Chapter 27; Fluids and Electrolyte Balance
how do the kidneys compensate for acid-base imbalances
all of the above
the nephron is responsible for maintaining
all of the above
respiratory acidosis is a result of
an increase in the H+ in the blood
hyperventilation is defined as
an increase in the rate and depth of breathing
A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)
buffer
which of the following is NOT an electrolyte?
carbohydrate
which of the folllowing is NOT one of the body's chemical buffering systems?
hydrochloride
which of the following does NOT result in metabolic alkalosis?
hyperventilation
imagine a beautiful sunny afternoon at the beach, and you consume a whole pitcher of water while sitting under your sun umbrella. Which of the following events happens in response to this stress on your body?
increased urine volume produced by the kidneys
in an adult female, the body consists of about ______ percent water.
50
the amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by
aldosterone
too much carbon dioxide in the blood can be the result of
emphysema
When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results.
acidemia
why does rebreathing simulate hypoventilation?
carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood with either
What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF?
carbonic acid
the formation of carbonic acid from water and carbon dioxide is catalyzed by
carbonic anhydrase
increased blood volume will
decrease thirst
homeostatic mechanism that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the
extracellular fluid
you go out for the evening with friends to your favorite restaurant. While enjoying the evening, you eat a large amount of very salty foods.Which of the following events does not occur?
extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity decreases
small amounts of _______ acids are generated during the catabolism if amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups
fixed
ingestion of too much alcohol results in which of the following?
gain of acid, metabolic acidosis
which organs are primarily responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration in the ECF
kidneys
The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to
limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids
excessive diarrhea results in which of the following?
loos of bicarbonate, metabolic acidosis
A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks
metabolic alkalosis
describe metabolic alkalosis
metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal o hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated
a friend has acid indigestion after eating a big meal. Which of the following would act as a buffer and help ease his pain?
milk of magnesia, with a pH of 10
while watching her favorite movie again, Amanda ate a whole bowl of salty popcorn and drank several large glasses of water. What was her body's response to that enjoyable evening?
natriuretic peptide release
which hormone(s) is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distention?
nautruretic peptides
Identify the body's three major buffer systems.
phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system
the principal cation in cytoplasm is
potassium
hyperventilation will _____ pH
raise (increase)
which of the following have the same effect on plasma pH?
reabsorption of bicarbonate and excretion of H+
which of the following has the greatest capacity for pH change in the body?
renal system
hypoventilation leads to
respiratory acidosis
intracellular fluid is found only within
the cells of the body
Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by
the kidneys
with regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is
the kidneys
which of the following is true of electrolytes?
they are ionic compounds
respiratory alkalosis is a result of
too little carbon dioxide in the blood
the movement of fluid and solutes from the peritubular capillary to the renal tubule is referred to as
tubular secretion
ketoacidosis is usually a result of
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
a(n)______ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere
volatile
identify routes of fluid loss from the body
water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs and feces
metabolic water is
water produced through catabolic process
if a person exercises for a long time, lactic acid will start to build up his or her muscles. Which of the following would you expect to happen as the lactic acid first starts to be formed?
weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change
