AP: Ch. 15-17 Quia and Workbook
muscle fibers usually contract to about __ % of their starting length
80 percent
proper functions of gluteus medius
abductor and rotator
proper functions of the deltoid
abductor, flexor, and extensor
endurance training is also called
aerobic training
the prime mover can also be called the
agonist
the prime mover is also known as the _______
agonist
the chief function of the T tubule is to
allow the electrical signal to move deep into the cell
when a muscle shortens, the central body portion called the _____ contracts
belly
which of the following is not a muscle of the quadriceps femoris group? - rectus femoris - biceps femoris - vastus medialis - vastus intermedius
biceps femoris
an aponeurosis is
broad and flat
kissing
buccinator
which muscle tissue contains intercalated disks
cardiac
which muscle tissue has larger-diameter T tubules that form diads with sarcoplasmic reticulum
cardiac
which muscle tissue is striated and contains a single nucleus
cardiac
many flexors of the wrist and hand pass through a curve formed by the carpal bones called the ______ ______
carpal tunnel
__________ muscles have fascicles that radiate out from a small to a wider point of attachment, much like the blades in a fan
convergent
the pectoralis major muscle is an example of a __________ muscle
convergent
wrinkling of the forehead vertically
corrugator supercilii
myosin heads are also called
cross-bridges
all of the following are rotator cuff muscles except: - deltoid - infraspinatus - supraspinatus - teres minor
deltoid
enlarges thorax
diaphragm
the characteristic of the rectus
direction of fibers
prolonged inactivity causes muscles to shrink in mass, a condition called
disuse atrophy
proper functions of soleus
dorsiflexor or plantar flexor
raising the eyebrows
epicranius
an entire skeletal muscle is covered by a coarse sheath called
epimysium
moving from superficial to deep, the connective tissue components would be
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
extends vertebral column
erector spinal group
proper function of fibularis longus
extensor
proper function of trapezius
extensor
proper function of triceps brachii
extensor
proper functions of gluteus maximus
extensor and rotator
elevates ribs
external intercostals
T/F: a muscle contracts the instant it is stimulated
false
T/F: anaerobic respiration is the first choice of the muscle cell for the production of ATP
false
T/F: muscles move with more tone than normal are described as flaccid
false
T/F: skeletal muscle has a poor ability to stretch
false
T/F: skeletal muscles have little effect on body temperature
false
T/F: the levator ani closes the anal canal
false
T/F: the optimum angle of pull of a muscle is generally parallel to the long axis of the bone
false
T/F: contraction of the internal intercostal muscles elevates the ribs
false - external intercostal muscles elevate the ribs - internal intercostal muscles depress the ribs
T/F: the latissimus dorsi muscle is an example of a fusiform muscle
false - latissimus dorsi muscle is an example of a spiral muscle
T/F: convergent muscles are said to be "featherlike" in appearance
false - the pennate are "featherlike" in appearance
T/F: muscles that move the thigh and lower leg can be divided into two groups, muscles that come from the hips and those that come from the gluteal muscles
false - they are divided into three parts: 1) muscles crossing at frontal hip 2) the three gluteal muscles and the tensor fascinae latae 3) the thigh adductors
T/F: the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles act as antagonists
false - they are prime movers, agonists
T/F: the energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of amino acids
false, ATP
T/F: the vastus intermedius originates on the posterior surface of the femur
false, anterior and lateral
T/F: intrinsic muscles of the hand originate on the forearm and insert on the metacarapals
false, extrinsic
T/F: the biceps brachii is an extensor muscle
false, flexor
T/F: the iliopsoas is composed solely of the psoas major and the iliacus
false, psoas major, iliacus, and sartorius
T/F: the cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum
false, sarcolemma
T/F: the origin of a muscle is the point of attachment that moves when the muscle contracts
false, the insertion
T/F: a T tubule sandwiched between sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum is called a codon
false, triad
the correct order of arrangement of skeletal muscle cells, from largest to smallest, is
fiber, myofibril, myofilament
proper function of biceps brachii
flexor
proper function of iliopsoas
flexor
proper functions of pectoralis major
flexor and adductor
proper functions of the gracilis
flexor and adductor
proper functions of gastrocnemius
flexor and extensor
muscles located on the lower leg move the ____
foot
a fixed point about which a rod moves is called a
fulcrum
in first-class levers the
fulcrum is between the pull and the load
the characteristic of the adductor
function
a common site for intramuscular injections is the
gluteus medius
increase in muscle size is called
hypertrophy
the muscles of the hamstrings include all of the following expect the - iliopsoas - semitendinosus - semimembranosus - biceps femoris
iliopsoas
during __________ the diaphragm flattens
inspiration
provides important postural function
internal oblique
pushing against a wall is an example of which type of contraction
isometric
when a muscle does not shorten and no movement results, the contraction is
isometric
which statement is true of smooth muscle - it lines the walls of many hollow organs - it is striated - it is voluntary - there are many T tubules throughout smooth muscle
it lines the walls of many hollow organs
helps form the floor of the pelvic cavity
levator ani
a _____ is any rigid bar free to turn about a fixed point called its fulcrum
lever
the characteristic of the brachialis
location
the powerful muscles that either elevate or retract the mandible are the ________ and the __________
masseter and temporalis
the region of a muscle fiber where a motor neuron connects to the muscle fiber is called the
motor endplate
which of the following statements concerning isometric contractions is true - the length of the muscle changes - muscle tension decreases - joint movements are swift - muscle length remains constant
muscle length remains constant
sarcoplasmic reticulum is - a system of transverse tubules that extend at a right angle to the long axis of the cell - a segment of the myofibril between two successive Z lines - a unique name for the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber - none of the above
none of the above
the characteristic of the quadriceps
number of heads
the principal components of a motor unit is
one somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibers supplied by a somatic motor neuron
antagonists are muscles that
oppose prime movers
closing the eyes
orbicularis oculi
which of the following is not a posterior muscle that acts on the shoulder girdle? - trapezius - pectoralis minor - levator scapulae - rhomboideus
pectoralis minor
muscles that are arranged like feathers in a plume are described as
pennate
the soleus muscle is an example of a _______ muscle
pennate
fascicles are bound together into bundles by a tough connective tissue envelope called _________
perimysium
the connective tissue sheath that envelops bundles of muscle fibers is the
perimysium
the muscular pelvic floor filling the diamond-shaped outlet is called the ________
perineum
the characteristic of the sternocleidomastoid
points of attachment
which of the following is NOT a general function of muscle tissue - movement - protection - heat production - posture
protection
grating the teeth during mastication
pterygoids
lever systems have four component parts: (1) a lever, (2) a fulcrum, (3) a load, and (4) a ____
pull (P)
depresses last rib
quadratus lumborum
flexes trunk
rectus abdominis
physiologic muscle fatigue is caused by
relative lack of ATP
the skeletal muscle fiber characteristic of excitability directly results in these cells being capable of
responding to nerve signals
proper function of rhomboid major
rotator
which of the following is not a muscle that moves the thigh? - adductor longus - gracilis - iliopsoas - sacrospinalis
sacrospinalis
the contractile unit of myofibril is the
sarcomere
during muscle contractions, Ca++ is released from the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
the anterior superior iliac spine is the site of origin for the
sartorius
bends the head and neck laterally
semispinalis capitis
the characteristic of the deltoid muscle
shape
the deltoid is so-named because of its descriptive _____
shape
the characteristic of the gluteus maximus
size of muscle
which muscle tissue contains many nuclei near the sarcolemma
skeletal
which muscle tissue is voluntary
skeletal
which of the following muscles usually is under conscious control? - cardiac - smooth - skeletal - involuntary
skeletal
which muscle tissue has loosely organized sarcoplasmic reticulum
smooth
which muscle tissue is located in the walls of hollow organs
smooth
which muscle tissue is not striated
smooth
which muscle tissues principal function is peristalsis
smooth
plantar flexion of the foot is achieved by the
soleus
skeletal muscles are innervated by
somatic motor neurons
"prayer" muscle
sternocleidomastoid
flexing the head
sternocleidomastoid
the rotator cuff muscles include the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and _____________
subscapularis
the type of lever arrangement in which the pull is exerted between the fulcrum and resistance or weight to be moved is a _____ -class lever
third
which of the following muscles has fibers on a transverse plane? - rectus abdominis - external oblique - transverse abdominis - internal intercostals
transverse abdominis
the muscle that shrugs the shoulders is the
trapezius
the staircase phenomenon is also known as
treppe
the olecranon of the ulna is a site of insertion for the
triceps brachii
the posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is the
triceps brachii
the posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is the _______ _______
triceps brachii
which of these muscles serves as an extensor of the forearm? - biceps brachii - brachialis - brachioradialis - triceps brachii
triceps brachii
what are myofilament proteins
troponin and tropnmyosin
T/F: a motor neuron together with the cells it innervated is called a motor unit
true
T/F: actin, troponin, and tropomyosin are present on the thin myofilament
true
T/F: anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called lactic acid
true
T/F: both the pectoralis minor and the serratus anterior help hold or "fix" the scapula in place
true
T/F: cardiac muscle is also known as striated involuntary
true
T/F: carpal tunnel syndrome affects the median nerve
true
T/F: during rest, excess oxygen molecules in the sarcoplasm are attracted to a large protein molecule called myoglobin
true
T/F: if muscle cells are stimulated repeatedly without adequate periods of rest, the strength of the muscle contraction will decrease, resulting in fatigue
true
T/F: in muscle terminology, the term rectus means straight
true
T/F: isotonic contraction is one in which the tone or tension within a muscle remains the same, but the length of the muscle changes
true
T/F: muscles maintain posture by the property of tonicity
true
T/F: muscles that move the forearm are found proximal to the elbow
true
T/F: one method of studying muscle contraction is called myography
true
T/F: prime mover and agonists are synonyms
true
T/F: rigor mortis is caused by a lack of ATP to "turn off" muscle contraction
true
T/F: skeletal muscles usually act as groups rather than individually
true
T/F: the Achilles tendon is common to both the gastrocnemius and soleus
true
T/F: the I band resides within a single sarcomere
true
T/F: the coccygeus muscles and levator ani form most of the pelvic floor
true
T/F: the deltoid is a good example of a multifunctional muscle
true
T/F: the deltoid is an example of a multifunction muscle
true
T/F: the external intercostals elevate the ribs
true
T/F: the external oblique compresses the abdomen
true
T/F: the gluteus muscles are examples of muscles that are named by location
true
T/F: the length/tension relationship states that the maximum strength a muscle can develop is related to the length of the fibers
true
T/F: the minimum level of stimulation required to cause fiber to contract is called the threshold stimulus
true
T/F: the muscles of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall are arranged in three layers
true
T/F: the pectoralis major flexes the upper arm
true
T/F: the rectus abdominis flexes the trunk
true
T/F: the respiratory, digestive, circulatory, excretory, and endocrine systems all contribute to the ability of muscles to maintain posture
true
T/F: the soleus muscle is responsible for plantar flexion
true
T/F: the thick myofilament is made up of myosin
true
T/F: there are two types of smooth muscle: visceral and multiunit
true
T/F: tipping the head back, as in looking up at the sky, is an example of the function of a first-class lever
true
T/F: weakness of abdominal muscles can lead to a hernia
true
T/F: with aging, connective tissue replaces some muscle fibers, causing decreased muscle strength
true
what is a quick, jerky response of a given muscle to a single stimulus called
twitch
the muscles of the quadriceps femoris include all of the following except - vastus intermedius - vastus medialis - vastus lateralis - vastus femoris
vastus femoris
assists in laughing
zygomaticus major