AP Ch. 21 Immune System

What other types of cells are involved in immunity, where are they located and what are their functions?

- macrophages, almost all organs and tissues, phagocytosis ; present antigens to lymphocytes - mast cells, almost all organs and tissues; esp liver and lung, release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation

_____ recognition of self a. cell-mediated immunity b. immunotolerance c. antibody-mediated immunity d. macrophage

b. immunotolerance

Tonsilitis, appendicitis, and lymphangitis are all a. disorders of the mouth b. inflammatory conditions c. disorders of the digestive system d. responsive to antibiotics

b. inflammatory conditions

_____ first line of defense that includes an intact skin and mucous membrane a. fever b. mechanical barriers c. inflammation d. chemical barriers

b. mechanical barriers

Complement and interferons are a. considered to be specific immunity b. protective proteins engaged in nonspecific immunity c. secreted by B cells and T cells d. vaccines

b. protective proteins engaged in nonspecific immunity

allergens

foreign substance or antigen that stimulates an allergic reaction

antigen

foreign substance that stimulates the production of antibodies

what is the second line of defense

phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, natural killer cells, protective proteins

connective tissue helps how in the area of inflammation

prevents the infection from spreading throughout the body

_______ caused by pyrogens a. chemical barriers b. fever c. phagocytosis d. protective proteins

b. fever

B lymphocytes (B cells)

lymphocytes that engage in antibody-mediated immunity, differentiate in the fetal liver and bone marrow, account for 20-30% of blood lymphocytes

monocytes deposit themselves into organs and become

macrophages

what cells are the phagocytes

monocytes, neutrophils

neutrophils and monocytes can move throughout the

motile

What are the types of lymphocytes and where are they produced, and what is their function?

-B cells, bone marrow, antibody-mediated immunity -T Cells, bone marrow and lymphoid tissue, cell-mediated immunity -natural killer (NK) cells, lymphoid tissue, kill cells

What are the types of naturally acquired immunity, what is their stimulus and the result?

-active immunity, exposed to live pathogens, long-term immunity; makes antibodies -passive immunity, antibodies are passed from mother to infant, short-term immunity (lasts for the first 6 mo and for duration of breast-feeding); does not stimulate production of antibodies

What are the types of artificially-acquired immunity, what is their stimulus and the result?

-active immunity, vaccination, long-term immunity; makes antibodies -passive immunity, injection with gamma globulin (antibodies), short-term immunity; does not stimulate the production of antibodies

What are the types of T cells and what are their functions?

-killer T cells, kill cells -helper T cells, secrete lymphokines, which activate B cells and other cells -suppressor T cells, inhibit B-cell and T-cell activity (help control immune response) -memory T cells, remember the antigens

What are the 3 types of granular leukocytes, where are they produced and what are their functions?

-neutrophils, bone marrow, phagocytosis -basophils, bone marrow, secrete histamin and heparin -eoshinophils, bone marrow, destroy parasites

What are the types of B cells and what are their functions?

-plasma cells, secrete antibodies -memory B cells, remember the antigens

Indicate whether the following conveys active immunity or passive immunity 1. vaccine 2. antivenom 3. antitoxin 4. toxoid 5. gamma globulin 6. getting the disease

1. active immunity 2. passive immunity 3. passive immunity 4. active immunity 5. passive immunity 6. active immunity

When tissues are injured or irritated, injured cells release a. antigens b. histamine c. pyrogens d. interferons

b. histamine

What are the types of nongranular leukocytes?

Monocytes, lymphocytes

antibody-mediated immunity (AMI) (humoral immunity)

a type of immunity engaged in by the B lymphocytes, B cells secretes antibodies that attack the antigen

_____ subgroup of the B-cell clone that secrets antibodies a. plasma cells b. cell-mediated immunity c. immunotolerance d. antibody-mediated immunity

a. plasma cells

_____ complement and interferons a. protective proteins b. chemical barriers c. mechanical barriers d. phagocytosis

a. protective proteins

_____ T cell immunity a. cell-mediated immunity b. immunotolerance c. plasma cells d. macrophage

a. cell-mediated immunity

A patient in anaphylactic shock would usually receive an injection of a. epinephrine b. gamma globulin c. a vasodilator d. a booster

a. epinephrine

A person has an infection and his phagocytes respond appropriately by releasing pyrogens, thereby resetting the body's thermostat. What happens next a. he shivers, thereby producing heat. b. he sweats and his blood vessels dilate, thereby losing heat. c. he forms pus around the hypothalamus. d. his body temperature declines.

a. he shivers, thereby producing heat.

What is the primary concern regarding the care of a person experiencing an anaphylactic reaction a. inability to breathe b. development of hives c. development of febrile seizures d. intense itching and discomfort

a. inability to breathe

When complement proteins are activated against a bacterium a. the complement punches holes in the membrane, allowing fluid to rush in and causing the bacterium to burst and die b. specific immunity occurs c. T cells are activated d. helper cells are activated and secrete a lymphokine that stimulates T cells and B cells and enhances the immune response

a. the complement punches holes in the membrane, allowing fluid to rush in and causing the bacterium to burst and die

immunity

ability to resist and overcome injury by pathogens or antigenic substances; human body's elaborate defense system

immunoglobulins

antibodies produced by plasma cells in response to antigenic stimulation

vaccine

antigens that have been altered in order to produce active immunity without causing the disease

_____ special type of lymphocyte that acts nonspecifically to destroy certain cells a. protective proteins b. NK cells c. chemical barriers d. fever

b. NK cells

Which of the following drugs is least apt to cure a condition such as pyuria a. antimicrobial b. antipyretic c. antibiotic d. antibacterial

b. antipyretic

Inflammation is a. specific immunity b. characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain c. known as cell-mediated immunity d. synonymous with infection

b. characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain

The release of histamine is of concern because it a. elevates blood pressure b. constricts breathing passages c. depresses IgE antibodies d. causes contact dermatitis

b. constricts breathing passages

A common response to exposure of poison ivy, certain cosmetics, and soap is a. anaphylaxis b. contact dermatitis c. production of memory cells d. production of specific immunity

b. contact dermatitis

Pyrexia, pyrogens, and febrile seizures are most related to this nonspecific form of immunity a. inflammation b. fever c. anaphylaxis d. diapedesis, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis

b. fever

inflammation

body's response to infection or injury (irritant) ;characterized by by redness, heat, swelling, and pain

Where are monocytes produced and what are their functions?

bone marrow, phagocytosis; enter tissues and are transformed into macrophages

Which of the following is a marker for immune function and is used to monitor the progression of HIV infection a. platelet count b. hematocrit c. CD4+T cell count d. IgE antibody count

c. CD4+T cell count

With which of the following is anaphylaxis most associated a. interferons b. phagocytosis c. IgE d. contact dermatitis

c. IgE

With which of the following is an immediate hypersensitivity reaction most associated a. vaccination b. contact dermatitis secondary to an exposure to cleaning products c. anaphylaxis d. autoimmune disease

c. anaphylaxis

_____ first line of defense that includes tears, saliva, hydrochloric acid, and perspiration a. fever b. phagocytosis c. chemical barriers d. NK cells

c. chemical barriers

Which of the following best describes the killer T cell, helper T cell, memory T cell, and suppressor T cell a. immunoglobulins b. macrophages c. clone d. agglutination

c. clone

The administration of tetanus toxoid a. is done only after the person has been exposed to Clostridium tetani b. conveys short-lasting passive immunity c. conveys active immunity d. conveys active immunity against all bacterial infection

c. conveys active immunity

Which of the following is not related to cell-mediated immunity a. cell-to-cell combat b. killer T cells c. immunoglobulins d. antigen presentation by a macrophage

c. immunoglobulins

_____ large monocyte a. immunotolerance b. antibody-mediated immunity c. macrophage d. plasma cells

c. macrophage

______ process of ingesting pathogens to destroy them a. NK cells b. inflammation c. phagocytosis d. chemical barriers

c. phagocytosis

Helper T cells a. produce pus b. suppress inflammation c. secrete a lymphokine that stimulates B and T cell activity and, in general, enhances the immune response d. secrete antibodies

c. secrete a lymphokine that stimulates B and T cell activity and, in general, enhances the immune response

Plasma cells a. refer to T cells b. are the same as NK cells c. secrete antibodies d. secrete interferons

c. secrete antibodies

Which of the following is FALSE concerning Kupffer cells a. they are fixed macrophages b. they are located in the sinusoids of the liver c. they engage in antibody-mediated immunity d. they engage in phagocytosis

c. they engage in antibody-mediated immunity

The solution that contains dead or at6tenuated pathogens to stimulate antibody production is a(n) a. antitoxin b. antivenom c. vaccination d. immune globulin

c. vaccination

The redness and heat of inflammation is caused by a. the collection of pus at the injured site. b. the formation of scar tissue c. vasodilation. d. ischemia

c. vasodilation.

signaling to attract phagocytes is called

chemotaxis

Which of the following is TRUE of naturally acquired active immunity a. being vaccinated conveys this type of immunity b. it is acquired from mother to infant (across the placenta or from breast milk) c. it is acquired from an injection of gamma globulin d. a child develops measles and acquires immunity

d. a child develops measles and acquires immunity

_____ also called humoral immunity a. plasma cells b. cell-mediated immunity c. immunotolerance d. antibody-mediated immunity

d. antibody-mediated immunity

T and B cells a. engage in nonspecific immunity b. refer to neutrophils c. both engage in antibody-mediated immunity d. are lyphocytes that are responsible for specific immunity

d. are lyphocytes that are responsible for specific immunity

What is a favorite activity of a macrophage and phagocyte a. hemostasis b. leukopoiesis c. fever production d. eating

d. eating

Pyrexia, antipyretic drugs, and pyromaniac all refer to a. pus or urinary tract infection b. purulent discharge or abscess c. septicemia or septic shock d. fever or fire

d. fever or fire

The CD4+ T cell is a(an) a. granulocyte b. NK lymphocyte c. plasma cell d. helper T cell

d. helper T cell

_____ redness, heat, swelling, and pain a. fever b. chemical barrier c. NK cells d. inflammation

d. inflammation

Which of the following is FALSE regarding a vaccine a. it is artificially acquired immunity b. it is active immunity c. it is long-lasting immunity d. it is passive immunity

d. it is passive immunity

This member of the T-cell clone destroys a bacterium by punching holes in its cell membrane and by secreting lymphokines that enhance phagocytic activity a. plasma cell b. suppressor T cell c. macrophage d. killer T cell

d. killer T cell

Which of the following is least characteristic of a vaccine a. artificially acquired immunity b. active immunity c. conveys long-lasting immunity d. passive, immediate-onset, and short-lived immunity

d. passive, immediate-onset and short-lived immunity

Which is FALSE regarding IgE antibodies a. they bind to mast cells b. they are active during an immediate hypersensitivity reaction c. they bind with the allergen on the mast cell d. they cause the release of antihistamines

d. they cause the release of antihistamines

pus

dead leukocytes, pathogens, injured cells and tissue fluid

the process of neutrophils and monocytes squeezing through the capillary walls is called

diapedesis

lysozyme

discourages growth of pathogens on the surface of the eye

macrophages

enlarged monocyte that eats foreign material; a "big eater", may be wondering or fixed

if the phagocytes are confined they are considered

fixed

clone

group of cells that come from a single cell and are therefore genetically identical

complement proteins

group of proteins in the blood that are concerned with phagocytosis, circulate in inactive form, activated attack bacterium's membrane punching holes that allow fluid to flow into bacterium causing cytolysis (burst)

specific immunity

homes in on a foreign substance and provides protection against one specific substance but not others

pyrogens stimulate the

hypothalamus

active immunity

immunity achieved hen the body makes antibodies against antigen

naturally acquired immunity

immunity acquired through natural means, such as getting a disease or receiving antibodies from your mother

artificially acquired immunity

immunity acquired through the use of agents such as vaccines toxoids, and immunoglobulins

autoimmunity

immunity against one's own tissue

phagocytosis

ingestion and destruction of pathogens or cellular debris by some leukocytes

the types of protective proteins

interferons and complement

functions of immune system

protecting the body from pathogens, foreign agents

non specific immunity

protects the body from many different types of foreign agents ; the body doesn't have to recognize the foreign agent

fever

pyrexia

fever producing substances

pyrogens

passive immunity

short-acting immunity achieved when the person is given antibodies made by another animal

How are the defenses of the immune system classified

specific and nonspecific

immunology

study of immune system

interferons

substances produced by a virus-infected cell; protect other cells from viral infection by preventing replication

antibodies

substances that react with a specific antigen

these play a very important part in specific immunity

t cells and b cells and macrophages

what is the first line of defense

the mucous membranes and the intact skin

what assists the skin and the mucous membranes w their defense barriers

their secretions

cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

type of immunity engaged in by the T cell; cell to cell combat

T lymphocytes (T cells)

type of lymphocyte that engages in cell-mediated immunity; mature in thymus gland eventually carried to lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes and spleen) make up 70-80% of blood's lymphocytes