AP Classroom Ch 28-30

Which of the following was the major long-term political effect of the Great Depression? A Governments began to take a more active role in economic life. B Labor unions in industrialized states dominated political life. C Philanthropic organizations provided relief for disadvantaged children D Governments created policies to restrict international trade.

A (Governments began to take a more active role in economic life.)

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 The second paragraph best provides information about the way in which states in the nineteenth century A used Enlightenment ideas to justify their attempts to convert conquered populations to Christianity B attempted to consolidate their conquests by enrolling local populations into imperial service C justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions D facilitated cultural exchange between different religious groups to conquer neighboring states

C (justified territorial expansion by claiming that they were bringing progress to conquered regions)

Source 1 "Under the present circumstances, if we were to find ourselves in a war with France, it will be a people's war that cannot be won in one decisive battle but will turn into a long and deadly struggle with a country that will not give up before the strength of its entire people has been broken. Our own people, too, will be utterly broken and exhausted, even if we emerge victorious at the end." Helmuth von Moltke, German general, letter to the German emperor Wilhelm II, 1905 Source 2 "The integrity of what remains of the Ottoman Empire is one of the principles upon which the world's balance of power is based. Therefore, I reject the idea that it is in our national interest to shatter one of the cornerstones of the international order. What if, after we have attacked Libya* and destabilized the Ottoman Empire, the Balkans begin to stir? And what if a Balkan war provokes a clash between the two power blocs and a European war? Italy must not be the country that bears the responsibility of putting a match to the powder keg." *Italy wanted to colonize Libya, which at the time was a province of the Ottoman Empire. Giovanni Giolitti, prime minister of Italy, speech before the Italian parliament as it debated whether to attack Ottoman Libya, 1911 Moltke's prediction in Source 1 about the consequences of a potential war between Germany and France is most directly explained by the fact that A France's recent industrialization made it militarily superior to Germany B France had a much larger population than Germany C previous conflicts had stirred intense nationalism in France and Germany D fascists within Germany sought to use a potential war with France as an excuse to establish a dictatorship

C (previous conflicts had stirred intense nationalism in France and Germany)

Which of the following best describes the lithograph above by German artist George Grosz? A A propaganda poster prepared for the Nuremberg Rally by the Nazi Party B A protest poster against the atrocities of the atomic bomb C A representation of a Holocaust victim from Dachau D A post-First World War print expressing antiwar sentiment E A twentieth-century painting exemplifying the ideas of the Cubists

D (A post-First World War print expressing antiwar sentiment)

During the eighteenth century, which of the following reigned, but did not rule? A The Ottoman sultan B The king of France C The Chinese emperor D The Japanese emperor E The Russian tsar

D (The Japanese emperor)

Between 1750 and 1900, which of the following industrializing states created an empire? A Japan B China C Brazil D Argentina

A (Japan)

Which of the following was a common characteristic of the major revolutions that occurred in Russia, China, and Mexico in the early twentieth century? A Nationalism and socialism helped shape all three revolutions. B Foreign powers played an important role in each revolution's initial success. C The upper class of each society led the movement that resulted in revolution. D Each revolution failed after a short period of violent civil war.

A (Nationalism and socialism helped shape all three revolutions.)

Which of the following was a major factor that contributed to changes in family dynamics in both Great Britain and Japan during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A The migration of male indentured laborers to the Americas B The increased number of women in the workforce C The rapid rise in the number of children working in large factories D The large number of women elected to political office

B (The increased number of women in the workforce)

"Are we prepared for so stubborn a fight as a future war involving the great powers of Europe will undoubtedly become? The answer, we must say without evasion, is no. In addition to the military considerations, there is also the political angle. It should not be forgotten that Russia and Germany are representatives of the conservative principle in the civilized world, as opposed to the democratic principle represented by England and France. From this point of view, a war between Russia and Germany, regardless of the specific issues over which it is fought, is profoundly undesirable to both sides. Such a conflict, however it ends, would entail the weakening of the conservative principle of which the two powers are the only reliable bulwarks. Moreover, one must realize that, under the precarious conditions that now exist, a general European war is mortally dangerous to both Russia and Germany, no matter who wins. It is my firm conviction, based on long and careful study of the multitude of subversive tendencies and movements that we are presently facing, that there must inevitably break out in the defeated country a social revolution that, by the very nature of these things, will inevitably spread to the country of the victor. In our country today, there are countless agitators telling the peasant that he should demand a gratuitous share of somebody else's land, or the worker that he should be getting hold of the entire capital and profits of the manufacturer. War with Germany will create exceptionally favorable conditions for such agitations." Pyotr Durnovo, Russian Minister of the Interior, memorandum to Tsar Nicholas II, February 1914 The memorandum is best explained in the context of which of the following developments in the early twentieth century? A The decline of the Western-dominated global order B The emergence of external and internal challenges that threatened the stability of imperial states C The emergence of new nation-states based on the principle of ethnic self-determination D The use of government propaganda to mobilize national populations for conflict with rival states

B (The emergence of external and internal challenges that threatened the stability of imperial states)

The Meiji reforms in Japan resulted in A the strengthening of the power of regional lords at the expense of the emperor B a shift of power away from regional lords and to the emperor C the Tokugawa shogunate's adoption of a unified civil code D the overthrow of the imperial system for a democratic republic

B (a shift of power away from regional lords and to the emperor)

The print above suggests that as nineteenth-century Japan industrialized, Japanese women did which of the following? A Stayed at home, out of the workforce. B Demonstrated against participation in the factory system. C Became involved in the factory system and industrial production. D Enjoyed leadership positions over their male counterparts in factories and industries. E Chose to continue the domestic, or cottage, system of production.

C (Became involved in the factory system and industrial production.)

Which of the following best explains why Japan was more successful than China in resisting imperialist encroachments in the nineteenth century? A Japan's manipulaiton of the rivalries among western governments B The introduction of democracy by the Meiji Restoration C The willingness of Japan's elite to sponsor reform D Lack of interest in Japanese markets E Abundant natural resources

C (The willingness of Japan's elite to sponsor reform)

In the nineteenth century, the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires were two examples of A nationalistic empires B republican empires C colonial empires D multinational empires E nation-states

D (multinational empires)

Japan's industrialization during the Meiji period and the Soviet Union's industrialization during the 1920s and 1930s had which of the following characteristics in common? A Industrialization in both countries was achieved largely through state direction rather than through private initiative. B Both governments aimed to maintain women's inferior status while continuing to work on making economic progress. C Foreign investment capital financed both industrialization programs. D The working classes of both countries began to rebel against poor working conditions and to join political parties.

A (Industrialization in both countries was achieved largely through state direction rather than through private initiative.)

"In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and soldiers are not for the protection of existing principles; they are the instruments for the creation of principles where none exist. There are those moralists who would sit and wait for the day when all wars would end. Yet in my opinion the Western nations are growing ever stronger in the skills of war. In recent years, these countries devise strange new weapons and day by day increase their standing armies. One can argue that that is truly useless, truly stupid. Yet if others are working on being stupid, then I must respond in kind. If others are violent, then I too must become violent. International politics is the way of force rather than the way of virtue—and we should accept that." Yukichi Fukuzawa, Japanese intellectual, Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881 Ideas similar to those expressed in the passage would contribute most directly to which of the following? A Japanese imperialist policies in East and Southeast Asia in the first half of the twentieth century B Japanese government attempts to mobilize public opinion by promoting the veneration of the emperor in the 1930s and 1940s C Japan's policy of demilitarization after the end of the Second World War D Japan's "economic miracle" in the 1960s and 1970s

A (Japanese imperialist policies in East and Southeast Asia in the first half of the twentieth century)

"I belong to those scientists who consider that the drying up of the Aral Sea is far more advantageous than preserving it. First, in its zone, good fertile land will be obtained. . . . Cultivation of cotton alone will pay for the existing Aral Sea, with all its fisheries, shipping, and other industries. Second, the disappearance of the Sea will not affect the region's landscapes." A. Babayev, president of Soviet Turkmenistan's Academy of Sciences, late 1950s Which of the following best describes the cause of the developments described in the passage? A Soviet efforts to modernize their economy through government control B Soviet reaction to the economic crisis of the Great Depression C Protests against the environmental effects of economic development D Scientific breakthroughs in transportation and communication

A (Soviet efforts to modernize their economy through government control)

Which of the following most directly led to the start of the First World War? A European powers meeting in Berlin in 1884 and 1885 to divide Africa into colonies B Nationalist competition among industrialized powers for resources C Japanese imperialist expansion into Korea and China D Political tensions between communist and capitalist states

B (Nationalist competition among industrialized powers for resources)

"Freedom only for the supporters of the government, only for the members of one party—however numerous they may be—is no freedom at all. People often assume that we Marxists have a ready-made formula for how to effect the transformation to socialism. But that is not the case. It is true that we have the theory of the proletarian dictatorship and the concept of the revolutionary party. We also know more or less what we must eliminate to free the road for a socialist economy, but when it comes to the practical details, there are many possible paths. I believe that the only way to build true socialism is to do so in the most broadly democratic way. Without general elections, without unrestricted freedom of the press and assembly, without a free struggle of opinion, life dies out in every public institution. Those who say that all we need is a few dozen party leaders to direct and rule others are not true advocates of socialism. Those who say that all we need is to invite a few members of the working class to our party meetings from time to time so that they can applaud the speeches of our leaders are not true advocates of socialism. What such people want is a dictatorship to be sure, just not the dictatorship of the proletariat advocated by Marx, but merely the dictatorship of a handful of politicians. It is really not much different from the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie over the workers." Rosa Luxemburg, German Marxist socialist, "The Problem of Dictatorship," essay published in 1922 Compared with Rosa Luxemburg, most leaders of communist governments in the twentieth century can best be described as A equally dedicated to democracy and opposed to party dictatorship B much more willing to renounce Marx's views on class struggle C much more willing to use nondemocratic or violent measures to achieve political aims D much less willing to use the apparatus of the state to implement their policies

C (much more willing to use nondemocratic or violent measures to achieve political aims)

All of the following resulted from the French and Russian Revolutions EXCEPT A a loss of power for the established church B a socialist economic system C the execution of the monarch and family D the rise of a strong autocratic leader

B (a socialist economic system)

Which of the following distinguishes the Meiji period from earlier periods in Japanese history? A Militarism and feudalism B Isolation and lack of foreign trade C Reform and industrialization D Democratization and manorial privilege

C (Reform and industrialization)

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up and the cultivation extended." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 The technologies and economic policies described in the passage contributed most significantly to which of the following demographic developments in the nineteenth century? A An increase in urbanization as displaced rural workers sought opportunities in cities B A reduction in family sizes as fertility rates declined C A significant increase in child mortality as epidemic disease spread D A decrease in the average life span of European settlers overseas

A (An increase in urbanization as displaced rural workers sought opportunities in cities)

"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal." Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882 Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the economic development of Japan and the economic development of Russia in the nineteenth century? A Both countries industrialized, with the state playing an important role in the process. B Both countries remained dependent on the West for their economic development. C Japan's economy remained predominantly agrarian, while Russia became a major industrial power. D Russia's industrialization occurred in the early 1800s, while Japan's industrialization occurred in the late 1800s.

A (Both countries industrialized, with the state playing an important role in the process.)

Which of the following was a major long-term effect of the global economic depression of the 1930s? A Governments began to take a more active role in their economies. B Global warming was accelerated by increased burning of fossil fuels. C Land-based empires such as the Ottoman Empire became stronger. D Individuals such as Gandhi developed the practice of nonviolence.

A (Governments began to take a more active role in their economies.)

Which of the following best supports the contention that the First World War was the first total war? A Governments mobilized large segments of their populations and economies and targeted their opponents' military and economic capabilities. B The militaries of all major powers used the most advanced weaponry available to them. C All the major European powers were involved in the war. D Many of the countries on the victorious side of the war were weakened politically by conflict.

A (Governments mobilized large segments of their populations and economies and targeted their opponents' military and economic capabilities.)

Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934. Poster text: "Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!" Banners at bottom read: "Long live the invincible party of Lenin!" "Long live the great guide of the international proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!" The ideology reflected in the poster was most directly the result of which of the following developments in the nineteenth century? A Growing discontent with traditional forms of government led to the development of new political ideas. B Rebellions against imperial rule led to the formation of new independent states. C Demands for an expanded suffrage including women and the working class challenged existing political hierarchies. D Enlightenment philosophers and writers increasingly turned to empiricism and denounced the role of religion in political life.

A (Growing discontent with traditional forms of government led to the development of new political ideas.)

The numbers in Column B are most likely a reflection of which trend that affected many migrants in the late nineteenth century? A Migrants often lacked opportunities for economic and social advancement as a result of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism in the receiving societies. B Migrants were often able to maintain cultural and religious connections to their home country through letters and newspapers. C Migrants often wanted to assimilate quickly into the dominant linguistic and cultural environment of their receiving societies. D Migrants often returned, either periodically or permanently, to their home societies after saving enough money to start a new life there.

A (Migrants often lacked opportunities for economic and social advancement as a result of anti-immigrant prejudice and racism in the receiving societies.)

"In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and soldiers are not for the protection of existing principles; they are the instruments for the creation of principles where none exist. There are those moralists who would sit and wait for the day when all wars would end. Yet in my opinion the Western nations are growing ever stronger in the skills of war. In recent years, these countries devise strange new weapons and day by day increase their standing armies. One can argue that that is truly useless, truly stupid. Yet if others are working on being stupid, then I must respond in kind. If others are violent, then I too must become violent. International politics is the way of force rather than the way of virtue—and we should accept that." Yukichi Fukuzawa, Japanese intellectual, Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881 Based on the passage, it can be inferred that in the late nineteenth century international relations were increasingly perceived as being governed by A Social Darwinism and international power politics B the Enlightenment and theories of natural rights C traditional or religious morality D socialism and the concept of international workers' solidarity

A (Social Darwinism and international power politics)

Which of the following societies successfully resisted foreign penetration and domination from 1650 to 1850? A The Japanese B The Indians C The South Africans D The Latin Americans E The Chinese

A (The Japanese)

The photograph above of German East African troops best illustrates which of the following historical processes during the First World War? A The increasing inclusion of non-Europeans in European conflicts B The undermining of European claims to moral superiority as a result of the destructiveness of the First World War C The development of African nationalism as a consequence of Africans' involvement in European wars D The gradual extension of self-rule to Europe's African colonies in the face of anticolonial protests by Africans

A (The increasing inclusion of non-Europeans in European conflicts)

"[Nineteenth-century] Indian liberal ideas, I argue, were foundational to all forms of Indian nationalism and the country's modern politics. Yet Indian liberalism was both wider in scope, and more specific in its remedies, than what is commonly called nationalism. To put it in its most positive light, Indian liberalism represented a broad range of thought and practice directed to the pursuit of political and social liberty. Its common features were a desire to re-empower India's people with personal freedom in the face of a despotic government of foreigners, entrenched traditional authority, and supposedly corrupt domestic or religious practices. Indian liberals sought representation in government service, on grand juries and, later, on elective bodies. They demanded a free press, freedom of assembly and public comment. Liberals broadly accepted the principle of individual property rights, subject to various degrees of protection for the masses against economic exploitation. Liberals emphasized education, particularly women's education. Educated women would help to abolish domestic tyranny, reinstate the ancient Hindu ideal of companionate marriage and improve the race. But a fine line was to be drawn between instructing women and permitting excessive license in gender relations, which was seen as a Western corruption." Christopher Bayly, British historian, Recovering Liberties: Indian Thought in the Age of Liberalism and Empire, 2012 The spread of the liberal ideas discussed in the passage was most directly a result of which of the following? A The influence of European political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in India B The revival of traditional Hindu social structures as a reaction against British influence in India C The example of American revolutions influenced by Enlightenment principles D The return of overseas migrants from plantations in the Pacific and Caribbean

A (The influence of European political and educational institutions facilitated by British imperial policies in India)

"When the proposal to proclaim the equality of races was rejected by the Peace Conference at Versailles, Viscount Makino, the Japanese representative, made it known that Japan would reintroduce the proposal. Obviously, Japan feels that this issue is momentous for the sake of humanity and the peace of the world. Of the non-white countries, Japan has taken the lead in adopting the best parts of European civilization. Japan codified her laws, and reformed her police and judicial systems, her military and naval forces, thus placing herself almost on an equal footing with that of the European countries. Some whites regard the development of Japan as an unjustifiable encroachment upon their own rights. It is, of course, true that there are still peoples in this world who are so backward in civilization that they cannot at once be admitted into the international family on an equal footing. What they need is proper guidance and direction. When they have reached a certain stage of civilization, they should be given an equal place and rank in the family of nations. Although most Asiatic nations are fully peers of European nations, yet they are discriminated against because of the color of the skin. The root of this discrimination lies in the perverted feeling of racial superiority entertained by the whites. If the present situation continues, there is every likelihood that the peace of the world will be endangered." Okuma Shigenobu, Japanese member of parliament and former prime minister, "Illusions of the White Race," article published in a Japanese journal, Tokyo, 1921 Asian reactions to Western claims of racial and cultural superiority, such as the reaction by Shigenobu in the passage, were also instrumental in the period 1918-1945 in the A intensification of anti-imperial resistance activities and independence movements B growing number of conversions to Christianity among Asian peoples C growing popularity of laissez-faire economic policies in Asian states D establishment of European immigrant enclaves in many parts of South and East Asia

A (intensification of anti-imperial resistance activities and independence movements)

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 The arguments expressed in the passage are significant because they help explain why A social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule B syncretic religious movements frequently emerged from cultural differences in colonial societies C nationalist movements against imperial rule often sought to bridge ethnic and religious differences by appealing to popular Enlightenment ideals D settler colonies frequently exacerbated differences between religious groups in colonial societies

A (social divisions within colonial societies often hindered the efforts of anticolonial movements to overthrow imperial rule)

The image from Japan during the Meiji Restoration best exemplifies which of the following processes? A Attempts by conservative members of society to maintain indigenous traditions B Cultural changes accompanying greater contact with the United States C Greater freedom for women resulting from democratization D Increased emphasis on international cooperation as a result of the lowering of trade barriers

B (Cultural changes accompanying greater contact with the United States)

Source 1 "Under the present circumstances, if we were to find ourselves in a war with France, it will be a people's war that cannot be won in one decisive battle but will turn into a long and deadly struggle with a country that will not give up before the strength of its entire people has been broken. Our own people, too, will be utterly broken and exhausted, even if we emerge victorious at the end." Helmuth von Moltke, German general, letter to the German emperor Wilhelm II, 1905 Source 2 "The integrity of what remains of the Ottoman Empire is one of the principles upon which the world's balance of power is based. Therefore, I reject the idea that it is in our national interest to shatter one of the cornerstones of the international order. What if, after we have attacked Libya* and destabilized the Ottoman Empire, the Balkans begin to stir? And what if a Balkan war provokes a clash between the two power blocs and a European war? Italy must not be the country that bears the responsibility of putting a match to the powder keg." *Italy wanted to colonize Libya, which at the time was a province of the Ottoman Empire. Giovanni Giolitti, prime minister of Italy, speech before the Italian parliament as it debated whether to attack Ottoman Libya, 1911 Giolitti's concerns in Source 2 about the potential consequences of conflict in the Balkans are most directly explained by which of the following developments in Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A Ethnic and religious diversity in European states ensured that ethnic tensions in one region would quickly spread across Europe and spark civil wars. B European states entered into military alliances with each other that forced them to come to their allies' aid in the event of conflict with a nonallied state. C Military experts feared that future wars between European states would likely be far deadlier than past wars, because of the recent development of more advanced weapons. D Conflict between European rivals had already led to the dissolution of imperial states such as the Habsburg Austro-Hungarian Empire.

B (European states entered into military alliances with each other that forced them to come to their allies' aid in the event of conflict with a nonallied state.)

The developments depicted in Map 2 most directly emerged from which of the following developments in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A European economic imperialism in Qing China B Government-sponsored industrialization as part of the Meiji reforms C American and European influence over Tokugawa Japan D Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism

B (Government-sponsored industrialization as part of the Meiji reforms)

"Are we prepared for so stubborn a fight as a future war involving the great powers of Europe will undoubtedly become? The answer, we must say without evasion, is no. In addition to the military considerations, there is also the political angle. It should not be forgotten that Russia and Germany are representatives of the conservative principle in the civilized world, as opposed to the democratic principle represented by England and France. From this point of view, a war between Russia and Germany, regardless of the specific issues over which it is fought, is profoundly undesirable to both sides. Such a conflict, however it ends, would entail the weakening of the conservative principle of which the two powers are the only reliable bulwarks. Moreover, one must realize that, under the precarious conditions that now exist, a general European war is mortally dangerous to both Russia and Germany, no matter who wins. It is my firm conviction, based on long and careful study of the multitude of subversive tendencies and movements that we are presently facing, that there must inevitably break out in the defeated country a social revolution that, by the very nature of these things, will inevitably spread to the country of the victor. In our country today, there are countless agitators telling the peasant that he should demand a gratuitous share of somebody else's land, or the worker that he should be getting hold of the entire capital and profits of the manufacturer. War with Germany will create exceptionally favorable conditions for such agitations." Pyotr Durnovo, Russian Minister of the Interior, memorandum to Tsar Nicholas II, February 1914 Which development during the first decade of the twentieth century can best be explained in the context of the "weakening of the conservative principle" mentioned in the first paragraph of the passage? A The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as socialists in the Balkans led revolutions that greatly weakened the Habsburg monarchy B The Mexican Revolution, as middle classes and peasants united to oust longtime dictator Porfirio Díaz and establish a more equitable society C The Boer War, in which Dutch-speaking white settlers inflicted several military defeats on British colonial armies in southern Africa D The formation of the Triple Entente alliance, in which Great Britain, France, and Russia pledged to work together to check the rise of Germany

B (The Mexican Revolution, as middle classes and peasants united to oust longtime dictator Porfirio Díaz and establish a more equitable society)

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s Late-nineteenth-century transoceanic labor migrations were most directly facilitated by which of the following developments? A The restructuring of traditional social hierarchies B The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation C The growing popularity of free-trade economic policies D The emergence of transnational businesses

B (The development of new, more affordable methods of transportation)

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up and the cultivation extended." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 Which of the following most directly enabled the implementation of the British policy outlined in the passage? A The creation of joint-stock trading companies, such as the British East India Company B The strengthening of British colonial control over the interior of India C The large-scale migration of British settlers to India D The growing British practice of indirect economic imperialism

B (The strengthening of British colonial control over the interior of India)

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s On a global scale, the gender makeup of the migrants referred to in the second paragraph best helps to explain which of the following social changes in home societies in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A Dramatic population increases leading to the adoption of new government policies to limit the birth of children B Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men C A greater reliance on children performing indentured labor D An increase in workers joining labor unions to demand higher wages

B (Women taking on new roles that had been formerly occupied by men)

"Since 1930, the Brazilian government has been undertaking a social policy whose main goal is to protect the working classes through the betterment of their working conditions, elevating their standard of life and extending the social security system. Indeed, the 1937 constitution proclaims that work is a social duty and establishes that it is the government's responsibility to guarantee the fulfillment of this duty by securing favorable conditions for workers and protecting them. In this way, the constitution guarantees the right of organization, recognizes the current unions as representatives of the workers, and authorizes the signing of collective-bargaining agreements. Salaries are protected and must provide a minimum standard of life. The workday is eight hours long, and there is one mandatory day of rest. Paid vacations are mandatory. Workers are protected against unjustified dismissal. Minors under 14 years old are not allowed to work, and women and men under 18 years old cannot work in unhealthy sites. The constitution establishes that the state must provide medical assistance to workers, and it must protect maternity and create insurance against old age and disability. The constitution also compels professional associations to assist its members. In order to enforce these principles, the constitution anticipates the creation of a Work Tribunal whose goal will be to arbitrate in all work-related litigation." Document produced by the Brazilian government of Getúlio Vargas circa 1940; Vargas had come to power in 1930 following a military coup. The Brazilian government's pride in listing the extensive workers' rights guaranteed under the 1937 constitution is significant because it shows that A governments across the political spectrum sought the support of the military in obtaining political power B governments across the political spectrum were influenced by socialist economic and social policies C governments across the political spectrum used nationalism to mobilize their populations for war D governments across the political spectrum promoted state-led industrialization to foster economic growth

B (governments across the political spectrum were influenced by socialist economic and social policies)

"When the proposal to proclaim the equality of races was rejected by the Peace Conference at Versailles, Viscount Makino, the Japanese representative, made it known that Japan would reintroduce the proposal. Obviously, Japan feels that this issue is momentous for the sake of humanity and the peace of the world. Of the non-white countries, Japan has taken the lead in adopting the best parts of European civilization. Japan codified her laws, and reformed her police and judicial systems, her military and naval forces, thus placing herself almost on an equal footing with that of the European countries. Some whites regard the development of Japan as an unjustifiable encroachment upon their own rights. It is, of course, true that there are still peoples in this world who are so backward in civilization that they cannot at once be admitted into the international family on an equal footing. What they need is proper guidance and direction. When they have reached a certain stage of civilization, they should be given an equal place and rank in the family of nations. Although most Asiatic nations are fully peers of European nations, yet they are discriminated against because of the color of the skin. The root of this discrimination lies in the perverted feeling of racial superiority entertained by the whites. If the present situation continues, there is every likelihood that the peace of the world will be endangered." Okuma Shigenobu, Japanese member of parliament and former prime minister, "Illusions of the White Race," article published in a Japanese journal, Tokyo, 1921 Shigenobu's point of view regarding Western attitudes toward Japan as expressed in the passage is significant in that similar ideas were used by members of the Japanese government during the period between the First and the Second World Wars to justify A engaging in war with Russia over influence in Manchuria B militarizing the Japanese state and expanding its territories in Asia C overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate and establishing the Meiji dynasty D introducing reforms that industrialized Japan's economy

B (militarizing the Japanese state and expanding its territories in Asia)

The table indicates that Indian labor migration to Trinidad in the mid- to late nineteenth century shared which of the following patterns with global migration processes in the same period? A Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved mostly coerced or semicoerced labor. B Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general resulted in migrants establishing ethnic enclaves in increasingly cosmopolitan cities. C Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved migrants who were mostly male. D Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general resulted in receiving societies' governments passing discriminatory anti-immigrant legislation.

C (Both Indian migration to Trinidad and global migration in general involved migrants who were mostly male.)

Which of the following was a major reason for the decline in India's share of the global manufacture of cotton textiles by the end of the nineteenth century? A Climate change that significantly altered the growing season B Disruption of production from disputes with labor unions C Competition from industrially produced British textiles D Religious opposition to capitalist modes of production

C (Competition from industrially produced British textiles)

Industrialization in Russia during the nineteenth century most closely resembled industrialization in which of the following regions? A The United States during the American Revolution B South America during the wars for independence from Spain C Japan during the Meiji Restoration D China during the Communist Revolution

C (Japan during the Meiji Restoration)

Which of the following developments in the period 1878-1922 best explains the change in Japanese trade patterns shown in the graphs above? A Japanese manufacturing output decreased because Japanese leaders restricted commercial ties. B Export of manufactured goods declined because United States tariffs on Japanese goods increased. C Japanese manufacturing output rose as a consequence of industrialization. D Japanese imports of raw materials increased as a consequence of extensive immigration to Japan.

C (Japanese manufacturing output rose as a consequence of industrialization.)

In the Japanese print above of the war between China and Japan (1894-1895), the artist suggests that the A Chinese were brave and honorable opponents B Japanese fought by using time-honored samurai tactics and weapons C Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing D Chinese actively sought foreign help against the Japanese

C (Japanese showed their mastery of Western technology, dress and military bearing)

In the mid-twentieth century, the presence of Chinese and Japanese populations in North America and of South Asian populations in the Caribbean and South Africa is best explained by which of the following? A Trade networks of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries B European and United States imperial conquests of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries C Labor migrations during the nineteenth century D Refugees fleeing warfare and repressive regimes during the twentieth century

C (Labor migrations during the nineteenth century)

Which of the following best explains all of the migration movements shown on the map above? A Large labor surpluses in India and China, due to the success of British and Qing agricultural reforms B The end of the slave trade in the Americas and the intensification of European colonial expansion in Africa C Labor shortages in plantation agriculture, the mineral extraction industry, and transportation projects D The end of revolutions in the Americas and the establishment of the American republics

C (Labor shortages in plantation agriculture, the mineral extraction industry, and transportation projects)

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 A historian analyzing the lecture would most likely argue that the audience of Chakravarti's lecture is significant because it shows the most direct contrast with which of the following developments in the nineteenth century? A Religious differences in colonial societies often led to communal violence. B Imperial states often granted preference to religious groups that they felt were less of a threat to their power. C Religious movements often inspired rebellions against imperial rule. D Imperial governments often consulted local religious leaders before issuing important decrees.

C (Religious movements often inspired rebellions against imperial rule.)

The primary rationale for Japan's territorial acquisitions in Southeast Asia during the period 1933-1942, as reflected in Map 2, was most similar to the primary rationale for which of the following? A The Ottoman Empire's conquest of the Middle East and North Africa B France's conquests in central and southern Europe under Napoleon C The British East India Company's takeover of other European states' colonial possessions in India D The Qing dynasty's expansion into Central Asia

C (The British East India Company's takeover of other European states' colonial possessions in India)

Based on an analysis of the Japanese currency used during the Meiji period (1868—1912) shown above, which of the following is the primary message conveyed by the engraving? A The Japanese government considered its geographical proximity to China to be of primary importance. B The Japanese government focused its expansionist policy on Australia and New Zealand. C The Japanese government saw itself as a major Pacific power. D The Japanese government was eager to develop trade ties with the United States.

C (The Japanese government saw itself as a major Pacific power.)

During the nineteenth century, which of the following engaged in a territorial expansion most similar to the one depicted in Map 1 ? A Qajar Iran B The Ottoman Empire C The United States D The Holy Roman Empire

C (The United States)

Which of the following processes in the nineteenth century most directly created the economic needs filled by Indian indentured servants in the Caribbean? A The growth of Great Britain's textile manufacturing sector as part of the first Industrial Revolution B The shift from East India Company rule to direct British imperial rule in India C The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in British colonies D The success of the Latin American revolutions in establishing independent republics in former Spanish American colonies

C (The abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and of slavery in British colonies)

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 In its description of the condition of the Crimean Tatars, the second paragraph most directly provides evidence of the influence of which of the following? A Laissez-faire liberalism B The ideology of nationalism C The concept of the civilizing mission D The racial theory of Social Darwinism

C (The concept of the civilizing mission)

"In theory, all of the peoples of the world, though different in their degree of civilization and enlightenment are created equal and are brothers before God. As universal love advances, the theory goes, and as the regulations of international law are put into place, the entire world will soon be at peace. This theory is currently espoused mainly by Western Christian ministers or by persons who are enamored of that religion. However, when we leave this fiction and look at the facts regarding international relations today, we find them shockingly different. Do nations honor treaties? We find not the slightest evidence that they do. When countries break treaties, there are no courts to judge them. Therefore, whether a treaty is honored or not depends entirely on the financial and military powers of the countries involved. Money and soldiers are not for the protection of existing principles; they are the instruments for the creation of principles where none exist. There are those moralists who would sit and wait for the day when all wars would end. Yet in my opinion the Western nations are growing ever stronger in the skills of war. In recent years, these countries devise strange new weapons and day by day increase their standing armies. One can argue that that is truly useless, truly stupid. Yet if others are working on being stupid, then I must respond in kind. If others are violent, then I too must become violent. International politics is the way of force rather than the way of virtue—and we should accept that." Yukichi Fukuzawa, Japanese intellectual, Commentary on the Current Problems, 1881 Which of the following most likely influenced Fukuzawa's views in the passage? A The Tokugawa Shogunate's policy of limiting contacts between Japan and the rest of the world B The emphasis on peaceful resolution of conflicts in Shinto and Buddhist religious traditions C The forcible "opening up" of Japanese markets to the West, which led to the Meiji Restoration D The suppression of the Taiping Rebellion in China, which resulted in significant loss of life

C (The forcible "opening up" of Japanese markets to the West, which led to the Meiji Restoration)

"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal." Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882 The Meiji Restoration of the nineteenth century involved internal reforms that included which of the following? A The establishment of direct parliamentary rule B The strengthening of the samurai class C The modernization of Japan's military D The abolition of private property rights

C (The modernization of Japan's military)

"Freedom only for the supporters of the government, only for the members of one party—however numerous they may be—is no freedom at all. People often assume that we Marxists have a ready-made formula for how to effect the transformation to socialism. But that is not the case. It is true that we have the theory of the proletarian dictatorship and the concept of the revolutionary party. We also know more or less what we must eliminate to free the road for a socialist economy, but when it comes to the practical details, there are many possible paths. I believe that the only way to build true socialism is to do so in the most broadly democratic way. Without general elections, without unrestricted freedom of the press and assembly, without a free struggle of opinion, life dies out in every public institution. Those who say that all we need is a few dozen party leaders to direct and rule others are not true advocates of socialism. Those who say that all we need is to invite a few members of the working class to our party meetings from time to time so that they can applaud the speeches of our leaders are not true advocates of socialism. What such people want is a dictatorship to be sure, just not the dictatorship of the proletariat advocated by Marx, but merely the dictatorship of a handful of politicians. It is really not much different from the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie over the workers." Rosa Luxemburg, German Marxist socialist, "The Problem of Dictatorship," essay published in 1922 The ideas expressed by Rosa Luxemburg in the passage are most directly a response to which of the following developments? A Attempts by German and Italian fascist governments to suppress communism B The spread of Soviet communism across eastern Europe following the First World War C The policies of the Bolshevik Party following its successful seizure of power in the Russian Revolution D Efforts by many European governments to co-opt socialist ideas while maintaining a free-market system

C (The policies of the Bolshevik Party following its successful seizure of power in the Russian Revolution)

"Since 1930, the Brazilian government has been undertaking a social policy whose main goal is to protect the working classes through the betterment of their working conditions, elevating their standard of life and extending the social security system. Indeed, the 1937 constitution proclaims that work is a social duty and establishes that it is the government's responsibility to guarantee the fulfillment of this duty by securing favorable conditions for workers and protecting them. In this way, the constitution guarantees the right of organization, recognizes the current unions as representatives of the workers, and authorizes the signing of collective-bargaining agreements. Salaries are protected and must provide a minimum standard of life. The workday is eight hours long, and there is one mandatory day of rest. Paid vacations are mandatory. Workers are protected against unjustified dismissal. Minors under 14 years old are not allowed to work, and women and men under 18 years old cannot work in unhealthy sites. The constitution establishes that the state must provide medical assistance to workers, and it must protect maternity and create insurance against old age and disability. The constitution also compels professional associations to assist its members. In order to enforce these principles, the constitution anticipates the creation of a Work Tribunal whose goal will be to arbitrate in all work-related litigation." Document produced by the Brazilian government of Getúlio Vargas circa 1940; Vargas had come to power in 1930 following a military coup. Which of the following best explains the historical significance of views such as those expressed in the passage? A They show that many political leaders used the economic challenges of the Great Depression to justify implementing repressive policies. B They show that many states responded to the Great Depression by using race-based ideologies to mobilize economic resources. C They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, many political leaders saw it as their duty to take an active role in guiding economic life. D They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, some states reaffirmed their commitment to pursuing liberal economic policies.

C (They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, many political leaders saw it as their duty to take an active role in guiding economic life.)

"When the proposal to proclaim the equality of races was rejected by the Peace Conference at Versailles, Viscount Makino, the Japanese representative, made it known that Japan would reintroduce the proposal. Obviously, Japan feels that this issue is momentous for the sake of humanity and the peace of the world. Of the non-white countries, Japan has taken the lead in adopting the best parts of European civilization. Japan codified her laws, and reformed her police and judicial systems, her military and naval forces, thus placing herself almost on an equal footing with that of the European countries. Some whites regard the development of Japan as an unjustifiable encroachment upon their own rights. It is, of course, true that there are still peoples in this world who are so backward in civilization that they cannot at once be admitted into the international family on an equal footing. What they need is proper guidance and direction. When they have reached a certain stage of civilization, they should be given an equal place and rank in the family of nations. Although most Asiatic nations are fully peers of European nations, yet they are discriminated against because of the color of the skin. The root of this discrimination lies in the perverted feeling of racial superiority entertained by the whites. If the present situation continues, there is every likelihood that the peace of the world will be endangered." Okuma Shigenobu, Japanese member of parliament and former prime minister, "Illusions of the White Race," article published in a Japanese journal, Tokyo, 1921 Shigenobu's criticism of European race-based discrimination against Japanese people is significant mostly because it shows that advocates of Japanese imperialism A shared European Enlightenment views about representative government and natural rights B accepted Western racial hierarchies and the place that those hierarchies assigned to Asian peoples C adopted the European attitudes about a "civilizing mission" and used those attitudes to justify Japan's own imperial policies D vigorously opposed European and United States' restrictions on Japanese immigration to the United States and Europe or European colonies

C (adopted the European attitudes about a "civilizing mission" and used those attitudes to justify Japan's own imperial policies)

"The misfortunes and decline of this country [Bengal, a region in eastern India] began on the day of the Muslim conquest. Just as a storm wreaks destruction and disorder upon a garden, so did the unscrupulous and tyrannical Muslims destroy the happiness and good fortune of Bengal. Ravaged by endless waves of oppression, the people of Bengal became withdrawn and timid. Hinduism, our native religion, also took distorted forms. But there are limits to everything. When the oppressions of the Muslims became intolerable, Brahma, the Lord of the Universe, provided a means of escape. The resumption of Bengal's good fortune began on the day the British flag was first planted on this land. Tell me, if Muslim rule had continued, what would the condition of this country have been today? It must be loudly declared that it is to bless us that the Lord Brahma has brought the English to this country. British rule has ended the atrocities of Muslim rule. There can be no comparison between the two: the difference seems to be greater than that between darkness and light or between misery and bliss." Bholanath Chakravarti, Bengali religious scholar, lecture at a meeting of a Hindu reformist society, Kolkata, India, 1876 The author's political point of view can be most clearly seen in the way in which the passage A neglects to mention that South Asian migrants were a key source of labor for Western transnational corporations B disparages the development of contemporary Hinduism C omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India D attributes historical events to divine intervention

C (omits any mention of the economic exploitation and resource extraction practiced by the British in India)

"The Kamaishi iron deposit consists of several clusters of oxidized iron ore on volcanic rock. It is quite different from the clayed iron ores layered upon coal beds that are commonly found in Britain. The quality of the Kamaishi ore can be categorized as magnetic iron ore of the highest rank. It contains 70% iron, while clayed ore contains only 20-30%. Therefore, in order to produce high quality iron, it was necessary for the government to build a charcoal blast furnace and to order a furnace from Britain. As British engineers were informed that the Kamaishi deposit was rich and the surrounding woods were abundant, they designed a huge charcoal furnace. However, the operation was interrupted within only ninety days. Recently I had a chance to investigate the situation at Kamaishi. After the investigation, I found that despite the claim that Kamaishi is a rich deposit, first of all, the real estimation of the exposed deposit is only about 130 thousand tons. Moreover, because of its mountainous location, it is very difficult to mine and transport. Even if we were able to do so, it would not be commercially successful. Furthermore, within two years the entire woods surrounding Kamaishi will be depleted as a source material for charcoal." Ito Yajiro, Japanese government inspector, report issued to the Meiji government following the failure of the state-owned Kamaishi Iron Works, 1882 The industrialization of Japan in the nineteenth century most directly led to Japan's adoption of which of the following foreign policies? A A policy of isolation that sought to limit foreign cultural, economic, and political influences B A policy of mediation that sought to prevent conflict among rival states C A policy of promoting regional prosperity through the negotiation of free-trade agreements with Western and Asian states D A policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring Asian states

D (A policy of imperial expansion that sought to take advantage of the political and military weakness of neighboring Asian states)

"The Crimea!* Once a flourishing and wealthy colony of ancient Greeks, a trade hub for Venetians and Genoese, a center of sciences and the arts! In time, however, it fell to the Mongols, became a haven for robbers, and, under the crescent flag of Islam, began to be a place where Christians were persecuted. Despite being rich in natural resources and blessed by a favorable geographical location and a mild climate, the peninsula grew poor, lost its significance, and became a threatening neighbor to the Christian kingdoms of the Caucasus, to Poland, and especially to Russia. But one hundred years ago, in its forward march to the south, to its natural borders, reclaiming the right to its ancient lands, our empire took possession of the Crimea and restored it to its ancient state of enlightenment and peace. In the past one hundred years, many cities in the European style were built, ports were opened, good roads were constructed and, most importantly, numerous educational institutions were established that spread the light of knowledge and science among the Muslim Crimean Tatars who, until now, had dwelled in ignorance. In Crimea arrived the happiest of days!" *A peninsula on the northern shore of the Black Sea; the Crimea was ruled by a native Muslim dynasty subordinate to the Ottoman Empire until 1783, when it was annexed by Russia. A. Ivanov, Russian writer, A Century Since the Integration of the Crimea into Russia, book published in Russia in 1883 The expansion of the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is primarily explained in the context of which of the following global developments? A European states using their control over maritime trade routes to impoverish non-European societies B European states using joint-stock companies to expand their economic and political dominance over non-European societies C European states taking advantage of religious conflicts in non-European societies to expand their influence D European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their power

D (European states acquiring growing technological and military advantages over non-European societies to expand their power)

"When I was ten years old, I worked on my father's farm, digging, hoeing, and gathering and carrying our crop. We had no horses because only officials are allowed to have horses in China. I worked on my father's farm until I was about sixteen years old, when a man from our clan came back from America. In America, he had purchased land about as large as four city blocks and made it into a paradise. The man had left our village as a poor boy. Now, he returned with unlimited wealth, which he had obtained in the country of the American wizards. The man's wealth filled my mind with the idea that I, too, would like to go to the country of the wizards and gain some of their wealth. After a long time, my father gave me his blessing and my mother took leave of me with tears. My father gave me some money and I went with five other boys from our village to take a steamship from Hong Kong. The engines that moved the ship were wonderful monsters, strong enough to lift mountains. When I got to San Francisco, I was half-starved because I was afraid to eat American food. But after a few days of living in the Chinese quarter, I was happy again. A man got me work as a servant with an American family and my start was the same as most of the Chinese in this country." Li Zhou, laborer from Guangzhou province in southern China, interview given to a reporter in the United States describing his journey to the United States in the 1860s Long-distance immigration to the Americas in the late nineteenth century most often contributed to which of the following processes? A The worsening of gender imbalances in receiving societies, as the great majority of migrants were men B Restrictions on migrants performing industrial labor in factories in the receiving societies C Reverse migration, whereby most migrants returned to their countries of origin after becoming financially secure D Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies

D (Growing rates of urbanization as migrants predominantly settled in cities in the receiving societies)

Which of the following best describes an important difference between Karl Marx's theory of socialist revolution and that of V. I. Lenin? A Only Marx stressed the importance of the "class struggle" in history. B Only Marx stressed the primary role of the industrial proletariat. C Only Marx thought that a socialist revolution must be achieved through parliamentary reform. D Only Lenin argued that the workers' revolution would have to be led by professional revolutionaries. E Only Lenin argued that revolution would occur in the most industrialized countries.

D (Only Lenin argued that the workers' revolution would have to be led by professional revolutionaries.)

Which of the following was the main factor leading to the fall of Japan's Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of the Meiji government? A Pressure from an increasingly powerful China B Large-scale radical peasant rebellion C Economic instability and hyperinflation D Pressure from Western powers

D (Pressure from Western powers)

Which of the following was a major similarity between the goals of leaders of the Chinese Communist Revolution, such as Mao Zedong, and the goals of leaders of the Mexican Revolution, such as Emiliano Zapata, in the early twentieth century? A Advocacy of a global workers' revolution B Active encouragement for integration into the global economy C Concern primarily with improving conditions for urban factory workers D Support for redistribution of land to poor peasants

D (Support for redistribution of land to poor peasants)

"It is not too much to hope that, with the building of a branch railway to this region, European piece goods might be imported so as to undersell the native cloth. And the effect would be that not only would a larger supply of the raw material be obtained—for the cotton that is now spun into yarn in Berar would be exported—but also the large local population now employed in spinning and weaving would be made available for agricultural labor, and thus the jungle land might be broken up and the cultivation extended." Harry Rivett-Carnac, British cotton commissioner for Berar province, India, annual report, 1869 Which of the following best explains the motivation behind the policy outlined in the passage? A Shortages of food in Great Britain led to the need for more grain imports. B The British wanted to expand the labor force available for factory work in India. C British officials wished to expand textile manufacturing in India. D The British wished to extract more raw materials for their domestic industry.

D (The British wished to extract more raw materials for their domestic industry.)

"Since 1930, the Brazilian government has been undertaking a social policy whose main goal is to protect the working classes through the betterment of their working conditions, elevating their standard of life and extending the social security system. Indeed, the 1937 constitution proclaims that work is a social duty and establishes that it is the government's responsibility to guarantee the fulfillment of this duty by securing favorable conditions for workers and protecting them. In this way, the constitution guarantees the right of organization, recognizes the current unions as representatives of the workers, and authorizes the signing of collective-bargaining agreements. Salaries are protected and must provide a minimum standard of life. The workday is eight hours long, and there is one mandatory day of rest. Paid vacations are mandatory. Workers are protected against unjustified dismissal. Minors under 14 years old are not allowed to work, and women and men under 18 years old cannot work in unhealthy sites. The constitution establishes that the state must provide medical assistance to workers, and it must protect maternity and create insurance against old age and disability. The constitution also compels professional associations to assist its members. In order to enforce these principles, the constitution anticipates the creation of a Work Tribunal whose goal will be to arbitrate in all work-related litigation." Document produced by the Brazilian government of Getúlio Vargas circa 1940; Vargas had come to power in 1930 following a military coup. Which of the following best explains a potentially significant limitation of using the document for understanding the reforms described in the passage in Brazil? A The document likely exaggerates the extent to which the reforms benefited Brazil's middle and upper classes. B The document likely exaggerates the importance of the Work Tribunal in reshaping economic development in Brazil. C The document likely ignores the deep tensions that existed between workers and union leaders. D The document likely ignores some economic problems that might have occurred because of the reforms.

D (The document likely ignores some economic problems that might have occurred because of the reforms.)

"Are we prepared for so stubborn a fight as a future war involving the great powers of Europe will undoubtedly become? The answer, we must say without evasion, is no. In addition to the military considerations, there is also the political angle. It should not be forgotten that Russia and Germany are representatives of the conservative principle in the civilized world, as opposed to the democratic principle represented by England and France. From this point of view, a war between Russia and Germany, regardless of the specific issues over which it is fought, is profoundly undesirable to both sides. Such a conflict, however it ends, would entail the weakening of the conservative principle of which the two powers are the only reliable bulwarks. Moreover, one must realize that, under the precarious conditions that now exist, a general European war is mortally dangerous to both Russia and Germany, no matter who wins. It is my firm conviction, based on long and careful study of the multitude of subversive tendencies and movements that we are presently facing, that there must inevitably break out in the defeated country a social revolution that, by the very nature of these things, will inevitably spread to the country of the victor. In our country today, there are countless agitators telling the peasant that he should demand a gratuitous share of somebody else's land, or the worker that he should be getting hold of the entire capital and profits of the manufacturer. War with Germany will create exceptionally favorable conditions for such agitations." Pyotr Durnovo, Russian Minister of the Interior, memorandum to Tsar Nicholas II, February 1914 Durnovo's argument in the second paragraph regarding the effect of war between Germany and Russia on the two countries would prove to be A inaccurate in its prediction that war between Germany and Russia would lead to "social revolution" B accurate in its prediction that both Germany and Russia would succumb to revolution regardless of which side won the war C inaccurate in its prediction that revolution would break out first in the defeated country D accurate in its prediction that a war with Germany would create the circumstances for a revolution in Russia

D (accurate in its prediction that a war with Germany would create the circumstances for a revolution in Russia)

Source 1 "Under the present circumstances, if we were to find ourselves in a war with France, it will be a people's war that cannot be won in one decisive battle but will turn into a long and deadly struggle with a country that will not give up before the strength of its entire people has been broken. Our own people, too, will be utterly broken and exhausted, even if we emerge victorious at the end." Helmuth von Moltke, German general, letter to the German emperor Wilhelm II, 1905 Source 2 "The integrity of what remains of the Ottoman Empire is one of the principles upon which the world's balance of power is based. Therefore, I reject the idea that it is in our national interest to shatter one of the cornerstones of the international order. What if, after we have attacked Libya* and destabilized the Ottoman Empire, the Balkans begin to stir? And what if a Balkan war provokes a clash between the two power blocs and a European war? Italy must not be the country that bears the responsibility of putting a match to the powder keg." *Italy wanted to colonize Libya, which at the time was a province of the Ottoman Empire. Giovanni Giolitti, prime minister of Italy, speech before the Italian parliament as it debated whether to attack Ottoman Libya, 1911 In addition to the potential destabilization of the Ottoman Empire, Giolitti's argument in Source 2 regarding Italy's ambitions in Libya is likely explained by the concern that any attempt by a European state to acquire colonies in Africa could A lead African states to unite with each other against European powers B greatly endanger the spread of Catholicism and enable the spread of Islam C encourage Japan to take advantage of the situation and conquer Italian colonies in Asia D dangerously intensify rivalries between European states seeking to acquire territories and resources

D (dangerously intensify rivalries between European states seeking to acquire territories and resources)

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the Chinese and the Mexican revolutions during the twentieth century? A Both promoted imperialism. B Both were supported by Japan. C Both promoted religious education. D Both were supported by an elite group of landlords. E Both generated land-redistribution policies.

E (Both generated land-redistribution policies.)

Which of the following describes the major impact of the introduction of coffee growing in places like Kenya and El Salvador after 1880 ? A The end of taxes paid to the government in cash B The weakening of the European colonial military and landowning elite C Access to cheaper food for Africans and Latin Americans D Increased control over the land by Africans and Latin Americans E Greater dependence on foreign markets by Africans and Latin Americans

E (Greater dependence on foreign markets by Africans and Latin Americans)

Which of the following is true of both Russia and Japan by 1914 ? A Both were characterized by a high degree of ethnic homogeneity. B Both had effective democratic institutions that restrained the power of their monarchs. C Both had low rates of literacy. D Marxism had become a strong influence among urban workers in both countries. E Rapid, state-sponsored industrialized had occurred in both countries.

E (Rapid, state-sponsored industrialized had occurred in both countries.)

The policies of the Meiji reformers brought about which of the following in Japan? A An improvement in the economic condition of the peasants B The collapse of the industrial sector of the economy C An increase in isolationism among government leaders D A reduction in military expenditures E The promotion of rapid industrialization

E (The promotion of rapid industrialization)