Chapter 27; Fluids and Electrolyte Balance

how do the kidneys compensate for acid-base imbalances

all of the above

the nephron is responsible for maintaining

all of the above

respiratory acidosis is a result of

an increase in the H+ in the blood

hyperventilation is defined as

an increase in the rate and depth of breathing

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

buffer

which of the following is NOT an electrolyte?

carbohydrate

which of the folllowing is NOT one of the body's chemical buffering systems?

hydrochloride

which of the following does NOT result in metabolic alkalosis?

hyperventilation

imagine a beautiful sunny afternoon at the beach, and you consume a whole pitcher of water while sitting under your sun umbrella. Which of the following events happens in response to this stress on your body?

increased urine volume produced by the kidneys

in an adult female, the body consists of about ______ percent water.

50

the amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

aldosterone

too much carbon dioxide in the blood can be the result of

emphysema

When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results.

acidemia

why does rebreathing simulate hypoventilation?

carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood with either

What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF?

carbonic acid

the formation of carbonic acid from water and carbon dioxide is catalyzed by

carbonic anhydrase

increased blood volume will

decrease thirst

homeostatic mechanism that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the

extracellular fluid

you go out for the evening with friends to your favorite restaurant. While enjoying the evening, you eat a large amount of very salty foods.Which of the following events does not occur?

extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity decreases

small amounts of _______ acids are generated during the catabolism if amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups

fixed

ingestion of too much alcohol results in which of the following?

gain of acid, metabolic acidosis

which organs are primarily responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration in the ECF

kidneys

The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids

excessive diarrhea results in which of the following?

loos of bicarbonate, metabolic acidosis

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks

metabolic alkalosis

describe metabolic alkalosis

metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal o hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated

a friend has acid indigestion after eating a big meal. Which of the following would act as a buffer and help ease his pain?

milk of magnesia, with a pH of 10

while watching her favorite movie again, Amanda ate a whole bowl of salty popcorn and drank several large glasses of water. What was her body's response to that enjoyable evening?

natriuretic peptide release

which hormone(s) is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distention?

nautruretic peptides

Identify the body's three major buffer systems.

phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system

the principal cation in cytoplasm is

potassium

hyperventilation will _____ pH

raise (increase)

which of the following have the same effect on plasma pH?

reabsorption of bicarbonate and excretion of H+

which of the following has the greatest capacity for pH change in the body?

renal system

hypoventilation leads to

respiratory acidosis

intracellular fluid is found only within

the cells of the body

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by

the kidneys

with regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is

the kidneys

which of the following is true of electrolytes?

they are ionic compounds

respiratory alkalosis is a result of

too little carbon dioxide in the blood

the movement of fluid and solutes from the peritubular capillary to the renal tubule is referred to as

tubular secretion

ketoacidosis is usually a result of

uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

a(n)______ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere

volatile

identify routes of fluid loss from the body

water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs and feces

metabolic water is

water produced through catabolic process

if a person exercises for a long time, lactic acid will start to build up his or her muscles. Which of the following would you expect to happen as the lactic acid first starts to be formed?

weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change