside an organ

Extrinsic muscles

Muscles outside an organ

Perineum

Muscular sheet forming the pelvic floor

3 Deep Facial Bones

Palatine bones Inferior nasal conchae Vomer

Flexors of the Wrist (3)

Palmaris longus; Flexor carpi ulnaris; Flexor carpi radialis

Subluxation

Partial dislocation of a joint, less severe

Why is the knee joint a complicated hinge

Points of contact always changing

Pterygoid muscles

Positions mandible for chewing

Slipped Disc

Posterior longitudinal ligaments weaken, nucleus pulposus distorts anulus fibrosus -Bulge in anulus fibrosus, Invades vertebral canal

Tropomyosin

Prevents actin-myosin interaction

Functions of the CNS (4)

Process & coordinate: sensory data: motor commands: higher functions of brain:

Adductor magnus movements

Produces adduction, extension, flexion, medial, lateral rotation

Processes: Projections or elevations in bones

Projections that form joints where tendons and ligaments attach

____ changes in membrane potential Affect an entire excitable membrane

Propagated

Functions of adult sacrum (3)

Protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs Attaches axial skeleton to pelvic girdle of appendicular skeleton Area for attachment of muscles, i.e. muscles move thigh

Exteroceptors function (1)

Provide info about external environment- touch, pressure, temperature (complex senses- sight, smell, hearing)

Iliopsoas two hip flexors insert on the same tendon

Psoas major Iliacus

Spinal flexors of the lumbar (1)

Quadratus lumborum muscles; flex spine

Ulna articulates with the _____ _____ or the radius

Radial notch:

When the Action potential reaches triad: (2)

Releases Ca2+ from cisternae of SR Triggers contraction- at zones of overlap (thick & thin filaments interact)

Sarcomeres

Repeating functional units of myofilaments

Floating or vertebral ribs

Ribs 11-12 Connect only to the vertebrae & back muscles Have no connection with sternum

Vertebrochondral ribs

Ribs 8-10 Fuse together Merge with cartilage before reaching sternum

Cartilaginous Joint: Synchondrosis

Rigid cartilaginous bridge between 2 bones; immovable

Head of humerus

Rounded, articulating surface, contained within joint capsule

Temporal Summation

Same location, different times

Cervical region of oblique muscles

Scalene muscles; Flex the neck

PROXIMAL carpal bones (4)

Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform

Posterior features of scapula

Scapular spine

myelination of PNS

Schwann cells- multiple layers (100), outer layer neurolemma (nucleus), aids in regeneration

Deep Spinal Extensors (5)

Semispinalis group, Multifidus muscle, Interspinalis muscles, Intertransversarii muscles, Rotatores muscles

Patella

Sesamoid bone, formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris

Bones are classified by

Shape Internal tissue organization Bone markings

Pennate Muscles

Short fascicles in relation to total muscle length Tendon extends almost entire muscle length

Contraction Cycle

Shortening of sarcomere

Chemical synapses

Signal transmitted across a gap by chemical neurotransmitters

Neuromuscular Junction

Skeletal muscles controlled by nervous system and Communication occurs at

Fibrous joint: Syndesmosis

Slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis) Bones connected by ligaments

Continuous propagation

Slower, Depolarizes and repolarizes each adjacent segment of plasma membrane; unmyelinated

Sutural bones

Small, irregular bones # varies from person to person

Humero-radial joint:

Smaller articulation Capitulum of humerus and head of radius

Synergist

Smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist

cardiac muscles differ from skeletal muscles: (3)

Smaller with single nucleus Short, wide T tubules- no triads SR with no terminal cisternae

Oblique muscles functions

Compress underlying structures Rotate vertebral column

Chemical gradients

Concentration gradients of ions (Na+, K+)

Pectoral Girdle bones

Consists of 2 clavicles & 2 scapulae

axoplasm contains

Contains neurotubules, neurofibrils, enzymes, organelles

Somatic nervous system (SNS):

Controls skeletal muscle contractions: voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) muscle contractions

Myofibrils

Made up of bundles of protein filaments-; responsible for muscle contraction

flexors found of foot

Mainly on anterior and medial surfaces

Arm Extensors found

Mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm

3 parts of the sternum

Manubrium Sternal body Xiphoid process

anatomical neck of humerus

Margin of joint capsule

Relative refractory period

Membrane potential almost normal Only very large stimulus can initiate action potential

myelin

Membrane provides electrical insulation

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

Membranous structure surrounding each myofibril ; transmits action potential

____ _____ are supported by muscles and ligaments, not bone-to-bone connections

Mobile joints

Decremental conduction-

die out as they spread along membrane because of leak channels

extrinsic muscles of the hand Lie entirely within _____

forearm

Triad (muscle)

formed by 1 T tubule & 2 terminal cisternae

Sacral cornua-

formed by laminae of 5th sacral vertebra, do not meet at midline

head of bone

rounded articular projection supported on a neck of a bone

tuberosity

variably sized projection with a rough bumpy surface on a bone

tubercle

variably sized rounded projection on bone

fibrous joint: Gomphosis

"bolting together"; Fibrous connection

True ribs/Vertebrosternal ribs

(1-7) Connected to sternum by costal cartilages

False ribs

(8-12)- Do not attach directly to the sternum

myosatellite cells

(stem cells) that repair damage; don't fuse

Axial muscles

Arise on axial skeleton

Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs

Soft, elastic, gelatinous core Absorbs shocks, gives disc resiliency

Titin (muscle filament) functions (2)

-Helps keep thick & thin filaments in proper alignment -Helps muscle fiber resist extreme stretching

Initiating Contraction (3 steps)

1. Ca2+ binds to receptor on troponin molecule 2. Troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape 3. Exposes active sites on actin

Excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle (4)

1. Free Ca2+ in cytoplasm triggers contraction 2. Ca2+ binds with calmodulin in the sarcoplasm 3. Activates enzyme myosin light-chain kinase 4. Enzyme breaks down ATP, initiates contraction

Neural stimulation of muscle steps 5

1. action potential arrives at synaptic terminal 2. vesicles in synaptic terminal fuse with neural membrane and dump acetylcholine into cleft 3. ACh molecules diffuse through cleft and bind to ACh receptors (sodium channels) on surface of sarcolemma at motor end plate 4. action potential spreads across sarcolemma and AChE breaks down ACh 5. return to normal

4 Steps of the Contraction Cycle

1.ATP hydrolysis 2. Formation of cross-bridges 3. Power Stroke 4. Detachment of cross-bridges

Synaptic Transmission Steps (7)

1.Nerve impulse arrives 2.Depolarization opens Ca2+ channels 3.Increase in Ca2+ causes exocytosis of neurotransmitter 4.Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on post synaptic membrane 5.Binding opens Na+ channels on post synaptic cell 6.Creates depolarization 7.If threshold is reached, action potential is triggered

PNS Response to Injury (6 steps)

1.Nissl bodes break up into fine granular masses- chromatolysis 2.Axon distal to injury degenerates, myelin sheath too (not neurolemma)- Wallerian degeneration 3.Macrophages migrate into the area clean up debris 4.Regeneration of axon begins, Schwann cells grow towards each other- regeneration tube 5.Guides growth of new axon, Schwann cells wrap in myelin 6.Axon may reestablish normal synaptic contacts, grows off course or stops growing- no normal function

____ pairs cranial nerves—connect to brain ____ pairs spinal nerves—attach to spinal cord

12; 31

Pelvis Consists of what bones (4)

2 coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx

Articulations of the knee joint (2)

2 femur-tibia articulations 1 between patella & patellar surface of femur

Gliding

2 surfaces slide past each other:

Sodium-Potassium Pump (electrogenic pump)

3 Na+ out of cell/ 2 K+ back into cell Leaves -1 charge

4 muscles of the quadriceps femoris

3 vastus muscles - Originate on femur Rectus femoris muscle - originates on ilium

twitch

A single neural stimulation produces a single contraction Lasts about 7-200 msec

Aponeurosis

A thick fascia that connects 2 muscle bellies.

example of intracapsular ligament

ACL & PCL of knee joint

Hernia

Abdominal muscles contract, pressure builds in abdominopelvic cavity

Ribs (costae) function

Absorbs shock Mobile -Breathing

_____ opens sodium channels on muscle

Acetylcholine

Small- molecule neurotransmitters (6)

Acetylcholine Amino Acids Biogenic Amines ATP Nitric Oxide Carbon Monoxide

What makes the hip joint extremely stable? (4)

Almost complete bony socket -Strong articular capsule -Supporting ligaments -Muscular padding

Depressions and openings in bones purpose:

Along bone surface, allow passage of blood vessels & nerves Form joints

Action potential may or may not be propagated to postsynaptic cell, depending on (2)

Amount of neurotransmitter released Sensitivity of postsynaptic cell

Flexor retinaculum

Anterior surface of wrist Stabilizes tendons of flexor muscles

Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitter that produces feelings of

Arousal, dreaming, mood

Scapula articulations (2)

Articulate with arm and collarbone

Manubrium articulations (2)

Articulates with clavicles (collarbones) Articulates with cartilages of first rib pair

Articular Cartilages of synovial joints

Articulating bone surfaces covered with cartilage Prevent bones from touching

Dislocation (luxation)

Articulating surfaces forced out of position Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule

Head (capitulum) of rib

At the vertebral end of the rib, superior and inferior articular facets

functions of coccyx

Attaches ligaments & constricting muscle of the anus

Fibula

Attaches muscles of feet and toes Smaller than tibia Lateral to tibia

Initial segment

Attaches to axon hillock

Sternal body attached to: (2)

Attaches to manubrium Attaches to costal cartilages of ribs 2-7

Xiphoid process attached to (2):

Attaches to sternal body Attaches to diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles

Visceral (single- unit) smooth muscle tissue features (3)

Autorhythmic Gap junctions One signal fires, transmitted to neighboring cells, contract as single unit

steps to calcium homeostasis

Calcium channels close Calcium pumps actively pump Ca2+ back into SR

Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium levels return to resting levels

2 major functions of sinuses

Decrease the weight of the skull Lined with mucous membranes that protect the entrances of the body

Internus muscles

Deep muscles

Pelvic diaphragm

Deep muscular layer extending to pubis

Rhomboid and levator scapulae location, attachment, insertion

Deep to trapezius Attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae Insert on scapular border

Functions of Sensory Neurons (3)

Deliver information from sensory receptors TO CNS Monitor internal environment (visceral sensory neurons) Monitor effects of external environment (somatic sensory neurons)

Functions of the PNS

Deliver sensory information to CNS Carry motor commands to peripheral tissues & systems

What is Incomplete in children, shaking will dislocate it and, cause spinal cord damage?

Dens of axis C2

Intercalated discs

Desmosomes & gap junctions

Where are Sesamoid bones found

Develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, feet

Removal of neurotransmitter 3 ways

Diffusion- out of cleft Enzymatic degradation Uptake by presynaptic cell

example of Fibrous joint: Syndesmosis

Distal articulation between tibia & fibula

Interneurons Functions (3)

Distribution of sensory information, Coordination of motor activity, Involved in higher functions

Third-Class Levers

Effort is closer to fulcrum- mechanical disadvantage FEL

Dopamine

Excitatory- pleasure sensation, high (cocaine use) Inhibitory- precise control of movements

Triceps brachii function, origin, insertion

Extends elbow Originates on scapula Inserts on olecranon

Extensors of the Wrist

Extensor carpi radialis; Extensor carpi ulnaris

Muscles That Produce Extension at the Toes

Extensor digitorum longum Extensor hallucis longus Extensor retinacula

Tendon sheaths of hand and fingers

Extensor retinaculum ; Flexor retinaculum:

Abdominopelvic region of oblique muscles

External oblique muscles Internal oblique muscles

____ _____ determines type of movement & the amount of movement possible

Joint structure

____ diffuses out of cell, ____ diffuses into the cell in a sodium potassium pump

K+, Na+

Membrane is more permeable to ___ ions than ____ ions

K+; Na+

4 Maxillae(maxillary bones):

Lacrimal Nasal Zygomatic Mandible

4 major sutures of the skull

Lambdoid suture Coronal suture Sagittal suture Squamous suture

multiunit smooth muscle tissue found

Large arteries, airways to lungs, arrector pili muscles, muscles eye pupil diameter

Three Phases of Twitch

Latent period before contraction Contraction phase Relaxation phase

muscles of the pelvic diaphram

Levator ani: pubococcygeus + iliococcygeus; Ischiococcygeus

3 Ionotropic receptors-

Ligand-gated channel EPSP- Na+, Ca2+ IPSP- Cl-

Amphiarthrosis

Little movement Fibrous or cartilaginous connections

Second-Class Levers

Load is always closer to fulcrum; small force to move large weight ELF

Vertebra prominens (C7) features

Long spinous process with a broad tubercle- feel at base of your neck (none bifed) Large transverse processes for muscle attachment

8 Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Cells

Long, slender, and spindle shaped, single central nucleus, no T tubules, myofibrils, or sarcomeres, no tendons or aponeuroses, scattered myosin fibers, Myosin fibers have more heads per thick filament, thin filaments attached to dense bodies, Dense bodies transmit contractions from cell to cell

Spinal flexors in the neck (2)

Longus capitis and longus colli ; rotate and flex neck

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers

Lots of glycogen- ATP by anaerobic respiration Aerobic cellular respiration- ATP Contract fast Reach peak tension faster, briefer in duration

Fast Glycolytic Fibers

Low myoglobin, blood capillaries, few mitochondria White color Large glycogen reserves, ATP- glycolysis Strong, quick contractions, fatigue quickly

during the power stroke of muscle contraction myosin pulls actin towards the _ line and ADP is released

M

Neck of femur

Narrow area between head and trochanters (tendon attachment)

PNS contains

Nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, sensory receptors outside of CNS

Synarthrosis

No movement Fibrous or cartilaginous connections

Structure of Smooth Muscle

Nonstriated tissue Different internal organization of actin & myosin

Muscle tone

Normal tension and firmness of a muscle at rest

Herniated disc

Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus, presses on spinal cord or nerves

Circular Muscles fucntion

Open and close to guard entrances of body

Anconeus

Opposes brachialis

Antagonist

Opposes movement of a particular agonist

Length-tension relationship

Optimum overlap produces greatest amount of tension Too much or too little reduces efficiency

Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus origin and insertion

Originate anterior to gluteus maximus Insert on trochanter

Clavicle origination and articulation

Originate at the manubrium (sternal end) Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)

Pronator quadratus origin and function

Originates on ulna Assists pronator teres in opposing actions of biceps brachii muscles

Epimysium of muscle

Outermost layer- encircles entire muscle

Ellipsoid Joints (condylar joints)

Oval articular face within a depression Motion in two planes (biaxial)- along or across oval length

Features of lumbar vertebrae

Oval-shaped bodies Thicker bodies than T1-T12 No costal or transverse costal facets Spinous process- short, heavy -attachment of lower back muscles

Unipolar neurons are the sensory neurons of the ____

PNS

electrical symapses found

PNS & CNS but very rare- areas of brain, eye, ciliary ganglia

Superficial Spinal Extensors

Spinalis group; longissimus group; Iliocostalis group-

Deep Spinal Extensors _______ adjacent vertebrae, make delicate adjustments in positioning

Stabilize

Pelvis stabilized by

Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, & lumbar vertebrae

____ _______of joints relies on the anatomical organization of the joint

Structural classification

functions of articular discs of synovial joints (4)

Subdivide synovial cavity, channel the flow of synovial fluid, allow variations in shapes of articular surfaces, cushion the joint

Spasm

Sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle within a large group of muscles - usually painless

DEPOLARIZATION

Sudden rush of Na+ ions into sarcoplasm makes inside cell positive

Extensor carpi radialis

Superficial Extends wrist Abducts wrist

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Superficial Extends wrist Adducts wrist

Palmaris longus

Superficial Flexes wrist

Flexor carpi radialis

Superficial Flexes wrist Abducts wrist

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Superficial Flexes wrist Adducts wrist

Trapezius

Superficial; Covers back and neck to base of skull; Inserts on clavicles and scapular spines

Six Extrinsic Eye Muscles

Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Lateral rectus Superior oblique Inferior oblique

Muscles have extensive vascular systems that (3)

Supply large amounts of oxygen Supply nutrients Carry away wastes

Masseter

The strongest jaw muscle

Length-tension relationships of smooth muscle (3)

Thick and thin filaments are scattered- no sarcomeres Resting length not related to tension development Functions over a wide range of lengths (plasticity)

Axon hillock

Thick section of cell body Attaches to initial segment

Sliding Filament Theory

Thin filaments of sarcomere slide toward M line, alongside thick filaments

Types of myofilaments:

Thin filaments: Thick filaments:

Flat bones

Thin with parallel surfaces Spongy bone in middle

Thoracic Cage parts (3)

Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Sternum (breastbone)

Antebrachium bones (2)

Ulna (medial) Radius (lateral)

Articulations of the radius

Ulnar notch: distal end Styloid process:

Structures of sensory neurons

Unipolar, processes (afferent fibers) extend FROM sensory receptors TO CNS

Slow Oxidative Fibers

Use aerobic cellular respiration Slow to contract, slow to fatigue Posture, endurance activities (marathon)

Unipolar Neurons features

Very long axons Fused dendrites and axon Cell body to one side

Autonomic nervous system (ANS):

Visceral motor neurons innervate all other peripheral effectors Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue

Externus muscles

Visible at body surface

Extensor retinaculum

Wide band of connective tissue Posterior surface of wrist Stabilizes tendons of extensor muscles

Tensor fasciae latae

Works with gluteus maximus Stabilizes iliotibial tract

Synovial Joints (diarthroses) surrounded by _____ _____ that are lined with synovial membrane

articular capsules

Femoral head articulation

articulates with pelvis at acetabulum and attaches at fovea capitis

ulnar notch of radius articulates with

articulates with wrist and radius

interneurons

association neurons

4 types of neuroglia in the CNS

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

Sacral promontory

at center of the base

Tendons-

attach to muscles to bone

calcaneus attaches to

attaches calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

Omohyoid muscle

attaches scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoid

Coracobrachialis- attachment and movements

attaches to scapula, produces flexion and adduction at shoulder

Cardiac muscles contracts with _____ ______ cells

autorhythmic pacemaker

Functional classification of joints

based on range of motion of the joint

Radial tuberosity of the radius

below the neck, attaches biceps

Pectoralis major location and movement

between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus, produces flexion at shoulder joint

Stylohyoid muscle

between hyloid and styloid

Geniohyoid muscle

between hyoid and chin

Latissimus dorsi- where and what movement

between thoracic vertebrae and humerus, produces extension at shoulder joint

example of parallel muscle

biceps brachii

example of third class lever

biceps lifting forearm

Mysosin molecule tail

binds to other myosin molecules

Astrocytes maintain the _____ _____ and repair ______ neural tissue

blood barrier; damaged

Articulations

body movements occurring at joints where 2 bones connect

Attachment muscle to bone- collagen fibers extend into ____ _____ to make a firm attachment

bone matrix

CNS contains

brain & spinal cord; Contains neural tissue, connective tissues, and blood vessels

interneurons found

brain, spinal cord

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

bulge in the shaft attaches deltoid muscle

Nerves-

bundles of axons (hundreds-thousands) with connective tissues & blood vessels, outside brain & spinal cord

Neurofibrils

bundles of intermediate filaments that provide support for dendrites and axon

myofilaments

bundles of protein filaments-

Joint strength _____ as mobility ______

decreases ; increases

Supraspinatus assists the ____ muscle

deltoid

Nerve Fibers-

dendrites & axon

fibrous joints connected by _____ ______ CT in rich collagen

dense irregular

synovial joints connected by ____ _____ CT

dense irregular

Fascia

dense sheet of irregular CT supports/surrounds muscle & organs

Greater stimulus, more channels open, more Na+ enter cell, greater membrane area affected, greater _____

depolarization

Two phases of action potential

depolarizing & repolarizing

Fascicle Organization-

describes fascicle orientation within muscle; rectus, transversus, oblique

Pivot Joints is ___axial

mon

Propagation Speed is faster when (3)

more myelination, larger axon diameter, warmer temp

Linea aspera of femur

most prominent ridge of shaft attaches hip muscles

Postsynaptic membrane-

motor end plate on muscle

On the Multiunit smooth muscle tissue Each fiber has own _____ ______ ______

motor neuron junction

Microtubules

move materials between cell body and axon

Buccinator

moves food around the cheeks

Terminal cisternae releases Ca2+ released into sarcoplasm triggers ____ ______

muscle contraction

Muscle cells are called

muscle fibers

Muscle tissue contains (4)

muscle fibers (cells), connective tissues, nerves, blood vessels

Are tendons a part of the joint

no they only help support it

As vertebral column moves, _______ ______compresses & shifts in opposite direction

nucleus pulposus

calvaria is composed of what bones in the skull

occipital, parietal and frontal bones

When the forearm is extended the Olecranon enters the _____ ______ of the humerus

olecranon fossa

myelination of CNS

oligodenrocytes, no neurolemma, little regeneration

Voltage-gated channel-

open/close in response to change in charge across membrane

Ligand-gated channel-

open/close in response to chemical stimulus (neurotransmitters and hormones)

Mechanically-gated channel-

open/close in response to mechanical stimulus (touch, pressure)

Foramen

opening in bone for blood vessels, nerves or ligaments

Example of circular muscle

orbicularis oris (mouth)

Synovial fluid-

originate in areolar tissue Provides oxygen and nutrients to chondrocytes

Relaxin

produced by ovaries & placenta increases flexibility or pubic bones, delivery ease

epicondyle

prominent ridge or elongated projection in a bone

Calsequestrin

protein binds calcium, allowing more calcium to be stored

Extensors of the knee

quadriceps femoris

capitulum contains which fossa

radia fossa

Sacral canal-

replaces (continuation) of vertebral canal

Nissl bodies- of neurons

rough ER ribosomes (produce neurotransmitters)

Sacral tuberosity-

rough area, attaches ligaments of the sacroiliac joint

Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver's Hand.

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Pectoralis minor attaches to

scapula

Greater sciatic notch of ilium purpose

sciatic nerve to reach lower limb

epicranial aponeurosis

seperates occipitofrontalis

Transverse tubules (T tubules) Transmit action potential through entire muscle fiber and allow entire muscle fiber to contract _______

simultaneously

Hinge Joints occurs in a _____ plane

single

Tubercle (tuberculum) of rib

small dorsal elevation, has an auricular facet that contacts the facet of its thoracic vertebra (at T1-T10 only)

Ganglia

small masses of nervous tissue, mostly neuron cell bodies Located outside of CNS Closely associated with nerves

Bursae-

small pockets of synovial fluid in connective tissue

Oligodendrocytes

smaller cell bodies with fewer processes

Microglia

smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine-branched processes

Laryngeal elevator muscles elevate

the larynx

Auricular surface of sacrum

thick, flattened area, articulates with pelvic girdle

Maximum tension

thin filaments do not extend across the sarcomere center

Zone of Overlap in sarcomere

thin filaments situated between thick filaments

Diaphragmatic muscle or diaphragm Divides ____ & _____ cavities and Performs _____

thoracic and abdominal ; respiration

kyphosis

thoracic curvature becomes exaggerated

Pollex

thumb

flexors of the knee all insert on the ___ & ____

tibia & fibula

Popliteus rotates the _____to unlock the knee and Originates on the ____ , inserts on the _____

tibia; femur, tibia

Refractory Period-

time after action potential begins, during which the cell cannot respond to a normal threshold

Angular Motion

tip remains stationary but shaft changes angle relative to surface

Calcaneus (heel bone) function

transfers weight from talus to ground

First 2 coccygeal vertebrae features

transverse processes unfused vertebral arches

Ball-and-Socket Joints are ___axial

tri

Ulna- Posterior articulates with

trochlea of humerus

Olecranon (elbow point) contains which two features :

trochlear notch & coronoid process

To begin contraction Ca binds to ______ and it rolls away from active sites on _____

troponin; actin

Condyle of the humerus articulates with the ____ and ____ bones

ulna and radius

Pelvic brim

upper edge of true pelvis encloses pelvic inlet

Perineum divided into anterior ______ ______ & posterior ____ _____

urogenital triangle ; anal triangle

Leak channels-

usually open, more K+ than Na+

Rectus abdominis span from

xiphoid process to pubic Symphysis

Short resting lengths, thin filaments extend across the center of sarcomere, thick filaments restricted by_ ____reducing

z line

15-25 hrs after death muscles begin to relax after lysosomal enzymes begin breaking _ _____ & ______

z lines & titin

2 transverse tubules encircle each sarcomere, triads in the ____ __ _____-

zones of overlap