AP Biology chapter 43 multiple choices

The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody molecules does not require over a million different genes; rather, this wide range of antibody production is due to

DNA rearrangements

Arrange these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen in the correct sequence. I. Pathogen is destroyed. II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies. III. Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes. IV. Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous. V. Only memory cells remain.

III IV II I V

An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because

MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue, but bacteria lack MHC molecules

A patient who can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but not against viral infections, probably has a disorder in his

T cells

A diseased patient is exposed to an unknown agent while out of the country. The patient's blood is found to have a high proportion of lymphocytes with CD8 surface proteins in her blood, a likely result of

a viral infection eliciting proliferation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

Clonal selection is an explanation for how

an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies

In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as

an immunodeficiency

A patient who undergoes a high level of mast cell degranulation, dilation of blood vessels, and acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from

anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

antigens

A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely

be unable to differentiate and mature T cells.

B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that

bind to antigens presented on major histocompatability complexes by host cells

Antihistamine treatment reduces

blood vessel dilation

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells

body cell becomes infected with a virus new viral proteins appear class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface

Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to

certain bacterial infections.

The cell-mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves

cytotoxic T cells

T cells of the immune system include

cytotoxic and helper cells

The MHC is important in a T cell's ability to

distinguish self from nonself.

The number of MHC protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because

each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene

A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane) to a given recipient (Jane's cousin Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions, because

even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her MHC proteins may not be a match

Antigens are

foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell -mediated immune pathways is a

helper T cell

An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is

histamine

Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other

in their heavy-chain structure

Inflammatory responses typically include

increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area

An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast -acting toxin would likely benefit from

injection of antibodies to the toxin

Acidity in human urine is an example of

innate immunity

A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to

interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex

The lymphatic fluid

is a filtrate of the blood, as is urine

Innate immunity

is activated immediately upon infection

An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely include

lysozyme

Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of

memory cells

Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except

natural killer cells.

Adaptive immunity depends on

pathogen-specific recognition

Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because

rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells

Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their permeability, producing

redness, heat, and swelling

A systemic inflammatory response that is often life-threatening is

septic shock

Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of

short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen

An epitope is

that part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor

Immunological memory accounts for

the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by

the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody -mediated agglutination of microbes only

An example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is

the influenza virus, which expresses alternative envelope proteins.

The cells and signaling molecules that initiate inflammatory responses are

the mast cells and the histamines

A key part of the humoral immune response is

the production of antibodies by plasma cells

The switch of one B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen is due to

the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA.

The transfusion of type A blood to a person who has type O blood would result in

the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells

The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by

the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces

For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that

the surface antigens of the pathogen not change

Jenner's successful use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus is due to the fact that

there are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses

The primary function of humoral immunity is

to protect the body against extracellular pathogens

The activation of helper T cells is likely

when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell