AP Biology chapter 43 multiple choices
The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody molecules does not require over a million different genes; rather, this wide range of antibody production is due to
DNA rearrangements
Arrange these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen in the correct sequence. I. Pathogen is destroyed. II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies. III. Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes. IV. Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous. V. Only memory cells remain.
III IV II I V
An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because
MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules
A patient who can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but not against viral infections, probably has a disorder in his
T cells
A diseased patient is exposed to an unknown agent while out of the country. The patient's blood is found to have a high proportion of lymphocytes with CD8 surface proteins in her blood, a likely result of
a viral infection eliciting proliferation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
Clonal selection is an explanation for how
an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies
In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as
an immunodeficiency
A patient who undergoes a high level of mast cell degranulation, dilation of blood vessels, and acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from
anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen
The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to
antigens
A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely
be unable to differentiate and mature T cells.
B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that
bind to antigens presented on major histocompatability complexes by host cells
Antihistamine treatment reduces
blood vessel dilation
Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells
body cell becomes infected with a virus new viral proteins appear class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface
Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to
certain bacterial infections.
The cell-mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves
cytotoxic T cells
T cells of the immune system include
cytotoxic and helper cells
The MHC is important in a T cell's ability to
distinguish self from nonself.
The number of MHC protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because
each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene
A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane) to a given recipient (Jane's cousin Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions, because
even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her MHC proteins may not be a match
Antigens are
foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies
A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell -mediated immune pathways is a
helper T cell
An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is
histamine
Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other
in their heavy-chain structure
Inflammatory responses typically include
increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast -acting toxin would likely benefit from
injection of antibodies to the toxin
Acidity in human urine is an example of
innate immunity
A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to
interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex
The lymphatic fluid
is a filtrate of the blood, as is urine
Innate immunity
is activated immediately upon infection
An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely include
lysozyme
Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of
memory cells
Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except
natural killer cells.
Adaptive immunity depends on
pathogen-specific recognition
Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because
rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells
Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their permeability, producing
redness, heat, and swelling
A systemic inflammatory response that is often life-threatening is
septic shock
Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of
short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen
An epitope is
that part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor
Immunological memory accounts for
the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased
Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by
the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody -mediated agglutination of microbes only
An example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is
the influenza virus, which expresses alternative envelope proteins.
The cells and signaling molecules that initiate inflammatory responses are
the mast cells and the histamines
A key part of the humoral immune response is
the production of antibodies by plasma cells
The switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen is due to
the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA.
The transfusion of type A blood to a person who has type O blood would result in
the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells
The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by
the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces
For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that
the surface antigens of the pathogen not change
Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus is due to the fact that
there are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses
The primary function of humoral immunity is
to protect the body against extracellular pathogens
The activation of helper T cells is likely
when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell