AP Ch. 21 Immune System
What other types of cells are involved in immunity, where are they located and what are their functions?
- macrophages, almost all organs and tissues, phagocytosis ; present antigens to lymphocytes - mast cells, almost all organs and tissues; esp liver and lung, release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation
_____ recognition of self a. cell-mediated immunity b. immunotolerance c. antibody-mediated immunity d. macrophage
b. immunotolerance
Tonsilitis, appendicitis, and lymphangitis are all a. disorders of the mouth b. inflammatory conditions c. disorders of the digestive system d. responsive to antibiotics
b. inflammatory conditions
_____ first line of defense that includes an intact skin and mucous membrane a. fever b. mechanical barriers c. inflammation d. chemical barriers
b. mechanical barriers
Complement and interferons are a. considered to be specific immunity b. protective proteins engaged in nonspecific immunity c. secreted by B cells and T cells d. vaccines
b. protective proteins engaged in nonspecific immunity
allergens
foreign substance or antigen that stimulates an allergic reaction
antigen
foreign substance that stimulates the production of antibodies
what is the second line of defense
phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, natural killer cells, protective proteins
connective tissue helps how in the area of inflammation
prevents the infection from spreading throughout the body
_______ caused by pyrogens a. chemical barriers b. fever c. phagocytosis d. protective proteins
b. fever
B lymphocytes (B cells)
lymphocytes that engage in antibody-mediated immunity, differentiate in the fetal liver and bone marrow, account for 20-30% of blood lymphocytes
monocytes deposit themselves into organs and become
macrophages
what cells are the phagocytes
monocytes, neutrophils
neutrophils and monocytes can move throughout the
motile
What are the types of lymphocytes and where are they produced, and what is their function?
-B cells, bone marrow, antibody-mediated immunity -T Cells, bone marrow and lymphoid tissue, cell-mediated immunity -natural killer (NK) cells, lymphoid tissue, kill cells
What are the types of naturally acquired immunity, what is their stimulus and the result?
-active immunity, exposed to live pathogens, long-term immunity; makes antibodies -passive immunity, antibodies are passed from mother to infant, short-term immunity (lasts for the first 6 mo and for duration of breast-feeding); does not stimulate production of antibodies
What are the types of artificially-acquired immunity, what is their stimulus and the result?
-active immunity, vaccination, long-term immunity; makes antibodies -passive immunity, injection with gamma globulin (antibodies), short-term immunity; does not stimulate the production of antibodies
What are the types of T cells and what are their functions?
-killer T cells, kill cells -helper T cells, secrete lymphokines, which activate B cells and other cells -suppressor T cells, inhibit B-cell and T-cell activity (help control immune response) -memory T cells, remember the antigens
What are the 3 types of granular leukocytes, where are they produced and what are their functions?
-neutrophils, bone marrow, phagocytosis -basophils, bone marrow, secrete histamin and heparin -eoshinophils, bone marrow, destroy parasites
What are the types of B cells and what are their functions?
-plasma cells, secrete antibodies -memory B cells, remember the antigens
Indicate whether the following conveys active immunity or passive immunity 1. vaccine 2. antivenom 3. antitoxin 4. toxoid 5. gamma globulin 6. getting the disease
1. active immunity 2. passive immunity 3. passive immunity 4. active immunity 5. passive immunity 6. active immunity
When tissues are injured or irritated, injured cells release a. antigens b. histamine c. pyrogens d. interferons
b. histamine
What are the types of nongranular leukocytes?
Monocytes, lymphocytes
antibody-mediated immunity (AMI) (humoral immunity)
a type of immunity engaged in by the B lymphocytes, B cells secretes antibodies that attack the antigen
_____ subgroup of the B-cell clone that secrets antibodies a. plasma cells b. cell-mediated immunity c. immunotolerance d. antibody-mediated immunity
a. plasma cells
_____ complement and interferons a. protective proteins b. chemical barriers c. mechanical barriers d. phagocytosis
a. protective proteins
_____ T cell immunity a. cell-mediated immunity b. immunotolerance c. plasma cells d. macrophage
a. cell-mediated immunity
A patient in anaphylactic shock would usually receive an injection of a. epinephrine b. gamma globulin c. a vasodilator d. a booster
a. epinephrine
A person has an infection and his phagocytes respond appropriately by releasing pyrogens, thereby resetting the body's thermostat. What happens next a. he shivers, thereby producing heat. b. he sweats and his blood vessels dilate, thereby losing heat. c. he forms pus around the hypothalamus. d. his body temperature declines.
a. he shivers, thereby producing heat.
What is the primary concern regarding the care of a person experiencing an anaphylactic reaction a. inability to breathe b. development of hives c. development of febrile seizures d. intense itching and discomfort
a. inability to breathe
When complement proteins are activated against a bacterium a. the complement punches holes in the membrane, allowing fluid to rush in and causing the bacterium to burst and die b. specific immunity occurs c. T cells are activated d. helper cells are activated and secrete a lymphokine that stimulates T cells and B cells and enhances the immune response
a. the complement punches holes in the membrane, allowing fluid to rush in and causing the bacterium to burst and die
immunity
ability to resist and overcome injury by pathogens or antigenic substances; human body's elaborate defense system
immunoglobulins
antibodies produced by plasma cells in response to antigenic stimulation
vaccine
antigens that have been altered in order to produce active immunity without causing the disease
_____ special type of lymphocyte that acts nonspecifically to destroy certain cells a. protective proteins b. NK cells c. chemical barriers d. fever
b. NK cells
Which of the following drugs is least apt to cure a condition such as pyuria a. antimicrobial b. antipyretic c. antibiotic d. antibacterial
b. antipyretic
Inflammation is a. specific immunity b. characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain c. known as cell-mediated immunity d. synonymous with infection
b. characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain
The release of histamine is of concern because it a. elevates blood pressure b. constricts breathing passages c. depresses IgE antibodies d. causes contact dermatitis
b. constricts breathing passages
A common response to exposure of poison ivy, certain cosmetics, and soap is a. anaphylaxis b. contact dermatitis c. production of memory cells d. production of specific immunity
b. contact dermatitis
Pyrexia, pyrogens, and febrile seizures are most related to this nonspecific form of immunity a. inflammation b. fever c. anaphylaxis d. diapedesis, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis
b. fever
inflammation
body's response to infection or injury (irritant) ;characterized by by redness, heat, swelling, and pain
Where are monocytes produced and what are their functions?
bone marrow, phagocytosis; enter tissues and are transformed into macrophages
Which of the following is a marker for immune function and is used to monitor the progression of HIV infection a. platelet count b. hematocrit c. CD4+T cell count d. IgE antibody count
c. CD4+T cell count
With which of the following is anaphylaxis most associated a. interferons b. phagocytosis c. IgE d. contact dermatitis
c. IgE
With which of the following is an immediate hypersensitivity reaction most associated a. vaccination b. contact dermatitis secondary to an exposure to cleaning products c. anaphylaxis d. autoimmune disease
c. anaphylaxis
_____ first line of defense that includes tears, saliva, hydrochloric acid, and perspiration a. fever b. phagocytosis c. chemical barriers d. NK cells
c. chemical barriers
Which of the following best describes the killer T cell, helper T cell, memory T cell, and suppressor T cell a. immunoglobulins b. macrophages c. clone d. agglutination
c. clone
The administration of tetanus toxoid a. is done only after the person has been exposed to Clostridium tetani b. conveys short-lasting passive immunity c. conveys active immunity d. conveys active immunity against all bacterial infection
c. conveys active immunity
Which of the following is not related to cell-mediated immunity a. cell-to-cell combat b. killer T cells c. immunoglobulins d. antigen presentation by a macrophage
c. immunoglobulins
_____ large monocyte a. immunotolerance b. antibody-mediated immunity c. macrophage d. plasma cells
c. macrophage
______ process of ingesting pathogens to destroy them a. NK cells b. inflammation c. phagocytosis d. chemical barriers
c. phagocytosis
Helper T cells a. produce pus b. suppress inflammation c. secrete a lymphokine that stimulates B and T cell activity and, in general, enhances the immune response d. secrete antibodies
c. secrete a lymphokine that stimulates B and T cell activity and, in general, enhances the immune response
Plasma cells a. refer to T cells b. are the same as NK cells c. secrete antibodies d. secrete interferons
c. secrete antibodies
Which of the following is FALSE concerning Kupffer cells a. they are fixed macrophages b. they are located in the sinusoids of the liver c. they engage in antibody-mediated immunity d. they engage in phagocytosis
c. they engage in antibody-mediated immunity
The solution that contains dead or at6tenuated pathogens to stimulate antibody production is a(n) a. antitoxin b. antivenom c. vaccination d. immune globulin
c. vaccination
The redness and heat of inflammation is caused by a. the collection of pus at the injured site. b. the formation of scar tissue c. vasodilation. d. ischemia
c. vasodilation.
signaling to attract phagocytes is called
chemotaxis
Which of the following is TRUE of naturally acquired active immunity a. being vaccinated conveys this type of immunity b. it is acquired from mother to infant (across the placenta or from breast milk) c. it is acquired from an injection of gamma globulin d. a child develops measles and acquires immunity
d. a child develops measles and acquires immunity
_____ also called humoral immunity a. plasma cells b. cell-mediated immunity c. immunotolerance d. antibody-mediated immunity
d. antibody-mediated immunity
T and B cells a. engage in nonspecific immunity b. refer to neutrophils c. both engage in antibody-mediated immunity d. are lyphocytes that are responsible for specific immunity
d. are lyphocytes that are responsible for specific immunity
What is a favorite activity of a macrophage and phagocyte a. hemostasis b. leukopoiesis c. fever production d. eating
d. eating
Pyrexia, antipyretic drugs, and pyromaniac all refer to a. pus or urinary tract infection b. purulent discharge or abscess c. septicemia or septic shock d. fever or fire
d. fever or fire
The CD4+ T cell is a(an) a. granulocyte b. NK lymphocyte c. plasma cell d. helper T cell
d. helper T cell
_____ redness, heat, swelling, and pain a. fever b. chemical barrier c. NK cells d. inflammation
d. inflammation
Which of the following is FALSE regarding a vaccine a. it is artificially acquired immunity b. it is active immunity c. it is long-lasting immunity d. it is passive immunity
d. it is passive immunity
This member of the T-cell clone destroys a bacterium by punching holes in its cell membrane and by secreting lymphokines that enhance phagocytic activity a. plasma cell b. suppressor T cell c. macrophage d. killer T cell
d. killer T cell
Which of the following is least characteristic of a vaccine a. artificially acquired immunity b. active immunity c. conveys long-lasting immunity d. passive, immediate-onset, and short-lived immunity
d. passive, immediate-onset and short-lived immunity
Which is FALSE regarding IgE antibodies a. they bind to mast cells b. they are active during an immediate hypersensitivity reaction c. they bind with the allergen on the mast cell d. they cause the release of antihistamines
d. they cause the release of antihistamines
pus
dead leukocytes, pathogens, injured cells and tissue fluid
the process of neutrophils and monocytes squeezing through the capillary walls is called
diapedesis
lysozyme
discourages growth of pathogens on the surface of the eye
macrophages
enlarged monocyte that eats foreign material; a "big eater", may be wondering or fixed
if the phagocytes are confined they are considered
fixed
clone
group of cells that come from a single cell and are therefore genetically identical
complement proteins
group of proteins in the blood that are concerned with phagocytosis, circulate in inactive form, activated attack bacterium's membrane punching holes that allow fluid to flow into bacterium causing cytolysis (burst)
specific immunity
homes in on a foreign substance and provides protection against one specific substance but not others
pyrogens stimulate the
hypothalamus
active immunity
immunity achieved hen the body makes antibodies against antigen
naturally acquired immunity
immunity acquired through natural means, such as getting a disease or receiving antibodies from your mother
artificially acquired immunity
immunity acquired through the use of agents such as vaccines toxoids, and immunoglobulins
autoimmunity
immunity against one's own tissue
phagocytosis
ingestion and destruction of pathogens or cellular debris by some leukocytes
the types of protective proteins
interferons and complement
functions of immune system
protecting the body from pathogens, foreign agents
non specific immunity
protects the body from many different types of foreign agents ; the body doesn't have to recognize the foreign agent
fever
pyrexia
fever producing substances
pyrogens
passive immunity
short-acting immunity achieved when the person is given antibodies made by another animal
How are the defenses of the immune system classified
specific and nonspecific
immunology
study of immune system
interferons
substances produced by a virus-infected cell; protect other cells from viral infection by preventing replication
antibodies
substances that react with a specific antigen
these play a very important part in specific immunity
t cells and b cells and macrophages
what is the first line of defense
the mucous membranes and the intact skin
what assists the skin and the mucous membranes w their defense barriers
their secretions
cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
type of immunity engaged in by the T cell; cell to cell combat
T lymphocytes (T cells)
type of lymphocyte that engages in cell-mediated immunity; mature in thymus gland eventually carried to lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes and spleen) make up 70-80% of blood's lymphocytes