ap chapter 23 part 2

During the autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which event does not occur when the normal GFR is disturbed? a. dilation of efferent arterioles b. contraction of mesangial cells c. dilation of afferent arterioles d. constriction of efferent arterioles

a. dilation of efferent arterioles

The ______ control(s) capillary diameter and the rate of capillary blood flow. a. mesangial cells b. juxtaglomerular complex c. podocytes d. dense layer

a. mesangial cells

What is the limiting factor for the reabsorption of most actively transported solutes in the proximal tubule? a. number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane b. number of transport carriers in the basolateral membrane c. number of sodium-potassium ATPase pumps in the basolateral membrane

a. number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane

Which of the following is greater? a. the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) b. the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) c The concentrations at the top and bottom are identical

a. the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur? a. 5 b. 2 c. 1 d. 6 e. 4

c. 1

Where does countercurrent multiplication occur? c. 4 == nephron loop

c. 4 == nephron loop

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg. a. 25 mm Hg b. 35 mm Hg c. 50 mm Hg d. 60 mm Hg

a. 25 mm Hg

The process of filtration is driven by a. blood hydrostatic pressure. b. active transport. c. solvent drag. d. renal pumping. e. blood osmotic pressure

a. blood hydrostatic pressure

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day. a. 480 b. 180 c. 125 d. 18 e. 1.8

b. 180

Most solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule use which of the following pathways? a. paracellular b. Transcellular

b. Transcellular

variable secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions is a specific function of which renal structure? a. proximal convoluted tubule b. collecting system c. distal convoluted tubule d. nephron loop

b. collecting system

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures: Which of those pressures is a pressure that favors the filtration pressure? a. capsular hydrostatic pressure b. glomerular hydrostatic pressure c. blood colloid osmotic pressure

b. glomerular hydrostatic pressure

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to a. decrease secretion of aldosterone. b. increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex. c. increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. d. increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands. e. decrease urinary albumin concentration.

b. increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease? a. net filtration would increase b. net filtration would decrease c. net filtration would not be altered

b. net filtration would decrease

In which region of the nephron is tubular fluid first formed? a. nephron loop b. proximal convoluted tubule c. distal convoluted tubule d. renal corpuscle

b. proximal convoluted tubule

The active transport of which ion out of proximal convoluted tubule cells causes the reabsorption of both water and solutes? a. chloride b. sodium c. Potassium

b. sodium

In the countercurrent multiplication mechanism: a. active transport at the apical surface of the thin descending limb of the nephron loop moves sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid of the renal medulla. b. as water is reabsorbed along the DCT and collecting duct, the concentration of urea gradually decreases in the tubular fluid. c. active transport at the apical surface of the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop moves sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid of the renal medulla. d. the removal of sodium and chloride ions from the tubular fluid in the thick ascending limb decreases the osmotic concentration of the peritubular fluid around the thin descending limb

c. active transport at the apical surface of the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop moves sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid of the renal medulla.

During reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubule, what causes water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space? a. active transport of water b. a decrease in the osmolarity of the interstitium c. an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium

c. an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate? a. water and small solutes b. ions, such as sodium and potassium c. blood cells and large particles d. nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea

c. blood cells and large particles

Secretion of hydrogen ion by the DCT is by the process of a. active transport. b. facilitated diffusion. c. countertransport. d. diffusion. e. cotransport.

c. countertransport

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers:

c. endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.

Which transport mechanism(s) results from blood pressure that forces water and solutes across the membranes of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space? a. reabsorption b. secretion c. filtration d. reabsorption and secretion

c. filtration

Which of the following reabsorbs 25% of the water in the nephron? a. distal convoluted tubule b. proximal convoluted tubule c. nephron loop d. collecting system

c. nephron loop

Which of the following would only be found in the glomerular filtrate if the glomerular membrane were damaged? a. chloride b. creatinine c. protein d. glucose

c. protein

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce a. urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions. b. a larger volume of urine. c. urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions. d. urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions. e. urine with less glucose

c. urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

Which of the following transporters in the luminal membrane results in secretion? a. potassium ion channel b. glucose carrier transporter c. Na+-glucose cotransporter d. Na+-H+ countertransport

d. Na+-H+ countertransport

Which event correctly occurs under maximum ADH stimulation? a. Facultative water reabsorption occurs in the PCT. b. Obligatory water reabsorption occurs in the DCT. c. The DCT and collecting system become impermeable to water. d. The DCT and collecting system become more permeable to water

d. The DCT and collecting system become more permeable to water

Which factor controlling glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is usually 0 mm Hg under normal circumstances? a. blood colloid osmotic pressure b. filtration pressure c. glomerular hydrostatic pressure d. capsular colloid osmotic pressure

d. capsular colloid osmotic pressure

What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"? glomerulus b. reabsorption c. excretion d. filtration e. micturition f. secretion

d. filtration

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, a. the osmolarity of the urine decreases. b. more urine is produced. c. less urine is produced. d. more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases. e. less urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases

d. more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases

Which metabolite(s) or nutrient(s) is/are not present in normal urine? a. amino acids b. glucose c. lipids d. proteins

d. proteins

Formation of angiotensin I is triggered by ______. a. ADH b. aldosterone c. angiotensin II d. renin

d. renin

The decreased intracellular concentration of sodium in tubular cells during active transport is caused by which of the following mechanisms? a. sodium-glucose cotransporter b. the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the luminal membrane c. passive sodium channels d. the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane

d. the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane

Which area is sensitive to the hormone ADH? distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves a. the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). b. aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. c. a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. d. a properly functioning nephron loop (loop of Henle). e. all of the above

e. all of the above

The structure known as the juxtaglomerular apparatus is located near the a. the collecting duct. b. the proximal convoluted tubule. c. renal papilla. d. the nephron loop (loop of Henle). e. glomerulus.

e. glomerulus

Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following, except a. increase systemic blood pressure. b. increase cardiac output. c. produce venoconstriction of blood reservoirs. d. stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction. e. increase the glomerular filtration rate

e. increase the glomerular filtration rate

The process of filtration occurs at a. the proximal convoluted tubule. b. the distal convoluted tubule. c. the collecting duct. d. the nephron loop (loop of Henle). e. the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

e. the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration? colloid osmotic pressure of blood hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure) Gravity

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)