UTA A&P Exam 2; Chapters 7-12
Bipolar Neurons made of
1 dendrite, 1 axon, cell body center
For muscle contraction nerve signals travel along axon and end at the ___ _____
synaptic terminal
Presynaptic membrane-
synaptic terminal on neuron
meatus
tube-like opening in a bone
Intracapsular ligaments-
within capsule, excluded from synovial cavity by folds of synovial membrane
Parasympathetic division of ANS
relaxing effect "Rest and Digest"
Bones (and number) associated with the skull (not a part of)
6 auditory ossicles, 1 hyoid bone
Hamstrings
Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus
Classes of Opioids
Enkephalins Endorphins Dynorphins
Neuropeptides (4)
Enkephalins Endorphins Dynorphins Substance P
Muscles 3 layers of CT extend from fascia
Epimysium Perimysium: Endomysium
Example of fibrous joint: synostosis
Epiphyseal lines of mature long bones
which vertebrae has no spinous process or body
C1 atlas
Autonomic nervous system (ANS):
Controls subconscious actions: contractions of smooth & cardiac muscle and glandular secretions
Processes of the glenoid cavity
Coracoid process: anterior Acromion: posterior articulates with clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint
Dorsolateral surfaces of vertebrae body have costal facets articulate with heads of ____
ribs
Bones of the thoracic cage (2)
ribs, sternum
Lever-
rigid structure that moves on a fixed point
Ends of muscle fibers, myofibrils are anchored to inner surface of ______
sarcolemma
Bipennate
Fibers on both sides of tendon
Nebulin (muscle filament) function
Holds actin strands together
______-______ joint is the Largest, strongest articulation at elbow where the Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
Humero-ulnar
Coxal bones- made up of 3 fused bones
Ilium Ischium Pubis
____ ______ binds fibula to tibia
Interosseous membrane
Cramp
Involuntary and often painful muscle contractions
ACh binding opens sodium channels on muscle cell and ____ rushes into sarcoplasm (neural stimulation of muscle)
Na+
Diarthrosis
Most movement Also called synovial joints
Synovial Joints (diarthroses)
Movable joints- wide range of motion
Propagation
Moves action potentials generated in axon hillock along entire length of axon Series of repeated actions, positive feedback
Fast axonal transport
Moves both directions- microtubules Uses motor proteins
Serratus anterior where, origin, insertion
On the chest Originates along ribs Inserts on anterior scapular margin
Subclavius origin and insertion
Originates on ribs Inserts on clavicle
Nerve- bundle of axons in ____ Tract- bundle of axons in ____
PNS, CNS
Functions of thoracic rib cage
Protects organs of the thoracic cavity Attaches muscles
Function of bursae
Reduce friction, shock absorbers; Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub against other tissues
astrocytes control interstitial environment by (4)
Regulate Na+, K+, CO2 Transport nutrients Control blood volume through capillaries Absorb/recycle neurotransmitters
2 types of neuroglia in PNS
Satellite cells Schwann cells
Short bones
Small and thick
ANS divisions (2)
Sympathetic division; Parasympathetic division
Neuropeptides function
30-40 AAs, bind to metabotropic Inhibitory & excitatory
How many cranial and facial bones of the skull?
8, 14
I Band extends from A band of 1 sarcomere to the _ _____of the next sarcomere
A band
M line- center of the _ _____at midline of sarcomere
A band
What happens during the Latent period before contraction (twitch)
Action potential moves through sarcolemma Causing Ca2+ release
Adductors of the thigh (5)
Adductor magnus; Adductor brevis, Adductor longus, Pectineus, Gracilis
Muscle Opposition
Agonists and antagonists work in pairs:
Unipennate
All fibers on same side of tendon
Absolute refractory period
All sodium channels open or inactivated No action potential possible
Example of where labrum can be found
Ball & socket joints (shoulder, hip)
4 regions of the sacrum
Base Ala Sacral promontory Apex
Where gliding occurs in body
Between carpal bones Between tarsal bones Between clavicles & sternum
example of Cartilaginous Joint:
Between vertebrosternal ribs & sternum
Supporting Structures of the Elbow
Biceps brachii muscle ; Elbow Ligaments
Hallux
Big toe or great toe, 2 phalanges (distal, proximal)
Troponin
Binds tropomyosin to actin Controlled by Ca2+
False pelvis
Blades of ilium above arcuate line
___ ____. ______ & ______ stabilize brain position, attach to inner surface of cranium
Blood vessels, nerves, and membranes
Cartilaginous Joint: symphysis
Bones separated by wedge or pad of fibrocartilage
What makes elbow joint extremely stable? (3)
Bony surfaces of humerus & ulna interlock Single, think articular capsule surrounds humero-ulna & proximal radio-ulna joints Articular capsule is reinforced by strong ligaments
Triangular (Convergent) Muscles
Broad area converges on attachment site
At ends of muscles, collagen fibers of endomysium, perimysium, & epimysium come together to form (2)
Bundles- tendons Broad Sheets- aponeurosis
Enteric Nervous system Communicates with ____through PNS (via vagus nerve) & SNS (via prevertebral ganglia)
CNS
Serotonin
CNS neurotransmitter Concentrated in raphe nucleus Affects attention and emotional states (depression) Sensory perception, temperature regulation, appetite
Preganglionic fibers travel from
CNS to autonomic ganglia
what happens during the relation phase of twitch
Ca2+ levels fall Active sites are covered Tension falls to resting levels
Achilles Tendon-
Calcaneal tendon Shared by the gastrocnemius and soleus
During Contraction phase (twitch) _____ ions bind and tension builds to peak
Calcium
_____ ions released by SR center, enter regions where thick and thin filaments interact
Calcium
Efferent division (PNS)
Carries motor commands from CNS to PNS muscles and glands
Afferent division (PNS)
Carries sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS
Type B Fibers of axon function
Carry intermediate signals to CNS; 34 mph
Type C Fibers of axon function
Carry slower information to CNS Info- involuntary muscle, gland control, sensory info; 4mph
Biogenic Amines- decarboxylated AA's
Catecholamines- synthesized from tyrosine Norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine Dopamine saratonin
Multipolar neuron characteristics (3)
Cell body (soma) Short, branched dendrites Long, single axon
REPOLARIZATION
Cells uses pumps & channels to restore negative interior-
First-Class Lever
Center fulcrum between applied force & resistance
Agonist (or prime mover)
Chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement
Microglia function
Clean up cellular debris, waste products, and pathogens
Multipolar neurons found
Common in the CNS Include all skeletal muscle motor neurons
Platysma
Covers anterior surface of neck
During attachment , myosin head attaches to ____ to release phosphate
actin
I bands (light) of muscle striation
actin
subscapular fossa
anterior surface of scapula
Neurons-
cells that send and receive signals
at the NMJ the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane are separated by a _____
cleft
Action potential generated by increase in Na+ in sarcolemma travels along the T tubules, leads to _____-______ ______
excitation-contraction coupling
Mechanical advantage-
load is closer to fulcrum and effort farther, only takes a small effort to move large load a small distance
Mechanical disadvantage-
load is farther from fulcrum, effort is applied closer, takes a large effort to move a small load (but at greater speed)
fossa
shallow depression in a bone
Jugular notch-
shallow indentation between clavicular articulations on sternum
spinous process
sharp, slender projection on a bone
Skeletal muscle- ___ refractory period
short
Graded potentials
short distance communication
Least stable joint in the body
shoulder joint
Base of patella attaches ____ _____
quadriceps femoris
Recruitment
Smooth, steady increase in muscle tension produced by increasing active number of motor units Delay fatigue, allow sustained contraction
Functions of pelvic floor muscles (3)
Support organs of pelvic cavity Flex sacrum & coccyx Control movement of materials through urethra & anus
3 Functions of axial skeleton
Supports & protects brain, spinal cord, organs in ventral body cavities Extensive surface area for attachment of muscles Limited movement but very strong, reinforced with ligaments
Tibia
Supports body weight Larger than fibula Medial to fibula
Hyoid Bone function
Supports tongue, provides attachment for tongue, neck, pharynx muscles
Rotator Cuff
Supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, teres minor
Satellite cells
Surround neural cell bodies in ganglia, flat
Perimysium of muscle
Surrounds 10-100 muscle fibers- fascicles (bundle of fibers)
endomysium of muscle
Surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers) Contains myosatellite cells
Multipennate
Tendon branches within muscle
Muscles That Produce Flexion (Dorsiflexsion) at Ankle
Tibialis anterior- opposes the gastrocnemius
Anulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs
Tough outer layer Collagen fibers attach disc to vertebrae Surrounds nucleus pulposus
Where is Vertebra prominens (C7)
Transition from cervical to thoracic vertebrae
DISTAL carpal bones (4)
Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
Saddle Joints (sellaris joints)
Two concave, straddled (biaxial)
All-or-None Principle
a stimulus exceeds threshold amount the action potential is the same no matter how large the stimulus Action potential is either triggered or not produced at all
Sartorius originates superior to the _______ for lateral rotation at the hip
acetabulum
hamstrings inferior and posterior to _____ to extend the hip
acetabulum
During muscle contraction the synaptic terminal releases ______ into synaptic cleft
acetylcholine
Thin filaments of muscle
actin
T tubules transmit ____ ____ through entire muscle fibers
action potential
The greater the stimulus strength above threshold, the greater the frequency of ____ _____ until max frequency is reached.
action potentials
Sensory neurons are ____ neurons of PNS
afferent
When do the lumbar & cervical curves appear
after birth
Sinuses
air filled chambers in the skull
Load (L) in a lever
also called resistance, opposes movement
Pelvic diaphragm supports the ___ ____
anal triangle
Where are short bones found
ankle and wrist bones
Synovial membranes made up of
areolar tissue covered by incomplete epithelial layer
Longissimus group of superficial spinal extensors (3)
capitis, cervicis, thoracis
Spinalis group of superficial spinal extensors- (3)
capitis, cervicis, thoracis
Disk-shaped radial head above the neck, articulates with the ______ of the humerus & ____ ____ of the ulna
capitulum ; radial notch
Cardiac muscle cells
cardiocytes
Axon-
carries electrical signal (action potential) to target
Cartilaginous joints connected by _____
cartilage
Effort (E) in a lever
causes movement, force from contraction
Anterograde axoplasmic transport travels from
cell body to synaptic knob
Electrical synapses happen when there is Direct physical contact between ____
cells
Neuroglia
cells that support and protect neurons
Ependymal Cells secrete and monitor ____
cerebrospinal fluid
Iliocostalis group of superficial spinal extensors (3)
cervicis, thoracis, lumborum
membrane potential
charge difference; voltage across membrane
genioglossus originates at
chin
Ganglion-
clusters of cell bodies in PNS Associated with cranial and spinal nerves
Autonomic ganglia-
collection of neural cell bodies that regulate autonomic nervous system, control peripheral effectors
function of pectoral girdle
connects arms to body, positions shoulders, provides a base for arm movement
Orbicularis oris
constricts the mouth opening q
2 methods of propagating action potentials
continuous, saltatory
Change in transmembrane potential initiates ____ of muscles
contractions
When the forearm is flexed the coronoid process enters the ____ ____ of the humerus
coronoid fossa
Trochlea of the humerus contains which two fossas
coronoid fossa (anterior) olecranon fossa (posterior)
Pelvic Girdle made up of 2 bones
coxal bones
Cranial Bones enclose the ___ _____
cranial cavity
Sarcomere stretched too far, zone of overlap reduced, ____-_____ interactions reduced or do not occur
cross-bridge
Axoplasm-
cytoplasm of axon
Sarcoplasm-
cytoplasm of muscle fiber Contains lots of glycogen & myoglobin
_____- higher [K+], lower [Na+] _____ _____ =higher [Na+], lower [K+]
cytosol, extracellular fluid
Shoulder Separation-
dislocation of the shoulder joint, common injury partial/complete dislocation of acromioclavicular joint
Medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus are found on the ____ ______
distal epiphysis
When is the primary curve present in the spine
during fetal development
motor neurons are ____ neurons of PNS
efferent
Ligamentum nuchae
elastic ligament) extends from C7 to skull
Two Types of Synapses
electrical, chemical
_____- charge attraction ______- concentration gradient
electro, chemical
Ions move down ___ _____
electrochemical gradient
True pelvis-
encloses pelvic cavity
Modifications of pelvis for childbearing
enlarged pelvic outlet, broad pubic angle less curvature of sacrum and coccyx wide, circular pelvic inlet
Acetylcholinesterase
enzyme that breaks down ACh in cleft after action potential started
Ependymal Cells Form epithelium called
ependyma
Ionotropic receptors- _____ Metabotropic receptors- ______
excitatory, inhibitory
Gluteus maximus Produces -____ and _____rotation at hip
extension ; lateral
Ramus-
extension of bone making angle with rest of structure
Enteric Plexuses-
extensive networks of neurons located in walls of organs of GI tract
Muscles of head and neck Move (3)
face, tongue, larynx
6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck
fasical, eye, mastication, tongue, pharynx, neck
extensors of knee originate on _____ ____ & instert on the _____
femoral surface; patella
Bones of Lower Limbs
femur, patella, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Oblique-
fibers at an oblique angle across longitudinal axis
Transversus
fibers run across longitudinal axis
Rectus-
fibers straight, parallel muscles to longitudinal axis
Labrum
fibrocartilaginous tissue extends from edge of joint
Adductor longus movements
flexion and adduction
gracilis movements
flexion and adduction
pectineus movements
flexion and adduction
Adductor brevis movements
flexion, adduction
Mylohyoid muscle
floor of the mouth
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles move
food into esophagus
radial groove of humerus
for radial nerve on posterior surface
Sacral hiatus-
formed by ridges of sacral cornua, covered by connective tissues
Synovial joints-
freely moveable
Digastric muscles
from chin to hyoid & hyoid to mastoid
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
from clavicle and sternum to mastoid
sulcus
furrow along bone surface for blood vessels, nerves or tendons
Median sacral crest-
fused spinous processes, 4 pairs of sacral foramina open to either side
Lateral sacral crest-
fused transverse processes, attach to muscles of lower back and hip
tetanus
fusion of contracions
Postganglionic fibers connect
ganglion cells to effectors
Presynaptic & postsynaptic membranes locked together at ____ ____
gap junctions
Nodes
gaps between internodes where axons may branch
Scapular head holds the ____ ____ and articulates with ______ to form the shoulder joint
glenoid cavity; humerus
Gluteal muscles (4)
gluteus maximus, tensor fascia latae, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
Initiating Action Potential
graded depolarization large enough to change resting potential to threshold level
Summation-
graded potentials add together
Active transport of Ca from sarcoplasm into sarcoplasmic reticulum sets up _______
gradient
Flexors of the Knee (3)
hamstrings, Sartorius, popliteus
Example of first class lever
head
acetabulum articulates with
head of femur
Pronator teres and supinator Originate on ____ & _____and Rotate radius (no flexion or extension)
humerus and ulna
hypoglossus originates at
hyoid bone
Acetabulum is the meeting point of what parts of the coxal bone
ilium, ischium, & pubis
Sutures
immovable joints of the skull
Cartilaginous joints-
immovable/slightly moveable
Fibrous joints-
immovable/slightly moveable
Patellofemoral stress syndrome-
improper tracking (gliding) of patella in groove of femoral condyles
Wave Summation
increasing tension or summation of twitches ; increasing tension or summation of twitches
Perineum region of pelvis
inferior edges of true pelvis forms pelvic outlet perineal muscles support organs of pelvic cavity
Gliding joints occur in the vertebrae at ___ articular processes and ____ articular processes
inferior, superior
Hyperpolarize-
inside cell becomes more negative than at rest
Depolarize-
inside cell becomes positive Na+ channels open- positive flow in
Medial condyle & lateral condyle: separated by _____ fossa and patellar surface
intercondylar
Medial & lateral tibial condyles: separated by _____ ______
intercondylar eminence
symphyseal joints occur in between the vertebral bodies and are separated by _____ _____
intervertebral discs
Hyperpolarized-
intracellular more negative
Depolarized
intracellular more positive
Astrocytes
large cell bodies with many processes
condyle
large round protuberance with a smooth articulate surface at the end of a bone
Infraspinatus and teres minor produce ___ rotation at shoulder
lateral
Interosseous membrane of the forearm connects the ____ margin of the ulnar shaft to the radius
lateral
Lateral malleolus of tibia
lateral projection of ankle
Example of Extracapsular ligaments-
lcl & mcl knee joint
Bones act as _____Joints- ______
levers; fulcrum
Extracapsular ligaments-
lie outside joint capsule
Sprain
ligaments stretched, tear collagen fibers
Rectus abdominis Divided longitudinally by _____ _____ and Divided transversely by _____ _____
linea alba ; tendinous inscriptions
Movement occurs when effort applied to insertion overcomes the ____
load
Movement of Na+ through channel produces ____ current
local
Cardiac muscle- _____refractory period
long
action potentials used for ____ distance communications
long
line
long, narrow ridge or border on a bone
Refractory period-
loss of excitability, cannot respond to stimulus Due to repolarization
Intracellular concentration of Ca2+ is _____
low
___ frequency of action potential- light touch ____ frequency of action potential- firm pressure
low; high
Functions of synovial fluid: (3)
lubrication, shock absorption, nutrient distribution
Which section of vertebra bears the most weight
lumbar
lordosis
lumbar curvature becomes exaggerated
Mysosin molecule
made of 2 globular protein subunits reaches the nearest thin filament
Deltoid is a major ____ of the arm
major abductor
Subscapularis and Teres major produce _____ rotationat shoulder
medial
Medial & lateral tibial condyles articulate with
medial and lateral condyles of femur
Medial malleolus of tibia
medial projection at the ankle
Resting potential-
membrane potential of a resting cell
Articular discs
menisci; Fibrous cartilage pad situated between opposing bones within a synovial joint
Skeletal Muscle Fibers develop through fusion of ______ cells
mesodermal
iliac crest of ilium purpose
muscle/ligament attachment
Subcutaneous layer separates _____ from _____
muscle; skin
Reverse muscle actions- -
muscles can reverse, switch origin/insertion
Oblique and rectus muscles Forms
muscular walls of thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities
Schwann cells form ____ _____ around peripheral axon
myelin sheath
Axolemma wrap around axons to form ____ _____
myelin sheaths
White matter-
myelinated axons
Saltatory propagation
myelinated axons, current jumps from node to node
Internodes
myelinated segments of axon
A bands (dark) of muscle striation
myosin
During detachment (muscle contraction) a new molecule of ATP attaches to the myosin head releasing _____ from actin
myosin
think filaments of muscle
myosin
ATP hydrolysis for muscle contraction
myosin heads hydrolyze ATP and become reoriented and energized
Thick Filaments contain twisted ____ subunits and ___ strands that recoil after stretching
myosin; titin
surgical neck of humerus
narrow metaphysis
Fissure
narrow slit between adjacent parts of bones; blood vessels & nerves pass through
Inside muscle ____ at rest
negative
function of intervertebral foramina
nerve connections to spinal cord
Action potentials called ____ _____.
nerve impulses
Opioids-
neuromodulators in the CNS relieve pain Bind to the same receptors as opium or morphine
Each skeletal muscle fiber controlled by ____ at single NMJ midway along the fiber
neuron
satellite cells regulate environment around ____
neuron
Gray matter-
neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia
Ependymal cells
neuronal support cells with highly branched processes
Neural Tissue contains 2 kinds of cells
neurons, nuroglia
Ionotropic receptors-
neurotransmitter binding site & an ion channel (both on the same protein)
Metabotropic receptors-
neurotransmitter binding site, COUPLED to an ion channel through G-protein Neurotransmitter binds receptor, activates G-protein, G-protein opens ion channel
Do muscle cells divide
no
Intervertebral Discs-
pads of fibrous cartilage, separate vertebral bodies & absorb shocks
Palatoglossus originates on
palate
In triangular muscles the Entire muscle contracts, fibers do not pull as hard on attachment site as ____ muscle of same size, fibers pull in different directions
parallel
Classification of Skeletal Muscles (4)
parallel, convergent, pennate, circular
all four muscles of the quadriceps femoris insert on the ______
patella
Tibial tuberosity attaches
patellar ligament
apex of patella attaches ____ _____
patellar ligament
6 Ligaments of the Knee Joint
patellar, popliteal, acl, pcl, tibial collateral (mcl) fibular collateral (lcl)
Humerus articulates with
pectoral girdle
Tubercular body (shaft) of rib attaches muscles of ___ _______ & _______, attaches to intercostal muscles that move ribs
pectoral girdle & trunk
example of triangular muscles
pectoralis muscles
True pelvis encloses the _______ ________
pelvic cavity
Flexors of the knee originate on
pelvic girdle
Hyaline cartilage has no _____
perichondrium
Lateral rotators (5) of leg
piriformis, obturator, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, quadriceps femoris
Example of second class lever
plantar flexion lifting body
Sarcolemma-
plasma membrane of muscle fiber
Ischial tuberosity-
posterior projection you sit on
2 groups of efferent axons
preganglionic, postganglionic
Inguinal hernia-
pressure forces inguinal canal open, push portion of intestines into pocket created
Muscles of pelvic floor Extend between ____ & _____ _____ and form the _____
sacrum & pelvic girdle; perineum
Outer surface of the ______ is attached to collagen fibers of tendons or aponeurosis of muscle
sarcolemma
A Band- located in the center of ____-
sarcomere
Contractile units of muscle are the
sarcomeres
Z lines: centers of I bands, marks boundary between adjacent ______
sarcomeres
facet
smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface of a bone
Differences of female pelvis compared to male (3)
smoother & lighter Less prominent muscle & ligament attachments Modifications for childbearing
palatal muscles lift the
soft palate
Fontanels
soft, mesenchyme-filled spaces between cranial bones in babies.
Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, controlled by _____ motor neurons
somatic
Motor units-
somatic motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it stimulates
Two major efferent systems
somatic, autonomic
Bipolar neurons found in
special sensory organs
Axolemma-
specialized cell membrane that covers the axoplasm
The rest of the braincase bones are dependent for support on the _____ bone (with its greater and lesser wings).
sphenoid
Ependymal Cells Line central canal of ___ ____and ventricles of ____
spinal cord, brain
Where are Irregular bones found
spinal vertebrae, pelvic bones
function of styloid process of radius
stabilize wrist joint
Sympathetic division of ANS
stimulating effect "Fight or Flight"
incomplete or fused tetanus
stimulation continues, muscle never relaxes completely, twitches reach maximum tension
Complete Tetanus-
stimulation frequency is high enough, muscle never begins to relax- in continuous contraction
Repolarize-
stimulus removed, inside cell becomes negative again K+ channels open- positive flows out
Titin (muscle)
strands of elastic protein extend from the Z line to M line (not shown)
Range of motion Compromises ______ & ______
strength, mobility
Styloglossus originates on
styloid process
T1-T8 articulate with 2 pairs of ribs at the ____ & ______ ______ facets
superior & inferior costal
Scapulae Body Corners(3)
superior angle inferior angle lateral angle
Scapulae Body structure (3)
superior border medial border (vertebral border) lateral border (axillary border)
iliac fossa of ilium purpose
support abdominal organs & muscle attachment
Ligaments functions (3)
support, strengthen, reinforce
Examples of fibrous joints (2)
suture, syndesomses
Retrograde axoplasmic transport
synaptic knob to cell body
Bones of the ankle (6)
talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, medial cuneiform, lateral cuneiform
Example of Gomphosis ("bolting together") Fibrous connection
teeth bound to the sockets
The hyoid bone is suspended in the body by the ____ bones
temporal
SR Forms chambers border each side of T tubule called _____ _______
terminal cisternae
Maximum tension Achieved when all motor units reach complete ______
tetanus
Bones of the vertebral column (3)
vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
trochanter
very large projection on bone
Diaphragmatic hernia-
visceral organs forced into pleural cavity
Pedicles of vertebrea
walls of arch (surrounding vertebral foramen)
Cardiac muscles contracts with autorhythmic pacemaker cells to Prevent ____ ______
wave summation
Tension of a Single Muscle Fiber depends on (3)
Fiber's resting length at the time of stimulation Frequency of stimulation- Nutrient & oxygen availability
Parallel Muscles-
Fibers parallel to the long axis of muscle
Medial & lateral menisci
Fibrous cartilage pads Lie between femur-tibia surfaces Cushion & stabilize joint Give lateral support
Rigor Mortis
Fixed muscular contraction after death Caused when calcium ion pumps cease to function
Planar Joints (gliding)
Flattened or slightly curved faces Limited motion (nonaxial)
Brachialis & brachioradialis
Flex elbow
Abdominal Rectus muscles functions
Flex vertebral column Oppose erector spinae
Biceps brachii functions (2), origin, insertion
Flexes elbow Stabilizes shoulder joint Originates on scapula Inserts on radial tuberosity
Muscles That Produce Flexion at the Toes
Flexor digitorum longum Flexor hallucis longus
Obturator foramen (pubis) formed by and attaches to
Formed by ischial & pubic rami Attaches hip muscles
Coccygeal cornua
Formed by laminae of 1st coccygeal vertebra
Vertebral canal
Formed by vertebral foramina to enclose spinal cord
orbits
Forms the eye sockets
Where are suture bones found
Found between the flat bones of the skull
Where are long bones found
Found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, toes
chemical synapses found
Found in most synapses between neurons & all synapses between neurons and other cells
Where are flat bones found
Found in the skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae
Occipitofrontalis
Frontal and occipital bellies
7 bones of orbital complex
Frontal bone Ethmoid Sphenoid Maxilla Lacrimal Palatine bones Zygomatic
Fibrous joint: Synostosis
Fused bones, boundary disappears
Pubic symphysis
Gap between pubic tubercles
Intervertebral foramina
Gaps between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae
5 Muscles That Produce Extension (plantar flexion) at the Ankle
Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Fibularis brevis, Fibularis longus, Tibialis posterior
Shoulder joints:
Glenohumeral joint; ball & socket
Types of Dynamic Motion (4)
Gliding, Angular motion, Rotation, Special Movements
Amino Acids
Glutamate, aspartate- excitatory Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) & glycine- inhibitory
H Zone- lighter region on either side of _ ______
H Zone- lighter region on either side of M Line
Fibula Articulations with tibia
Head (proximal) inferior tibiofibular joint (distal
Thoracic vertebrae features (4)
Heart-shaped bodies Larger bodies than C1-C7 Smaller vertebral foramen than C1-C7 Long, slender spinous processes
Temporalis lifts the
Helps lift the mandible
Fixator
Helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist by preventing movement at another joint
Dendrites
Highly branched Dendritic spines: many fine processes receive information from other neurons
Functions of fascia (3)
Hold muscles of similar function together Carry nerves, blood vessels Fills spaces between muscles
example of metabotropic receptor
IPSP- K+ (outflow, more neg inside)
Somatic nervous system (SNS):
Includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles Conscious control Cell bodies lie in CNS, axons extend into periphery
Runners Knee caused by
Increased compression forces (running) Hard or slanted surfaces (concrete/beach) Inadequate arch support
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Inflammation of connective tissue between ligaments & carpal bones, compresses median nerve
Type A Fibers of axon function
Info- pressure, position, balance, touch,pain, motor impulses ; 290 mph
Thoracic region of oblique muscles
Intercostal muscles (external and internal); Respiratory movements of ribs Transversus thoracis ;Cross inner surface of ribs
example of Cartilaginous Joint: symphysis
Intervertebral discs
Transverse tubules (T tubules)
Invaginations of sarcolemma, tunnel in from surface toward the center of each muscle fiber Open to extracellular environment- filled with interstitial fluid
Enteric Nervous System functions
Monitor chemical changes, stretching of walls of GI tract
Interoceptors function (2)
Monitor internal systems (digestive, respiratory, urinary, cardiovascular, reproductive) Provide sensations of taste, deep pressure, pain
Proprioceptors function (1)
Monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)
Slow axonal transport
Moves one direction- cell body toward axon Replenishes axoplasm
Spatial Summation
Multiple locations in the membrane of postsynaptic cell Many stimuli, arrive at multiple synapses at same time
origin
Muscle attachment to stationary bone-
insertion
Muscles attachment to moving bone-; usually proximal
Intrinsic muscles
Muscles inside an organ
Extrinsic muscles
Muscles outside an organ
Perineum
Muscular sheet forming the pelvic floor
3 Deep Facial Bones
Palatine bones Inferior nasal conchae Vomer
Flexors of the Wrist (3)
Palmaris longus; Flexor carpi ulnaris; Flexor carpi radialis
Subluxation
Partial dislocation of a joint, less severe
Why is the knee joint a complicated hinge
Points of contact always changing
Pterygoid muscles
Positions mandible for chewing
Slipped Disc
Posterior longitudinal ligaments weaken, nucleus pulposus distorts anulus fibrosus -Bulge in anulus fibrosus, Invades vertebral canal
Tropomyosin
Prevents actin-myosin interaction
Functions of the CNS (4)
Process & coordinate: sensory data: motor commands: higher functions of brain:
Adductor magnus movements
Produces adduction, extension, flexion, medial, lateral rotation
Processes: Projections or elevations in bones
Projections that form joints where tendons and ligaments attach
____ changes in membrane potential Affect an entire excitable membrane
Propagated
Functions of adult sacrum (3)
Protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs Attaches axial skeleton to pelvic girdle of appendicular skeleton Area for attachment of muscles, i.e. muscles move thigh
Exteroceptors function (1)
Provide info about external environment- touch, pressure, temperature (complex senses- sight, smell, hearing)
Iliopsoas two hip flexors insert on the same tendon
Psoas major Iliacus
Spinal flexors of the lumbar (1)
Quadratus lumborum muscles; flex spine
Ulna articulates with the _____ _____ or the radius
Radial notch:
When the Action potential reaches triad: (2)
Releases Ca2+ from cisternae of SR Triggers contraction- at zones of overlap (thick & thin filaments interact)
Sarcomeres
Repeating functional units of myofilaments
Floating or vertebral ribs
Ribs 11-12 Connect only to the vertebrae & back muscles Have no connection with sternum
Vertebrochondral ribs
Ribs 8-10 Fuse together Merge with cartilage before reaching sternum
Cartilaginous Joint: Synchondrosis
Rigid cartilaginous bridge between 2 bones; immovable
Head of humerus
Rounded, articulating surface, contained within joint capsule
Temporal Summation
Same location, different times
Cervical region of oblique muscles
Scalene muscles; Flex the neck
PROXIMAL carpal bones (4)
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform
Posterior features of scapula
Scapular spine
myelination of PNS
Schwann cells- multiple layers (100), outer layer neurolemma (nucleus), aids in regeneration
Deep Spinal Extensors (5)
Semispinalis group, Multifidus muscle, Interspinalis muscles, Intertransversarii muscles, Rotatores muscles
Patella
Sesamoid bone, formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris
Bones are classified by
Shape Internal tissue organization Bone markings
Pennate Muscles
Short fascicles in relation to total muscle length Tendon extends almost entire muscle length
Contraction Cycle
Shortening of sarcomere
Chemical synapses
Signal transmitted across a gap by chemical neurotransmitters
Neuromuscular Junction
Skeletal muscles controlled by nervous system and Communication occurs at
Fibrous joint: Syndesmosis
Slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis) Bones connected by ligaments
Continuous propagation
Slower, Depolarizes and repolarizes each adjacent segment of plasma membrane; unmyelinated
Sutural bones
Small, irregular bones # varies from person to person
Humero-radial joint:
Smaller articulation Capitulum of humerus and head of radius
Synergist
Smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist
cardiac muscles differ from skeletal muscles: (3)
Smaller with single nucleus Short, wide T tubules- no triads SR with no terminal cisternae
Oblique muscles functions
Compress underlying structures Rotate vertebral column
Chemical gradients
Concentration gradients of ions (Na+, K+)
Pectoral Girdle bones
Consists of 2 clavicles & 2 scapulae
axoplasm contains
Contains neurotubules, neurofibrils, enzymes, organelles
Somatic nervous system (SNS):
Controls skeletal muscle contractions: voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) muscle contractions
Myofibrils
Made up of bundles of protein filaments-; responsible for muscle contraction
flexors found of foot
Mainly on anterior and medial surfaces
Arm Extensors found
Mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm
3 parts of the sternum
Manubrium Sternal body Xiphoid process
anatomical neck of humerus
Margin of joint capsule
Relative refractory period
Membrane potential almost normal Only very large stimulus can initiate action potential
myelin
Membrane provides electrical insulation
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Membranous structure surrounding each myofibril ; transmits action potential
____ _____ are supported by muscles and ligaments, not bone-to-bone connections
Mobile joints
Decremental conduction-
die out as they spread along membrane because of leak channels
extrinsic muscles of the hand Lie entirely within _____
forearm
Triad (muscle)
formed by 1 T tubule & 2 terminal cisternae
Sacral cornua-
formed by laminae of 5th sacral vertebra, do not meet at midline
head of bone
rounded articular projection supported on a neck of a bone
tuberosity
variably sized projection with a rough bumpy surface on a bone
tubercle
variably sized rounded projection on bone
fibrous joint: Gomphosis
"bolting together"; Fibrous connection
True ribs/Vertebrosternal ribs
(1-7) Connected to sternum by costal cartilages
False ribs
(8-12)- Do not attach directly to the sternum
myosatellite cells
(stem cells) that repair damage; don't fuse
Axial muscles
Arise on axial skeleton
Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs
Soft, elastic, gelatinous core Absorbs shocks, gives disc resiliency
Titin (muscle filament) functions (2)
-Helps keep thick & thin filaments in proper alignment -Helps muscle fiber resist extreme stretching
Initiating Contraction (3 steps)
1. Ca2+ binds to receptor on troponin molecule 2. Troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape 3. Exposes active sites on actin
Excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle (4)
1. Free Ca2+ in cytoplasm triggers contraction 2. Ca2+ binds with calmodulin in the sarcoplasm 3. Activates enzyme myosin light-chain kinase 4. Enzyme breaks down ATP, initiates contraction
Neural stimulation of muscle steps 5
1. action potential arrives at synaptic terminal 2. vesicles in synaptic terminal fuse with neural membrane and dump acetylcholine into cleft 3. ACh molecules diffuse through cleft and bind to ACh receptors (sodium channels) on surface of sarcolemma at motor end plate 4. action potential spreads across sarcolemma and AChE breaks down ACh 5. return to normal
4 Steps of the Contraction Cycle
1.ATP hydrolysis 2. Formation of cross-bridges 3. Power Stroke 4. Detachment of cross-bridges
Synaptic Transmission Steps (7)
1.Nerve impulse arrives 2.Depolarization opens Ca2+ channels 3.Increase in Ca2+ causes exocytosis of neurotransmitter 4.Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on post synaptic membrane 5.Binding opens Na+ channels on post synaptic cell 6.Creates depolarization 7.If threshold is reached, action potential is triggered
PNS Response to Injury (6 steps)
1.Nissl bodes break up into fine granular masses- chromatolysis 2.Axon distal to injury degenerates, myelin sheath too (not neurolemma)- Wallerian degeneration 3.Macrophages migrate into the area clean up debris 4.Regeneration of axon begins, Schwann cells grow towards each other- regeneration tube 5.Guides growth of new axon, Schwann cells wrap in myelin 6.Axon may reestablish normal synaptic contacts, grows off course or stops growing- no normal function
____ pairs cranial nerves—connect to brain ____ pairs spinal nerves—attach to spinal cord
12; 31
Pelvis Consists of what bones (4)
2 coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx
Articulations of the knee joint (2)
2 femur-tibia articulations 1 between patella & patellar surface of femur
Gliding
2 surfaces slide past each other:
Sodium-Potassium Pump (electrogenic pump)
3 Na+ out of cell/ 2 K+ back into cell Leaves -1 charge
4 muscles of the quadriceps femoris
3 vastus muscles - Originate on femur Rectus femoris muscle - originates on ilium
twitch
A single neural stimulation produces a single contraction Lasts about 7-200 msec
Aponeurosis
A thick fascia that connects 2 muscle bellies.
example of intracapsular ligament
ACL & PCL of knee joint
Hernia
Abdominal muscles contract, pressure builds in abdominopelvic cavity
Ribs (costae) function
Absorbs shock Mobile -Breathing
_____ opens sodium channels on muscle
Acetylcholine
Small- molecule neurotransmitters (6)
Acetylcholine Amino Acids Biogenic Amines ATP Nitric Oxide Carbon Monoxide
What makes the hip joint extremely stable? (4)
Almost complete bony socket -Strong articular capsule -Supporting ligaments -Muscular padding
Depressions and openings in bones purpose:
Along bone surface, allow passage of blood vessels & nerves Form joints
Action potential may or may not be propagated to postsynaptic cell, depending on (2)
Amount of neurotransmitter released Sensitivity of postsynaptic cell
Flexor retinaculum
Anterior surface of wrist Stabilizes tendons of flexor muscles
Norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitter that produces feelings of
Arousal, dreaming, mood
Scapula articulations (2)
Articulate with arm and collarbone
Manubrium articulations (2)
Articulates with clavicles (collarbones) Articulates with cartilages of first rib pair
Articular Cartilages of synovial joints
Articulating bone surfaces covered with cartilage Prevent bones from touching
Dislocation (luxation)
Articulating surfaces forced out of position Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule
Head (capitulum) of rib
At the vertebral end of the rib, superior and inferior articular facets
functions of coccyx
Attaches ligaments & constricting muscle of the anus
Fibula
Attaches muscles of feet and toes Smaller than tibia Lateral to tibia
Initial segment
Attaches to axon hillock
Sternal body attached to: (2)
Attaches to manubrium Attaches to costal cartilages of ribs 2-7
Xiphoid process attached to (2):
Attaches to sternal body Attaches to diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles
Visceral (single- unit) smooth muscle tissue features (3)
Autorhythmic Gap junctions One signal fires, transmitted to neighboring cells, contract as single unit
steps to calcium homeostasis
Calcium channels close Calcium pumps actively pump Ca2+ back into SR
Calcium Homeostasis
Calcium levels return to resting levels
2 major functions of sinuses
Decrease the weight of the skull Lined with mucous membranes that protect the entrances of the body
Internus muscles
Deep muscles
Pelvic diaphragm
Deep muscular layer extending to pubis
Rhomboid and levator scapulae location, attachment, insertion
Deep to trapezius Attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae Insert on scapular border
Functions of Sensory Neurons (3)
Deliver information from sensory receptors TO CNS Monitor internal environment (visceral sensory neurons) Monitor effects of external environment (somatic sensory neurons)
Functions of the PNS
Deliver sensory information to CNS Carry motor commands to peripheral tissues & systems
What is Incomplete in children, shaking will dislocate it and, cause spinal cord damage?
Dens of axis C2
Intercalated discs
Desmosomes & gap junctions
Where are Sesamoid bones found
Develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, feet
Removal of neurotransmitter 3 ways
Diffusion- out of cleft Enzymatic degradation Uptake by presynaptic cell
example of Fibrous joint: Syndesmosis
Distal articulation between tibia & fibula
Interneurons Functions (3)
Distribution of sensory information, Coordination of motor activity, Involved in higher functions
Third-Class Levers
Effort is closer to fulcrum- mechanical disadvantage FEL
Dopamine
Excitatory- pleasure sensation, high (cocaine use) Inhibitory- precise control of movements
Triceps brachii function, origin, insertion
Extends elbow Originates on scapula Inserts on olecranon
Extensors of the Wrist
Extensor carpi radialis; Extensor carpi ulnaris
Muscles That Produce Extension at the Toes
Extensor digitorum longum Extensor hallucis longus Extensor retinacula
Tendon sheaths of hand and fingers
Extensor retinaculum ; Flexor retinaculum:
Abdominopelvic region of oblique muscles
External oblique muscles Internal oblique muscles
____ _____ determines type of movement & the amount of movement possible
Joint structure
____ diffuses out of cell, ____ diffuses into the cell in a sodium potassium pump
K+, Na+
Membrane is more permeable to ___ ions than ____ ions
K+; Na+
4 Maxillae(maxillary bones):
Lacrimal Nasal Zygomatic Mandible
4 major sutures of the skull
Lambdoid suture Coronal suture Sagittal suture Squamous suture
multiunit smooth muscle tissue found
Large arteries, airways to lungs, arrector pili muscles, muscles eye pupil diameter
Three Phases of Twitch
Latent period before contraction Contraction phase Relaxation phase
muscles of the pelvic diaphram
Levator ani: pubococcygeus + iliococcygeus; Ischiococcygeus
3 Ionotropic receptors-
Ligand-gated channel EPSP- Na+, Ca2+ IPSP- Cl-
Amphiarthrosis
Little movement Fibrous or cartilaginous connections
Second-Class Levers
Load is always closer to fulcrum; small force to move large weight ELF
Vertebra prominens (C7) features
Long spinous process with a broad tubercle- feel at base of your neck (none bifed) Large transverse processes for muscle attachment
8 Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Cells
Long, slender, and spindle shaped, single central nucleus, no T tubules, myofibrils, or sarcomeres, no tendons or aponeuroses, scattered myosin fibers, Myosin fibers have more heads per thick filament, thin filaments attached to dense bodies, Dense bodies transmit contractions from cell to cell
Spinal flexors in the neck (2)
Longus capitis and longus colli ; rotate and flex neck
Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers
Lots of glycogen- ATP by anaerobic respiration Aerobic cellular respiration- ATP Contract fast Reach peak tension faster, briefer in duration
Fast Glycolytic Fibers
Low myoglobin, blood capillaries, few mitochondria White color Large glycogen reserves, ATP- glycolysis Strong, quick contractions, fatigue quickly
during the power stroke of muscle contraction myosin pulls actin towards the _ line and ADP is released
M
Neck of femur
Narrow area between head and trochanters (tendon attachment)
PNS contains
Nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, sensory receptors outside of CNS
Synarthrosis
No movement Fibrous or cartilaginous connections
Structure of Smooth Muscle
Nonstriated tissue Different internal organization of actin & myosin
Muscle tone
Normal tension and firmness of a muscle at rest
Herniated disc
Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus, presses on spinal cord or nerves
Circular Muscles fucntion
Open and close to guard entrances of body
Anconeus
Opposes brachialis
Antagonist
Opposes movement of a particular agonist
Length-tension relationship
Optimum overlap produces greatest amount of tension Too much or too little reduces efficiency
Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus origin and insertion
Originate anterior to gluteus maximus Insert on trochanter
Clavicle origination and articulation
Originate at the manubrium (sternal end) Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)
Pronator quadratus origin and function
Originates on ulna Assists pronator teres in opposing actions of biceps brachii muscles
Epimysium of muscle
Outermost layer- encircles entire muscle
Ellipsoid Joints (condylar joints)
Oval articular face within a depression Motion in two planes (biaxial)- along or across oval length
Features of lumbar vertebrae
Oval-shaped bodies Thicker bodies than T1-T12 No costal or transverse costal facets Spinous process- short, heavy -attachment of lower back muscles
Unipolar neurons are the sensory neurons of the ____
PNS
electrical symapses found
PNS & CNS but very rare- areas of brain, eye, ciliary ganglia
Superficial Spinal Extensors
Spinalis group; longissimus group; Iliocostalis group-
Deep Spinal Extensors _______ adjacent vertebrae, make delicate adjustments in positioning
Stabilize
Pelvis stabilized by
Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, & lumbar vertebrae
____ _______of joints relies on the anatomical organization of the joint
Structural classification
functions of articular discs of synovial joints (4)
Subdivide synovial cavity, channel the flow of synovial fluid, allow variations in shapes of articular surfaces, cushion the joint
Spasm
Sudden involuntary contraction of a single muscle within a large group of muscles - usually painless
DEPOLARIZATION
Sudden rush of Na+ ions into sarcoplasm makes inside cell positive
Extensor carpi radialis
Superficial Extends wrist Abducts wrist
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Superficial Extends wrist Adducts wrist
Palmaris longus
Superficial Flexes wrist
Flexor carpi radialis
Superficial Flexes wrist Abducts wrist
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Superficial Flexes wrist Adducts wrist
Trapezius
Superficial; Covers back and neck to base of skull; Inserts on clavicles and scapular spines
Six Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Lateral rectus Superior oblique Inferior oblique
Muscles have extensive vascular systems that (3)
Supply large amounts of oxygen Supply nutrients Carry away wastes
Masseter
The strongest jaw muscle
Length-tension relationships of smooth muscle (3)
Thick and thin filaments are scattered- no sarcomeres Resting length not related to tension development Functions over a wide range of lengths (plasticity)
Axon hillock
Thick section of cell body Attaches to initial segment
Sliding Filament Theory
Thin filaments of sarcomere slide toward M line, alongside thick filaments
Types of myofilaments:
Thin filaments: Thick filaments:
Flat bones
Thin with parallel surfaces Spongy bone in middle
Thoracic Cage parts (3)
Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Sternum (breastbone)
Antebrachium bones (2)
Ulna (medial) Radius (lateral)
Articulations of the radius
Ulnar notch: distal end Styloid process:
Structures of sensory neurons
Unipolar, processes (afferent fibers) extend FROM sensory receptors TO CNS
Slow Oxidative Fibers
Use aerobic cellular respiration Slow to contract, slow to fatigue Posture, endurance activities (marathon)
Unipolar Neurons features
Very long axons Fused dendrites and axon Cell body to one side
Autonomic nervous system (ANS):
Visceral motor neurons innervate all other peripheral effectors Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue
Externus muscles
Visible at body surface
Extensor retinaculum
Wide band of connective tissue Posterior surface of wrist Stabilizes tendons of extensor muscles
Tensor fasciae latae
Works with gluteus maximus Stabilizes iliotibial tract
Synovial Joints (diarthroses) surrounded by _____ _____ that are lined with synovial membrane
articular capsules
Femoral head articulation
articulates with pelvis at acetabulum and attaches at fovea capitis
ulnar notch of radius articulates with
articulates with wrist and radius
interneurons
association neurons
4 types of neuroglia in the CNS
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
Sacral promontory
at center of the base
Tendons-
attach to muscles to bone
calcaneus attaches to
attaches calcaneal (Achilles) tendon
Omohyoid muscle
attaches scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoid
Coracobrachialis- attachment and movements
attaches to scapula, produces flexion and adduction at shoulder
Cardiac muscles contracts with _____ ______ cells
autorhythmic pacemaker
Functional classification of joints
based on range of motion of the joint
Radial tuberosity of the radius
below the neck, attaches biceps
Pectoralis major location and movement
between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus, produces flexion at shoulder joint
Stylohyoid muscle
between hyloid and styloid
Geniohyoid muscle
between hyoid and chin
Latissimus dorsi- where and what movement
between thoracic vertebrae and humerus, produces extension at shoulder joint
example of parallel muscle
biceps brachii
example of third class lever
biceps lifting forearm
Mysosin molecule tail
binds to other myosin molecules
Astrocytes maintain the _____ _____ and repair ______ neural tissue
blood barrier; damaged
Articulations
body movements occurring at joints where 2 bones connect
Attachment muscle to bone- collagen fibers extend into ____ _____ to make a firm attachment
bone matrix
CNS contains
brain & spinal cord; Contains neural tissue, connective tissues, and blood vessels
interneurons found
brain, spinal cord
Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
bulge in the shaft attaches deltoid muscle
Nerves-
bundles of axons (hundreds-thousands) with connective tissues & blood vessels, outside brain & spinal cord
Neurofibrils
bundles of intermediate filaments that provide support for dendrites and axon
myofilaments
bundles of protein filaments-
Joint strength _____ as mobility ______
decreases ; increases
Supraspinatus assists the ____ muscle
deltoid
Nerve Fibers-
dendrites & axon
fibrous joints connected by _____ ______ CT in rich collagen
dense irregular
synovial joints connected by ____ _____ CT
dense irregular
Fascia
dense sheet of irregular CT supports/surrounds muscle & organs
Greater stimulus, more channels open, more Na+ enter cell, greater membrane area affected, greater _____
depolarization
Two phases of action potential
depolarizing & repolarizing
Fascicle Organization-
describes fascicle orientation within muscle; rectus, transversus, oblique
Pivot Joints is ___axial
mon
Propagation Speed is faster when (3)
more myelination, larger axon diameter, warmer temp
Linea aspera of femur
most prominent ridge of shaft attaches hip muscles
Postsynaptic membrane-
motor end plate on muscle
On the Multiunit smooth muscle tissue Each fiber has own _____ ______ ______
motor neuron junction
Microtubules
move materials between cell body and axon
Buccinator
moves food around the cheeks
Terminal cisternae releases Ca2+ released into sarcoplasm triggers ____ ______
muscle contraction
Muscle cells are called
muscle fibers
Muscle tissue contains (4)
muscle fibers (cells), connective tissues, nerves, blood vessels
Are tendons a part of the joint
no they only help support it
As vertebral column moves, _______ ______compresses & shifts in opposite direction
nucleus pulposus
calvaria is composed of what bones in the skull
occipital, parietal and frontal bones
When the forearm is extended the Olecranon enters the _____ ______ of the humerus
olecranon fossa
myelination of CNS
oligodenrocytes, no neurolemma, little regeneration
Voltage-gated channel-
open/close in response to change in charge across membrane
Ligand-gated channel-
open/close in response to chemical stimulus (neurotransmitters and hormones)
Mechanically-gated channel-
open/close in response to mechanical stimulus (touch, pressure)
Foramen
opening in bone for blood vessels, nerves or ligaments
Example of circular muscle
orbicularis oris (mouth)
Synovial fluid-
originate in areolar tissue Provides oxygen and nutrients to chondrocytes
Relaxin
produced by ovaries & placenta increases flexibility or pubic bones, delivery ease
epicondyle
prominent ridge or elongated projection in a bone
Calsequestrin
protein binds calcium, allowing more calcium to be stored
Extensors of the knee
quadriceps femoris
capitulum contains which fossa
radia fossa
Sacral canal-
replaces (continuation) of vertebral canal
Nissl bodies- of neurons
rough ER ribosomes (produce neurotransmitters)
Sacral tuberosity-
rough area, attaches ligaments of the sacroiliac joint
Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver's Hand.
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Pectoralis minor attaches to
scapula
Greater sciatic notch of ilium purpose
sciatic nerve to reach lower limb
epicranial aponeurosis
seperates occipitofrontalis
Transverse tubules (T tubules) Transmit action potential through entire muscle fiber and allow entire muscle fiber to contract _______
simultaneously
Hinge Joints occurs in a _____ plane
single
Tubercle (tuberculum) of rib
small dorsal elevation, has an auricular facet that contacts the facet of its thoracic vertebra (at T1-T10 only)
Ganglia
small masses of nervous tissue, mostly neuron cell bodies Located outside of CNS Closely associated with nerves
Bursae-
small pockets of synovial fluid in connective tissue
Oligodendrocytes
smaller cell bodies with fewer processes
Microglia
smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine-branched processes
Laryngeal elevator muscles elevate
the larynx
Auricular surface of sacrum
thick, flattened area, articulates with pelvic girdle
Maximum tension
thin filaments do not extend across the sarcomere center
Zone of Overlap in sarcomere
thin filaments situated between thick filaments
Diaphragmatic muscle or diaphragm Divides ____ & _____ cavities and Performs _____
thoracic and abdominal ; respiration
kyphosis
thoracic curvature becomes exaggerated
Pollex
thumb
flexors of the knee all insert on the ___ & ____
tibia & fibula
Popliteus rotates the _____to unlock the knee and Originates on the ____ , inserts on the _____
tibia; femur, tibia
Refractory Period-
time after action potential begins, during which the cell cannot respond to a normal threshold
Angular Motion
tip remains stationary but shaft changes angle relative to surface
Calcaneus (heel bone) function
transfers weight from talus to ground
First 2 coccygeal vertebrae features
transverse processes unfused vertebral arches
Ball-and-Socket Joints are ___axial
tri
Ulna- Posterior articulates with
trochlea of humerus
Olecranon (elbow point) contains which two features :
trochlear notch & coronoid process
To begin contraction Ca binds to ______ and it rolls away from active sites on _____
troponin; actin
Condyle of the humerus articulates with the ____ and ____ bones
ulna and radius
Pelvic brim
upper edge of true pelvis encloses pelvic inlet
Perineum divided into anterior ______ ______ & posterior ____ _____
urogenital triangle ; anal triangle
Leak channels-
usually open, more K+ than Na+
Rectus abdominis span from
xiphoid process to pubic Symphysis
Short resting lengths, thin filaments extend across the center of sarcomere, thick filaments restricted by_ ____reducing
z line
15-25 hrs after death muscles begin to relax after lysosomal enzymes begin breaking _ _____ & ______
z lines & titin
2 transverse tubules encircle each sarcomere, triads in the ____ __ _____-
zones of overlap