AP Biology Midterm
A model, like the diagram, helps scientists form testable hypotheses. What hypothesis was being tested with the (triangle)Fus3 strain? (a) Fus3 is required for the signal transduction pathway leading to shmoo formation (b) a mating factor is required to start the signal transduction pathway leading to shmoo formation (c) Fus3 is required for formin phosphorylation (d) Fus3 causes shmoo formation in mating yeast
(a) Fus3 is required for the signal transduction pathway leading to shmoo formation
By what process are H+ ions being moved from the cytoplasm to the extracellular fluid in the figure? (a) active transport (b) simple diffusion (c) facilitated diffusion (d) exocytosis
(a) active transport
After the disruption, when electron transfer and ATP synthesis still occur, what must be present? (a) all of the electron transport proteins and ATP synthase (b) all of the electron transport system and the ability to add CoA to pyruvate (c) only the ATP synthase system, needed for oxygen and ATP production (d) plasma membrane proteins like those used by bacteria for respiration
(a) all of the electron transport proteins and ATP synthase
Water is an excellent solvent. Select the property that justifies this statement. (a) as a polar molecule, it can surround and dissolve ionic and polar molecules (b) it forms ionic bonds with ions, hydrogen bonds with polar molecules, and hydrophobic interactions with nonpolar molecules (c) it forms hydrogen bonds with itself so cohesion is possible (d) it is liquid and will adhere to many substances
(a) as a polar molecule, it can surround and dissolve ionic and polar molecules
These inside-out membrane vesicles will (a) become more acidic inside the vesicles when NADH is added (b) reverse electron flow to generate NADH from NAD+ in the absence of oxygen (c) become less acidic inside the vesicles when NADH is added (d) use ATP to pump protons out of the interior of the vesicle
(a) become more acidic inside the vesicles when NADH is added
Which figure depicts an animal cell placed in a solution hypotonic to the cell? (a) cell A (b) cell B (c) cell C (d) cell D
(a) cell A
Fat Away prevents ATP from being made by (a) destroying the H+ gradient that allows ATP synthase to work (b) preventing glycolysis from occuring (c) preventing the conversion of NADH to NAD+ (d) slowing down the citric acid cycle
(a) destroying the H+ gradient that allows ATP synthase to work
Which of the following descriptions does not apply to meiosis? (a) during the first division, the sister chromatids travel to opposite ends of the cell (b) the chromosome number of the daughter cells is half that of the parent cell (c) the homologous chromosomes synapse and form tetrads before the first divisions (d) the cytoplasm of the cell and all its organelles are divided approximately in half
(a) during the first division, the sister chromatids travel to opposite ends of the cell
The DNA content of a diploid cell is measured in the G1 phase. After meiosis I, the DNA content of one of the two cells produced would be (a) equal to that of the G1 cell (b) twice that of the G1 cell (c) one-half that of the G1 cell (d) one-fourth that of the G1 cell
(a) equal to that of the G1 cell
Based on the B-globin alignment, identify the best hypothesis about how humans are related to monkeys and gibbons: (a) gibbons are more closely related to humans than monkeys are because the gibbon B-globin sequence is a closer match with the human sequence (b) monkeys are more closely related to humans than gibbons are because the monkey B-globin sequence has the lower percentage identity with humans (c) both monkeys and gibbons are equally unrelated to humans because neither monkeys nor gibbons have the exact same B-globin sequence as humans (d) both monkeys and gibbons are equally related to humans because they both have less than a 10% difference in B-globin sequence with humans
(a) gibbons are more closely related to humans than monkeys are because the gibbon B-globin sequence is a closer match with the human sequence
The tremendous variation and unique properties of proteins are most likely a result of: (a) interactions between R groups of the amino acids (b) hydrogen bonds linking amino acids (c) the utilization of hundreds of different amino acids in the primary structure of the protein (d) peptide bonds linking amino and carboxyl groups
(a) interactions between R groups of the amino acids
Which of the following is true for both meiosis II and mitosis? (a) sister chromatids separate (b) homologous chromosomes separate (c) DNA replication precedes the division (d) haploid cells are produced
(a) sister chromatids separate
What other evidence could you use to analyze evolutionary relatedness among gibbons, monkeys, and humans? (a) the amino acid sequences of other proteins from gibbons, monkeys, and humans (b) the B-globin amino acid sequence from gorillas (c) the frequency of albinism (mutants that lack hair and skin pigment) in populations of gibbons, monkeys, and humans (d) the amount of habitat overlap among gibbons, monkeys, and humans
(a) the amino acid sequences of other proteins from gibbons, monkeys, and humans
The release of the energy stored in glucose involves a series of reactions and processes. Which of the following correctly states the location and function of the process named? (a) the citric acid cycle releases carbon dioxide from organic intermediates and synthesizes ATP from ADP via substrate-level phosphorylation (b) glycolysis releases free energy from glucose to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation (c) electron transport occurs in the cytoplasm and harvests the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to establish the proton gradient (d) chemiosmosis occurs when an enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane produces carbon dioxide and water from NADH and ATP
(a) the citric acid cycle releases carbon dioxide from organic intermediates and synthesizes ATP from ADP via substrate-level phosphorylation
Which of the following explains a significantly low rate of crossing over between two genes? (a) the gene are located very close together on homologous chromosomes (b) the genes are located very close together on non-homologous chromosomes (c) the genes code for proteins that have similar functions (d) the genes code for proteins that have very different functions
(a) the gene are located very close together on homologous chromosomes
In humans, hemophilia is an X-linked recessive trait. If a man and a woman have a son who is affected with hemophilia, which of the following is definitely true? (a) the mother carries an allele for hemophilia (b) the father carries and allele for hemophilia (c) the boy's paternal grandfather has hemophilia (d) both parents carry an allele for hemophilia
(a) the mother carries an allele for hemophilia
If genes R and S are on two different chromosomes and the probability of allele R segregating into a gamete is 1/4, while the probability of allele S segregating into a gamete is 1/2, what is the probability that both with segregate into the same gamete? (a) 1/4 x 1/2 (b) 1/4 / 1/2 (c) 1/4 + 1/2 (d) 1/4 +1/4
(a) 1/4 x 1/2
If a woman has type A blood, and her child has type O blood, the father must have which of the following blood types? (a) A, B, or O (b) AB or A (c) AB or B (d) O only
(a) A, B, or O
Carbon dioxide absorption in an appropriate indicator of photosynthesis because (a) CO2 is needed to produce sugars in the calvin cycle (b) CO2 is needed to complete the light reactions (c) plants produce oxygen gas by splitting CO2 (d) the energy in CO2 is used to produce ATP and NADPH
(a) CO2 is needed to produce sugars in the calvin cycle
X-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because (a) the genes associated with the X-linked conditions are linked to the X chromosome, which determines maleness (b) men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed (c) women simply do not develop the disease reguardless of their genetic composition (d) the sex chromosomes are more active in men than in women
(b) men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed
The endosymbiont theory is supported by all of the following pieces of evidence except the fact that: (a) mitochondria have circular DNA like prokaryotes (b) mitochondria use ATP like prokaryotes (c) chloroplasts have ribosomes like prokaryotes (d) chloroplast reproduce through a splitting process like certain prokaryotes
(b) mitochondria use ATP like prokaryotes
Which of the following provides evidence that glycolysis is one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved? (a) it relies on fermentation, which is characteristic of archaea and bacteria (b) it is found only in prokaryotes, whereas eukaryotes use mitochondria to produce ATP (c) it produces ATP only by oxidative phosphorylation and does not involve redox reactions (d) it is nearly universal, occurs in the cytosol, and does not involve O2
(d) it is nearly universal, occurs in the cytosol, and does not involve O2
Which of the following statements correctly describes a metabolic effect of cyanide, a poison that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain? (a) the pH of the intermembrane space becomes much lower than normal (b) alcohol would build up in the mitochondria (c) NADH supplies would be exhausted, and ATP synthesis would cease (d) no proton gradient would be produced, and ATP synthesis would stop
(d) no proton gradient would be produced, and ATP synthesis would stop
If these four cells resulted from cell division of a single cell with diploid chromosome number 2n = 4, what best describes what just occurred? (a) normal meiosis (b) translocation (c) inversion (d) nondisjunction
(d) nondisjunction
Which of the following events is typical of the second meiotic division? (a) paternal and maternal chromosomes assort randomly (b) the chromosome number becomes haploid (c) crossing over between nonsister chromatids occurs (d) sister chromatids migrate to seperate poles
(d) sister chromatids migrate to seperate poles
In an experiment, changing the pH from 7 to 6 resulted in an increase in product formation. From this we could conclude that (a) the enzyme optimal pH is 6 (b) the enzyme works best at a neutral pH (c) the temperature must have increased when the pH was changed to 6 (d) the enzyme was in a more active shape at pH 6
(d) the enzyme was in a more active shape at pH 6
Which hypothesis is most likely to be productive for the initial investigation? (a) the nucleotide chain of the enzymes may be incorrectly formed (b) the dye in the fabric may have hydrolyzed the fatty acids in the enzymes (c) the polysaccharides in the enzymes may have separated in the wash water (d) the three-dimensional amino acid structure of the enzyme may have been altered
(d) the three-dimensional amino acid structure of the enzyme may have been altered
If the dipeptide in the figure were to be digested, how would it be reduced to amino acids? (a) by a dehydration reaction, which removes water (b) by reduction in the digestive fluid pH in the stomach (c) through the removal of functional groups at either end (d) through a hydrolysis reaction in which water is added
(d) through a hydrolysis reaction in which water is added
In addition to testing shmoo formation in the two mutant strains of yeast, the scientist also tested shmoo formation in wild-type yeast cells in the experiment? (a) to show what happens to shmoo formation when both Fus3 kinase and formin are absent (b) to show the difference between symmetrical growth (c) to allow the scientist to see the interaction between Fus3 kinase and formin (d) to show normal shmoo formation under the experimental conditions
(d) to show normal shmoo formation under the experimental conditions
Fus3 kinase and formin proteins are generally distributed evenly throughout a yeast cell. Based on the model in the diagram, why does the shmoo projection emerge on the same side of the cell that bound the mating factor? (a) the only formin molecules that get phosphorylated and thus activated are those near the G protein-coupled receptor that binds the mating factor (b) the G protein-coupled mating factor receptors are located on only one side of the cell, and that is where the signal transduction occurs to initiate shmoo formation (c) all of the Fus3 kinase and formin molecules in the cell become activated by binding the mating factor, but the actin strands form only on the side toward the potential mate (d) GTP forms only on the side of the cell where the mating factors fuse with the receptors. Otherwise, the cells would not be able to form shmoos and subsequently fuse
(a) the only formin molecules that get phosphorylated and thus activated are those near the G protein-coupled receptor that binds the mating factor
Based on your understanding of enzyme structure, which of the following would you recommend that the lab also investigate? (a) the temperature of the liquid in the washing vat (b) washing the blue jeans in smaller vats (c) the manufacturer of the fabric (d) switching to another product for the enzyme wash
(a) the temperature of the liquid in the washing vat
Using the same figure and assumption as for question 7, what effect will the movement of the sugar have on the water level in the tubes? (a) the water level will go up on side A (b) the water level will go up on side B (c) no net movement of water molecules will occur (d) the membrane is not permeable to water-only to sugar molecules
(a) the water level will go up on side A
If a person with type O blood were to have children with a person with type AB blood, which of the following represents the best prediction of the ratio of possible blood types of their offspring? (a) 3 IAi: 1 IBi (b) 1 IAi: 1 IBi (c) 1 IAi: 2 IAIB: 1 IBi (d) 9 IAIB: 3 IAIi: 3 IBi: 1 ii
(b) 1 IAi: 1 IBi
In llamas, coat color is controlled by a gene that exists in two allelic forms. If a homozygous yellow llama is crossed with a homozygous brown llama, the offspring have grey coats. If two of the grey coated offspring were crossed, what percentage of their offspring would have brown coats? (a) 0% (b) 25% (c) 50% (d) 75%
(b) 25%
A cell with a diploid number of six could produce gametes with how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes? (a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 64
(b) 8
What percentage of monkey B-globin amino acids is identical to the human sequence? (This is called the percentage identity between the monkey and human B-globin sequences) (a) 5.48% (b) 94.5% (c) 95.9% (d) 98.6%
(b) 94.5%
Glycolysis releases free energy held in the bonds of glucose, and the energy is held in these molecules: (a) ATP, NADH, and CO2 (b) ATP, NADH, and pyruvate (c) ATP, NADPH, and RUBP (d) ATP, CO2, and H2O
(b) ATP, NADH, and pyruvate
Two yellow mice with the genotype Yy are mated. After many offspring 2/3 are yellow and 1/3 are not yellow. Mendelian genetics dictates that this cross should make offspring that were 1/4 YY (yellow), 1/2 Yy (yellow), and 1/4 yy (not yellow). What is the most likely conclusion from this experiment? (a) The mice did not bear enough offspring for the ratio calculation to be specific. (b) Y is lethal in the homozygous form and caused death early in development. (c) Nondisjunction occurred. (d) A mutation masked the effects of the Y allele.
(b) Y is lethal in the homozygous form and caused death early in development.
In the melanin production were not sufficient to prevent UV damage to the DNA, which of the following would you expect? (a) decrease rate of melanin production (b) apoptosis and lysis of damaged cells (c) decreased cell divisions of the melanin-producing cells (d) dry, peeling skin due to DNA damage affecting the function of oil glands
(b) apoptosis and lysis of damaged cells
Based on the figure, how might the rate of sucrose into the cell be increased? (a) decrease the extracellular sucrose concentration (b) decrease the extracellular pH (c) increase the cytoplasmic pH (d) make the membrane more permeable to hydrogen ions
(b) decrease the extracellular pH
As a genetic counselor, you would explain to the parents that (a) the eggs must have accidentally switched because the baby's blood type has to match one of his parents' (b) each parent could have contributed one recessive allele, resulting in type O blood (c) the eggs must have been accidentally switched because a type A parent and a type B parent can have any type children except O (d) it is possible for the baby to have type O blood because type O is inherited through a dominant allele
(b) each parent could have contributed one recessive allele, resulting in type O blood
Chromosome number is reduced to haploid in meiosis. What event must occur to restore the diploid chromosome number? (a) synapsis during prophase (b) fertilization (c) mitosis (d) DNA replication
(b) fertilization
Look at the same figure, but assume the membrane is not freely permeable to both glucose and sucrose but only to smaller of the two sugars. Now which result do you predict? (a) glucose will diffuse from side A to side B (b) glucose will diffuse from side B to side A (c) sucrose will diffuse from side A to side B (d) sucrose will diffuse from side B to side A
(b) glucose will diffuse from side B to side A
When a cell breaks down glucose, only about 34% of the energy is captured in ATP molecules. What happens to most of the remaining 66% of the energy? (a) it is used to increase the order necessary for life to exist (b) it is lost as heat, in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics (c) it is stored in starch or glycogen for later use by the cell (d) it is released when the ATP molecules are hydrolyzed
(b) it is lost as heat, in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics
The process in photosynthesis that bears the most resemblance to chemiosmosis and oxidative phosphorylation in cell respiration is called (a) glycolysis (b) linear electron flow (c) ATP synthase coupling (d) substrate level phosphorylation
(b) linear electron flow
What assumption did Engelmann make to conclude that red and violet-blue light were more effective than green light in driving photosynthesis? (a) every photon absorbed by the algae was used to drive oxygen production by the algae (b) the number of bacteria clustered at each wavelength (color) was approximately proportional to the amount of oxygen being produced by that portion of algae (c) distribution of chloroplast within each algal cell differed significantly (d) the alga absorbed the same number of photons at each wavelength (color)
(b) the number of bacteria clustered at each wavelength (color) was approximately proportional to the amount of oxygen being produced by that portion of algae
If you shut the system off and pressure was no longer applied to Tank A, you would expect: (a) the water to flow from Tank A to Tank B (b) the water to reverse flow from Tank B to Tank A (c) the water to flow in equal amounts in both directions (d) the water to flow against the concentration gradient
(b) the water to reverse flow from Tank B to Tank A
In cucumbers, warty (W) is dominant over dull (w), and green (G) is dominant over orange (g). A cucumber plant that is homozgous for warty and green is crossed with one that is homozygous for dull and orange. The F1 generation is then crossed. If a total of 144 offspring are produced in the F2 generation, which of the following is closest to the number of dull green cucumbers expected? (a) 3 (b) 10 (c) 28 (d) 80
(c) 28
How many amino acids differ between the monkey and the human sequences? (a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 10
(c) 8
If three molecules of a fatty acid that has the formula C16H22O2 are joined to a molecule of glycerol (C3H8O3), then the resulting molecule would have the formula: (a) C48 H66 O6 (b) C48 H60 O3 (c) C51 H68 O6 (d) C51 H74 O9
(c) C51 H68 O6
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by joining 10 glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? (a) C60 H120 O60 (b) C6 H12 O6 (c) C60 H102 O51 (d) C60 H100 O50
(c) C60 H102 O51
After the reverse osmosis system has been operating for 30 minutes, the solution in Tank A would: (a) be hypotonic to Tank B (b) be isotonic to Tank B (c) be hypertonic to Tank B (d) move by passive transport to Tank B
(c) be hypertonic to Tank B
In regard to the baby's colorblindness, a sex-linked recessive trait, you explain that (a) colorblindness often appears randomly, even if neither parent is colorblind (b) the baby's father must have a recessive allele for colorblindness allele (c) because colorblindness is sex-linked, a son can inherit colorblindness if his mother has the recessive colorblindness allele (d) the eggs must have been accidentally switched because males inherit sex linked traits only from their fathers
(c) because colorblindness is sex-linked, a son can inherit colorblindness if his mother has the recessive colorblindness allele
Brown fat, which is found in newborn infants and hibernating mammals, has uncoupler proteins that, when activated, make the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+. What is the function of brown fat? (a) it produces more ATP than does regular fat and is also found in the flight muscles of ducks and geese, providing more energy for long distance migrations (b) it lowers the pH of the intermembrane space, which results in the production of more ATP per gram than is produced by the oxidation of glucose or regular fat tissue (c) because it dissipates the protein gradient, it generates heat through cellular respiration without producing ATP, thereby raising the body temperature of hibernating mammals or newborns infants (d) its main function is insulation in endothermic animals, in which brown fat is common
(c) because it dissipates the protein gradient, it generates heat through cellular respiration without producing ATP, thereby raising the body temperature of hibernating mammals or newborns infants
Which two figures show a cell that is hypertonic to its environment? (a) cells A and B (b) cells A and C (c) cells A and D (d) cells C and D
(c) cells A and D
Bacterial production of the enzymes needed for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan declines with increasing levels of tryptophan and increases as tryptophan levels decline. This is an example of (a) competitive inhibition (b) noncompetitive inhibition (c) feedback inhibition (d) irreversible inhibition
(c) feedback inhibition
Earl Sutherland received the Nobel Prize for his discovery of cAMP as a second messenger. Which observation suggested to Sutherland the involvement of a second messenger in epinephrine's effect on liver cells? (a) enzymatic activity is proportional to the amount of calcium added to a cell-free extract (b) receptor studies indicate that epinephrine is a ligand (c) glycogen breakdown is observed only when epinephrine is administered to intact, living cells (d) glycogen breakdown is observed when epinephrine and glycogen phosphorylase are combined in living cells
(c) glycogen breakdown is observed only when epinephrine is administered to intact, living cells
Based on their function, you would expect melanocytes in the skin to have a higher than usual number of: (a) lysosomes (b) chloroplasts (c) golgi bodies (d) microtubules
(c) golgi bodies
White blood cells (WBCs) are more resistant to lysis than are red blood cells (RBCs). When looking at a sample of blood for WBCs, what could you do to reduce interference from RBCs? (a) mix the blood in a salty solution to cause the RBCs to lyse (b) mix the blood in an isotonic solution and allow the WBCs to float on the top (c) mix the blood in a hypotonic solution, which will cause the RBCs to lyse (d) mix the blood in a hypertonic solution. which will cause the RBCs to lyse
(c) mix the blood in a hypotonic solution, which will cause the RBCs to lyse
What do you predict would happen if the yeast had a mutation that prevented the G protein from binding GTP? (a) shmoos would form even in the absence of a mating factor (b) phosphorylated Fus3 kinase would accumulated in the cell in the presence of a mating factor (c) no shmoo would form in response to a mating factor (d) a mating factor would be unable to bind to the G protein-coupled receptor
(c) no shmoo would form in response to a mating factor
The independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I results in an increase in the number of (a) gametes (b) homologous chromosomes (c) possible combinations of characteristics (d) sex chromosomes
(c) possible combinations of characteristics
Fluorescent dyes were used in the experiment to distinguish the old and new cell walls of the yeast cells. First, the existing cell walls of each strain were stained with a green florescent dye. These green-stained cells were then exposed to a mating factor and then stained with red florescent dye that labels only new cell wall growth. Growth of the cell on all sides (symmetric growth) is indicated by a uniform yellow color, resulting from merged green and red stains. This occurs normally in wild-type cells that have not been exposed to a mating factor. One of their hypotheses was that Fus3 kinase is required for the signal transduction pathway leading to shmoo formation. If this hypothesis is correct, what result should be observed in the (triangle)Fus3 strain? (a) The Fus3 strain should look the same as the wild type and form shmoos that stain red (b) the (triangle)Fus3 strain should form green-stained shmoos (c) the (traingle)Fus3 strain should not form shmoos, and the cells should not have a red zone in their walls (d) the (triangle)Fus3 strain should form multiple red-stained shmoos
(c) the (traingle)Fus3 strain should not form shmoos, and the cells should not have a red zone in their walls
How could this experimental protocol be used to identify the member of the Calvin cycle that functions as the CO2 acceptor? (a) The CO2 acceptor concentration would decrease when either the CO2 or light is cut off (b) The CO2 acceptor concentration would increase when either the CO2 or light is cut off (c) the CO2 acceptor concentration would increase when the CO2 is cut off but decrease when the light is cut off (d) the CO2 acceptor concentration would decrease when the CO2 is cut off but increase when the lught is cut off
(c) the CO2 acceptor concentration would increase when the CO2 is cut off but decrease when the light is cut off
Catabolic and anabolic pathways are often coupled in a cell because: (a) the intermediates of a catabolic pathway are used in the anabolic pathway (b) both pathways use the same enzymes (c) the free energy released from one pathway is used to drive the other pathway (d) their enzymes are controlled by the same activators and inhibitors
(c) the free energy released from one pathway is used to drive the other pathway
A couple has six children-all daughters. If they have a seventh child, what is the probability that the seventh child will be a daughter? (a) 6/7 (b) 1/7 (c) 1/16 (d) 1/2
(d) 1/2
A globular blood protein that transports vitamin A is 127 amino acids long. How many water molecules were produced in the synthesis of the protein, and by what chemical process were the amino acids joined together? (a) 127; hydrolysis (b) 127; dehydration (c) 126; hydrolysis (d) 126; dehydration
(d) 126; dehydration
Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA? (a) 5'-AGCA-3' with 3'-UCGU-5' (b) 5'-AGCT-3' with 5'-TCGA-3' (c) 5'-GCGC-3' with 5'-TATA-3' (d) 5'-ATGC-3' with 5'-GCAT-3'
(d) 5'-ATGC-3' with 5'-GCAT-3'
Using the same procedure, notice that humans and gibbons differ in amino acids at two locations. What percentage of gibbon B-globin amino acids is identical to the human sequence? (This is called the percentage identity between the gibbon and human B-globin sequences) (a) 1.37% (b) 94.5% (c) 95.9% (d) 98.6%
(d) 98.6%
If the carbon atom of each of the incoming CO2 molecules is labeled with a radioactive isotope of carbon, which organic molecules could be radioactively labeled after one cycle? (a) C (b) C and B (c) C, D, and E (d) B, C, D, and E
(d) B, C, D, and E
Given the following recombination frequencies, what is the correct order of the genes on the chromosome? A-B, 8 map units; A-C, 28 map units; A-D, 25 map units; B-C, 20 map units; B-D, 33 map units (a) A-B-C-D (b) D-C-A-B (c) A-D-C-B (d) D-A-B-C
(d) D-A-B-C
In rabbits, the gene for short hair (S) is dominant, and the gene for long hair (s) is recessive. The gene for green eyes (G) is dominant, and the gene for blue eyes (g) is recessive. A cross between two rabbits produces a litter of six-short haired rabbits with green eyes and two short-haired rabbits with blue eyes. What is the most likely genotype of the parent rabbits in this cross? (a) ssgg x ssgg (b) SSGG x SSGG (c) SsGg x SsGg (d) SsGg x SSGg
(d) SsGg x SSGg
When substance A was added to an enzyme reaction, product formation decreased. The addition of more substrate did not increase product formation. From this we conclude that substance A could be (a) product molecules (b) an allosteric enzyme (c) a competitive inhibitor (d) a noncompetitive inhibitor
(d) a noncompetitive inhibitor
Based on your knowledge on the process of photosynthesis, the plant in the container placed under red light would probably: (a) absorb no CO2 (b) absorb the same amount of CO2 as the plants under both the green light and normal sunlight (c) absorb more CO2 than the plants under normal sunlight (d) absorb more CO2 than the plants under the green light
(d) absorb more CO2 than the plants under the green light
The hydrogen bonds shown in this figure are each between: (a) two hydrogen atoms (b) two oxygen atoms (c) an oxygen and a hydrogen atom of the same water molecule (d) an oxygen and a hydrogen atom of different water molecules
(d) an oxygen and a hydrogen atom of different water molecules
In the given pedigree, circles represent females and squares represent males; those who express a particular trait are shaded, whereas those who do not are not shaded. Which pattern of inheritance best explains the pedigree for this trait? (a) X-linked recessive (b) co dominant (c) autosomal recessive (d) autosomal dominant
(d) autosomal dominant
All of the following contribute to genetic recombination or variation in offspring EXCEPT (a) random fertilization (b) independent assortment (c) crossing over (d) gene linkage
(d) gene linkage
Which of the following is a reasonable hypothesis describing what will happen next? (a) no diffusion of sugars will occur because the total concentration of sugars on both sides of the membrane is equal (b) sucrose will diffuse from side B to side A (c) water will move from side B to side A (d) glucose will diffuse from side B to side A
(d) glucose will diffuse from side B to side A
In each of the following graphs, the solid black line shows Engelmann's original action spectrum, which he deducted from the distribution of oxygen-sensitive bacteria around the alga. Which dotted line shows Englemann's action spectrum corrected for the unequal number of photons emitted across the visible spectrum?
D