AP Comparative Gov & Politics - Exam Review PRACTICE QUESTIONS

The population of Russia is approximately A) 80 percent ethnically Russian. B) 50 percent ethnically Russian. C) 98 percent ethnically Russian. D) 25 percent ethnically Russian.

80 percent ethnically Russian.

Mexico has promoted increased competition in the oil industry, while in China, special economic zones (SEZs) along the coast have promoted private ownership locally. Which of the following explains the most likely reason for these policies? A) Pressure from nongovernmental organizations to improve human rights within those countries B) A desire by the dominant party to be able to govern without competition C) An inability of the government to control provincial governments D) A desire to use global market forces as a means to improve domestic economic output

A desire to use global market forces as a means to improve domestic economic output

Which of the following is true of a government? A) A government is highly institutionalized and difficult to change. B) A government is insulated from public opinion. C) A government consists of a president and an executive branch of a country. D) A government consists of a set of institutions empowered to make binding decisions.

A government consists of a set of institutions empowered to make binding decisions.

A nation is best described as which of the following? A) The norms and rules that guide governance B) A community of faith C) A historic community of peoples D) A collection of governing bureaucracies

A historic community of peoples

A nation is best described as which of the following? A) The norms and rules that guide governance B) A historic community of peoples C) A community of faith D) A collection of governing bureaucracies

A historic community of peoples

The most important single explanation for Mexico's percentage of women in the Chamber of Deputies is that the country has A) A political culture that contradicts traditional social norms B) A law that requires parties to sponser female candidates C) The patron client network encourages diversity D) long hsitory enlightened and democratic ideals

A law that requires parties to sponser female candidates

All of the following are geographic features that have drastically affected Russian society and government except: A) a broad plain that sweeps across the country west to east B) a huge amount of land space C) A long growing season and a large percentage of arable land D) a lack of ice-free ports

A long growing season and a large percentage of arable land

It is often said that in a parliamentary model, the executive and legislative functions are fused. What is meant by this characterization? A) A parliamentary system combines the lawmaking and executive functions of government. B) A monarch unites the executive and legislature together as one. C) Fusion combines territories together into a federal system under only one set of laws. D) A parliamentary system lacks an executive and functions efficiently with a powerful legislature

A parliamentary system combines the lawmaking and executive functions of government.

Which of the following policy changes occured after Vladimir Putin came to power in Russia? A) All elections for the Duma became based on proportial representation B) Shock therapy rapidly liberalized prices for goods and service C) State owned industires became rapidly privaatized D) Glasnost allowed the media more freedom and independence

All elections for the Duma became based on proportial representation

Which of the following best describes the current relationship between the media and the Russian government? A) the government owns many media outlets, but it has almost no control over independent outlets B) All major media outlets are state-owned C) Although some media outlets are independent, the government generally puts tight restrictions on them D) the government has almost no control over the media

Although some media outlets are independent, the government generally puts tight restrictions on them

Which of the Iranian institution(s) is/ are directly elected? A) President, Supreme Leader and Mahjles B) Guardian Council, President and Mahjles C) Assembly of Experts, President and Mahjles D) Expediency Council, Supreme Leader and President

Assembly of Experts, President and Mahjles

Which of the following has decreased as a consequence of globalization? A) The interdependence of states B) The influence of multi national corporations on domestic policy C) The average citizen's ability to access information from around the world D) Barriers to trade and to the flow of capital and labor between countries

Barriers to trade and to the flow of capital and labor between countries

Iranian political culture has been shaped by A) Both Shiite and Persian traditions B) Both Sunni and Zoroastrian traditions C) Almost a century of imperial control by the British D) Its predominantly Arab culture

Both Shiite and Persian traditions

Which of the following is true of cleavages in modern Nigeria and China? A) Ethnic separatism poses no major threat to central government institutions B) Both countries have experienced sectarian conflict among religous communities C) Both countires are experiencing deepening rural-urban divides D) Pro-Westengroups repeatedly clash with nationalist

Both countires are experiencing deepening rural-urban divides

Which of the following accurately compares the nature of social cleavages in both Nigeria and Mexico? A) Both countries have a Christian majority and a significant Muslim minority. B) Both countries have a homogeneous population with few ethnic minorities. C) Both countries feature regional differences divided along socioeconomic lines. D) Both countries have Zoroastrians as a religious minority.

Both countries feature regional differences divided along socioeconomic lines.

Which of the following describes a political challenge common to legislatures in both Russia and China? A) Both countries have legislatures that are solely in charge of developing foreign policy. B) In both countries the executive branch appoints members to the upper house of the legislature. C) Both countries have legislatures that are elected in single-member districts in first-past-the-post elections. D) Both countries have legislatures that confirm either a prime minister or premier.

Both countries have legislatures that confirm either a prime minister or premier.

Which of the following describes a political challenge common to legislatures in both Russia and China? A) Both countries have legislatures that confirm either a prime minister or premier. B) Both countries have legislatures that are solely in charge of developing foreign policy. C) In both countries the executive branch appoints members to the upper house of the legislature. D) Both countries have legislatures that are elected in single-member districts in first-past-the-post elections.

Both countries have legislatures that confirm either a prime minister or premier.

Which of the following describes a political challenge common to legislatures in both the United Kingdom and Mexico? A) Both countries have bicameral legislatures with equal powers. B) Both countries have one strong chamber and one powerless chamber. C) Both countries have legislatures with multiple competing parties. D) Both countries have legislatures that select the executive

Both countries have legislatures with multiple competing parties.

Which of the following statements is true about the sources of political authority in Iran and the United Kingdom? A) Both countries substantiate their political authority through competitive, disciplined political parties. B) Both countries substantiate their political authority by relying on popular elections. C) Both countries substantiate their political authority through unwritten constitutions. D) Both countries substantiate their political authority through religious authority and symbolism.

Both countries substantiate their political authority by relying on popular elections.

Which of the following statements is true about the sources of political authority in Iran and the United Kingdom? A) Both countries substantiate their political authority through religious authority and symbolism. B) Both countries substantiate their political authority through unwritten constitutions. C) Both countries substantiate their political authority by relying on popular elections. D) Both countries substantiate their political authority through competitive, disciplined political parties.

Both countries substantiate their political authority by relying on popular elections.

Which of the following is a common characteristic of upper legislative houses in Britain and Russia? A) Some of their members hold hereditary seats. B) Both have very little policy making power in the political system. C) Both have significant powers to check the actions of their respective lower houses. D) Some of their members are appointed by the president.

Both have very little policy making power in the political system.

Which of the following correctly compares agents of socialization within China and Iran? A) Both countries have free and independent media, which officials use to bolster support and influence citizens' beliefs and behaviors. B) Both regimes are led by charismatic religious leaders, who use religion to socialize citizens, resulting in an increase in citizens' support of government. C) Both regimes apply pressure to socialize their citizens around conforming beliefs, which results in legitimization of their rule. D) Both countries have extensive civic organizations, which have led to increased citizen involvement in policy making at the national level.

Both regimes apply pressure to socialize their citizens around conforming beliefs, which results in legitimization of their rule.

Which of the following correctly compares agents of socialization within China and Iran? A) Both regimes are led by charismatic religious leaders, who use religion to socialize citizens, resulting in an increase in citizens' support of government. B) Both countries have free and independent media, which officials use to bolster support and influence citizens' beliefs and behaviors. C) Both countries have extensive civic organizations, which have led to increased citizen involvement in policy making at the national level. D) Both regimes apply pressure to socialize their citizens around conforming beliefs, which results in legitimization of their rule.

Both regimes apply pressure to socialize their citizens around conforming beliefs, which results in legitimization of their rule.

Which of the following features do the Russian and Mexican electoral systems have in common? A) Both systems seek to limit party competition through the use of proportional representation in legislative elections. B) Both systems feature a hybrid method for lower-house legislative elections, using both single-member districts and proportional representation for legislative seats. C) Both systems use proportional representation for elections to the lower house of the legislature and single-member districts for elections to the upper house of the legislature. D) Both systems provide for the selection of the upper house of the national legislature by regional or state governments.

Both systems feature a hybrid method for lower-house legislative elections, using both single-member districts and proportional representation for legislative seats.

Which of the following is an accurate description of why Great Britain's conflict in Northern Ireland has diminshed since 1998? A) Northern Ireland formally merged with government of the Republic of Ireland C) Britain supported a power sharing agreement between Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders in Northern Ireland C) The top Irish separatist leaders were imprisoned after surrendering to the British Military D) Britain forced the government of Northern Ireland to permanently dissolve its regional government

Britain supported a power sharing agreement between Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders in Northern Ireland

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of British and Russian judicial systems? A) Britain's judiciary does not exercise judicial review, but the Russian Constitution of 1993 created a structure to exercise judicial review. B) Both systems have strong judicial branches that overshadow their respective legislatures. B) Both systems have mechanisms for judicial review. D) In both countries, strong legislatures have kept strong judicial systems from developing.

Britain's judiciary does not exercise judicial review, but the Russian Constitution of 1993 created a structure to exercise judicial review.

Since 1998, which of the following is the most substantial cause of political legitimacy in Russia? A) Charismatic leadership B) Decreased political efficacy C) Increased political corruption D) Decreased political efficacy

Charismatic leadership

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the current political party systems in Russia and China? A) China has a two-party system, while Russia has a dominant-party system. B) China has a dominant-party system, while Russia has a one-party system. C) China has a multiparty system, while Russia has a one-party system. D) China has a one-party system, while Russia has a dominant-party system.

China has a one-party system, while Russia has a dominant-party system.

For citizens involved in legal disputes with the government in China and the United Kingdom, which of the following best explains the likely outcome? A) Citizens in China are less likely to receive a fair trial because the judicial system is governed by rule by law, whereas the United Kingdom's judicial system is governed by rule of law. B) Citizens in China are more likely to receive a fair trial because Chinese courts are an important part of the Chinese government's program to suppress corruption, while British courts have not been given the same task. C) Citizens are likely to receive a fair trial in both countries because both countries' judicial systems hold government and citizens to the same standards. D) Citizens are unlikely to receive a fair trial in both countries because both countries' judicial systems are controlled by the ruling party.

Citizens in China are less likely to receive a fair trial because the judicial system is governed by rule by law, whereas the United Kingdom's judicial system is governed by rule of law.

This British political party generally supports a market controlled economy, privatization of industry, and fewer social welfare programs.They also attract supporters who are "Euroskeptics."Who are they? A) Labour Party B) Liberal Democratic Party C) Conservative Party D) Scottish Nationalist Party

Conservative Party

In BOTH China and Iran, A) Political parties play an important role organizing competitive elections B) Market forces are consistently more important than the state in the economy C) The legislature dominates the executive in policy making D) Courts are not independent

Courts are not independent

The major motivation for neoliberal economic reforms in Mexico and Nigeria has come from which of the following? A) The need for an economic base for military modernization B) Political uprising by the urban poor C) Debt burdens and pressure from international lenders D) Widespread opposition to globalization

Debt burdens and pressure from international lenders

Which of the following is a necessary aspect of a state? A) Historical tradition B) Religious leadership C Defined territory D) Democratic institutions

Defined territory

Which of the following is a necessary aspect of a state? A) Historical tradition B) Religious leadership C) Defined territory D) Democratic institutions

Defined territory

Which of the following best describes the difference between fascism and communism? A) Fascism is the belief in the reduction of income disparities among all people, and communism is the belief in individual civil liberties and freedoms over government intrusion or restriction. B) Fascism is the belief in a nationalist ideology favoring authoritarian rule, and communism is the belief in the removal of private property and government control over the economy. C) Fascism is the belief in limited government intervention in the economy and society, and communism is the belief in the deregulation of trade and the elimination of subsidies. D) Fascism is the belief in the interests and rights of the common people over that of the elites, and communism is the belief in the nationalization of all industries.

Fascism is the belief in a nationalist ideology favoring authoritarian rule, and communism is the belief in the removal of private property and government control over the economy.

Which of the following is true of foreign direct investment in China since the 1980s? A) Foreign direct investment in China has led to substantial political openings. B) Foreign direct investment in China has led to severe environmental degradation. C) Foreign direct investment in China has effectively undermined Communist Party rule. D) Foreign direct investment in China has led to reunification negotiations with Taiwan

Foreign direct investment in China has led to severe environmental degradation.

Which of the following statements best demonstrates that a healthy civil society exists in the United Kingdom? A) Groups promoting hate speech or intolerance have been permanently banned. B) The House of Commons often passes laws that protect various minority groups. C) The history of gradualism in the United Kingdom permits changes to the class structure to occur very slowly. D) Freedom of assembly allows groups to express their discontent with the government by protesting.

Freedom of assembly allows groups to express their discontent with the government by protesting.

Although Russia is no longer a communist state, one feature it shares with communist China is A) A lack of political parties B) Continued opposition to the growth of capitalism C) An unwillingness to become involved with international organizations like the World Trade Organization D) Government restrictions on the development of civil society

Government restrictions on the development of civil society

The three largest ethnic groups in Nigeria are: A) Yoruba, Ogondi, Ijaw B) Igbo, Yoruba, Hausa Fulani C) Hausa Fulani, Ogondi, Biafra D) Igbo, Yoruba, Oganidi

Igbo, Yoruba, Hausa Fulani

Which of the following accurately compares the economic policies of two countries studied in the AP Comparative Government and Politics course? A) In China, special economic zones (SEZs) have been established to promote private industry, while in Mexico, there has been increased privatization of the oil industry. B) In Russia, oil and gas industries have been completely privatized, while in Mexico, the oil industry has partnered with foreign companies to extract oil. C) In the United Kingdom, natural resources are mostly privately controlled, while in Iran, the government has adopted socialism as a means to become a regional power. D) In Russia, Putin has nationalized the oil industry, while in the United Kingdom, most natural resources are controlled by the government.

In China, special economic zones (SEZs) have been established to promote private industry, while in Mexico, there has been increased privatization of the oil industry.

Which of the following statements most accurately explains socialization in two course countries? A) In China, the independent media has a strong impact on citizens' socialization, which has resulted in a one-party system, while in Nigeria, the media has had less of an impact on citizens' socialization, which has resulted in a democratic system. B) In Mexico, the Catholic Church has fostered democratic attitudes among citizens, which has led to a multiparty system, while in Russia the Orthodox Church has supported authoritarian attitudes, which has led to a dominant-party system. C) In Iran, Islam plays an important role in citizens' socialization, which has led to the election of conservative candidates, while in the United Kingdom the Anglican Church plays little role in citizens' socialization and choice of political candidates. D) In Russia, nongovernmental organizations have shaped citizens' political attitudes, which has led to an increase in liberal candidates, while in Nigeria nongovernmental organizations have played an active role in citizen socialization, which has led to an increase in military dictators.

In Iran, Islam plays an important role in citizens' socialization, which has led to the election of conservative candidates, while in the United Kingdom the Anglican Church plays little role in citizens' socialization and choice of political candidates.

Which of the following indicates a major difference in how political culture affects institutions? A) In Iran, the 1979 revolution led to a theocratic system, whereas in the United Kingdom, a history of limited government has led to a democratic system. B) In Russia, a high level of political trust has led to a dominant party system, whereas in Mexico, educated voters are more likely to have high levels of political efficacy. C) In Nigeria, religious cleavages have impeded democracy, whereas in China, economic development has been aided by a communist past. D) In Mexico, charismatic rulers have obtained power through religious tradition, whereas in Nigeria, a history of wars with neighboring countries has led to military dictatorship.

In Iran, the 1979 revolution led to a theocratic system, whereas in the United Kingdom, a history of limited government has led to a democratic system.

Which of the following statements accurately describes politically relevant cleavages in two countries? A) In Mexico, there are ethnic divisions between the Amerindian population and whites and mestizos, while in Russia there are divisions between the ethnic Russian population and minority groups such as the Chechens in the Caucasus region. B) In China, the majority of the population is ethnically Uighur, while in the United Kingdom ethnic differences exist between the English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish. C) In Iran, religious differences exist between the majority Sunni and minority Shia, while in Nigeria regional differences between the East and the West exist. D) In Iran, ethnic cleavages exist between Kurds and Azerbaijanis and the majority Persians, while in China, the eastern region is predominantly Muslim while the northern region is predominantly Buddhist.

In Mexico, there are ethnic divisions between the Amerindian population and whites and mestizos, while in Russia there are divisions between the ethnic Russian population and minority groups such as the Chechens in the Caucasus region.

Which of the following accurately compares how political parties operate in different countries? A) In Mexico, parties are required to form coalitions within government, while in the United Kingdom, coalitions are prohibited. B) In Nigeria, federalism has led multiple parties to form with regional backing, while in China, one party has controlled the government consecutively since 1949. C) In Russia, one party is given power by the constitution, while in Iran, parties are merely loosely formed alliances. D) In the United Kingdom, a dominant-party system operates within a parliamentary system, while in Russia, proportional representation has led to a multiple-party system.

In Nigeria, federalism has led multiple parties to form with regional backing, while in China, one party has controlled the government consecutively since 1949.

Which of the following accurately compares how political parties operate in different countries? A) In Mexico, parties are required to form coalitions within government, while in the United Kingdom, coalitions are prohibited. B) In Russia, one party is given power by the constitution, while in Iran, parties are merely loosely formed alliances. C) In Nigeria, federalism has led multiple parties to form with regional backing, while in China, one party has controlled the government consecutively since 1949. D) In the United Kingdom, a dominant-party system operates within a parliamentary system, while in Russia, proportional representation has led to a multiple-party system

In Nigeria, federalism has led multiple parties to form with regional backing, while in China, one party has controlled the government consecutively since 1949.

Which of the following accurately compares how party systems affect citizen participation? A) In China, support for alternatives to the Chinese Communist Party is strongly discouraged by the state, while in the United Kingdom, the two major parties have undermined citizen participation. B) In Russia, a dominant party discourages participation except in support of the dominant party, while in Mexico, competitive national elections have encouraged citizen participation. C) In Iran, free and fair elections have occurred despite a lack of formal parties, while in Nigeria, a two-party system discourages citizen participation. D) In the United Kingdom, there are no political parties that discourage participation, while in Iran, a dominant-party system increases participation.

In Russia, a dominant party discourages participation except in support of the dominant party, while in Mexico, competitive national elections have encouraged citizen participation.

In China, parallel hierarchies exist among the Communist Party, the military and A) Institutions of government B) Business leaders C) Ruling families D) Interest groups

Institutions of government

If one ranks the parties in Great Britain from left to right, they fall into the following order: A) Liberal Democratic Party, Conservative Party, Labour Party. B) Liberal Democratic Party, Labour Party, Conservative Party. C) Conservative Party, Labour Party, Liberal Democratic Party. D) Labour Party, Liberal Democratic Party, Conservative Party

Labour Party, Liberal Democratic Party, Conservative Party

Which political party in Britain has campaigned most openly forproportional representation in electing Members of Parliament? A) Labour Party B) Conservative Party C) Liberal Democratic Party D) Scottish Nationalist Party

Liberal Democratic Party

Interest-group pluralism refers to a system in which A) Many competing interest groups nominate candidates for office B) Many interest groups compete to influence government policy C) Interest-group representatives chair government committees D) Society is dominated by ethnic factions

Many interest groups compete to influence government policy

Which of the following is the best explanation as to why the PRI succeeded in the monopolizing political power in Mexico after its establishment in 1929? A) PRI leaders outmaneuvered leaders from other parties such as the PAN in and PRD B) PRI leaders took advantage of Mexico's independence from Spain to establish a power base C) Mexican elited were willing to join together as PRI leaders in order to stop the turmoil and violence of the post revoltion years D) By 1929, the Catholic Church in Mexico had lost influence, and could no longer control the government

Mexican elited were willing to join together as PRI leaders in order to stop the turmoil and violence of the post revoltion years

Which of the following pairs of countries instituted gender inclusivity policies in elections as a result of domestic pressure and to increase political legitimacy? A) Iran and the United Kingdom B) China and Russia C) Mexico and China D) Mexico and Iran

Mexico and Iran

Which of the following pairs of countries instituted gender inclusivity policies in elections as a result of domestic pressure and to increase political legitimacy? A) Mexico and China B) China and Russia C) Iran and the United Kingdom D) Mexico and Iran

Mexico and Iran

Which of the following is an empirical statement? A) Nigeria's biggest problem is Boko Haram B) The United Kingdom would be more democratic if it adopted the electoral system Mexico uses C) Mexico has a greater percentage of women in its lower house than Nigeria has D) The history of democracy in the United Kingdom begins with the adoption of the Magna Carta

Mexico has a greater percentage of women in its lower house than Nigeria has

Which of the following is a true statement concerning representation of demographic groups in legislatures of the AP Comparative Government and Politics countries? A) The British House of Commons reserves seats for regional parties from Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, while Nigeria reserves seats in the House of Representatives for Muslims from the north. B) Both the Russian Duma and the Chinese National People's Congress reserve a specific number of seats in their legislature for religious minorities from autonomous regions. C) Mexico's Chamber of Deputies uses gender quotas in party lists to increase female representation in the legislature, while Iran's Majles reserves a specific number of seats for religious minorities. D) The United Kingdom uses gender quotas in party lists to increase female representation in the legislature, while China reserves a specific number of seats in the legislature for religious minorities.

Mexico's Chamber of Deputies uses gender quotas in party lists to increase female representation in the legislature, while Iran's Majles reserves a specific number of seats for religious minorities.

The individual who was responsible for glasnost was A) Boris Yeltsin. B) Vladimir Zhirinovsky. C) Andrei Sakarov. D) Mikhail Gorbachev.

Mikhail Gorbachev.

Which of the following best explains a difference in minor-party representation in two countries studied in the AP Comparative Government and Politics course? A) Minor and regional parties in the United Kingdom may win elections and become part of the government, whereas in China the Communist Party prevents minor parties from gaining any real power. B) Minor parties are allowed in Iran because members are vetted by the Guardian Council, whereas in Mexico minor parties represent primarily Catholics in the north. C) In Russia minor parties are supported largely by anti-Putin activists, whereas in Nigeria minor parties are promoted by Nigeria's constitution. D) In Mexico minor parties have led to gridlock, whereas in Nigeria the proliferation of minor parties have led to polarization.

Minor and regional parties in the United Kingdom may win elections and become part of the government, whereas in China the Communist Party prevents minor parties from gaining any real power.

as compared with federalist countries, countries with unitary governments have A) Less equality in government services throughout the state B) More centralization in the policy process C) Presidential as opposed to parliamentary systems D) Introduced more substantial privatization in the last two decades

More centralization in the policy process

Most Chechens are: A) Muslim B) Jewish C) Orthodox Christian D) Buddhist

Muslim

Which of the following accurately compares political ideologies? A) Communism is a nationalist ideology that favors authoritarian rule and the right of an ethnic majority to rule over a nation-state. B) Neoliberalism is the belief in limited governmental intervention in the economy and society, supports privatization, free trade and deregulation. C) Individualism is the philosophy that supports the voice of the common people over that of elites. D) Populism is the belief in the abolition of private property in order to achieve an elimination of economic classes in society.

Neoliberalism is the belief in limited governmental intervention in the economy and society, supports privatization, free trade and deregulation.

Which of the following accurately compares neoliberalism and communism? A) Neoliberalism is the belief that free enterprise is the best solution for economic growth, and communism is the belief that private property should be abolished. B) Neoliberalism is the belief of individual civil liberties over government restrictions, and communism is the belief that supports the interests of common people over those of the elites. C) Neoliberalism is the belief that subsidies are beneficial for state economies, and communism is in part the belief in the nationalization of major private industries. D) Neoliberalism is the belief that privatization is best for the economy, and communism is the belief that major economic disparities are vital to a thriving economic system.

Neoliberalism is the belief that free enterprise is the best solution for economic growth, and communism is the belief that private property should be abolished.

Which of the following accurately compares neoliberalism and communism? A) Neoliberalism is the belief that free enterprise is the best solution for economic growth, and communism is the belief that private property should be abolished. B) Neoliberalism is the belief that subsidies are beneficial for state economies, and communism is in part the belief in the nationalization of major private industries. C) Neoliberalism is the belief of individual civil liberties over government restrictions, and communism is the belief that supports the interests of common people over those of the elites. D) Neoliberalism is the belief that privatization is best for the economy, and communism is the belief that major economic disparities are vital to a thriving economic system.

Neoliberalism is the belief that free enterprise is the best solution for economic growth, and communism is the belief that private property should be abolished.

Which of the following explains how civil society interacts with politics in both Nigeria and Mexico? A) Nigeria and Mexico both suffer from a corporatist structure that undermines the power of civil society. B) Nigeria and Mexico both benefit from an increasingly active civil society,much of which focuses on reducing corruption. C) Nigeria and Mexico both totally repress civil society, which undermines democracy by reducing individual freedoms. D) Nigeria and Mexico both have civil societies deeply rooted in their long histories of democracy.

Nigeria and Mexico both benefit from an increasingly active civil society,much of which focuses on reducing corruption.

In which of the following pairs of countries are the representatives of the lower house of the legislature chosen exclusively through elections in single-member districts? A) Russia and Iran B) The United Kingdom and Mexico C) Mexico and Nigeria D) Nigeria and the United Kingdom

Nigeria and the United Kingdom

Which of the following best captures why Nigeria has experienced more coups than Mexico has since 1960? A) Mexico's economy is more dependent upon the export of natural resources than Nigeria's economy is, so outside corporations and governments take a greater interest in Mexico's stability. B) Nigeria features sharper ethnic and religious divides than Mexico does,provoking conflict between groups for control of the central government,which has permitted the military to intervene. C) Nigeria's population is much larger than Mexico's population, providing more opportunities for conflict and a greater need for a powerful military. D) Mexico's military has historically been a more powerful actor in domestic politics than Nigeria's military has, and it has used its influence to ensure stability.

Nigeria features sharper ethnic and religious divides than Mexico does,provoking conflict between groups for control of the central government,which has permitted the military to intervene.

Which of the following best describes the reactions of inhabitants of the Niger delta region to the environmental and economic impact of oil? A) Nigerians in the delta tend to be politically apathetic and have not engaged much with the impact of oil. B) Nigerians in the delta have hardly been affected by oil though many are aware of the impact in other regions. C) Nigerians in the delta have created civil society organizations and have fought, sometimes violently, against the environmental and economic impact of oil. D) Nigerians in the delta, though they might desire to rebel, realize that they live in a totalitarian military state, which does not tolerate dissent.

Nigerians in the delta have created civil society organizations and have fought, sometimes violently, against the environmental and economic impact of oil.

Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes Mexican political organization in the twentieth century? A) A multitude of political parties so confused the electoral scene that no meaningful political compromise could be achieved. B) It was a one party state. C) One political party dominated Mexico, though opposition parties could and did win seats D) Because there was not a limit on presidential terms, executives were able to dominate the political system

One political party dominated Mexico, though opposition parties could and did win seats

Which of the following is true of Russia and the United Kingdom with regard to power sharing as a means to promote stability? A) Over the past two decades, both Russia and the United Kingdom have forcibly centralized power in the national government. B) Over the past two decades, Russia has consolidated power in the national government, while the United Kingdom has devolved some powers to subnational units. C) Over the past two decades, both Russia and the United Kingdom have devolved some powers to regions with more ethno-religious minorities. D) Over the past two decades, Russia and the United Kingdom have both granted more powers to former colonies and satellite states.

Over the past two decades, Russia has consolidated power in the national government, while the United Kingdom has devolved some powers to subnational units.

Which of the flowing correctly places political parties in Mexico on a left/right continuum? A) PAN; PRD;PRI B) PRI; PAN;PRD C) PRD;PRI;PAN D) PRD;PAN;PRI

PRD;PRI;PAN

The journalist Walter Bagehot wrote, "The efficient secret of [its] Constitution may be described as the close union, the nearly complete fusion, of the executive and legislative powers." To which of the following systems was Bagehot referring? A) Parliamentary B) Authoritarian C) Semi-presidential D) Theocracy

Parliamentary

Which of the following statements is true regarding education in Nigeria and Mexico? A) Partly due to their federalist systems, the quality of education varies by region in both countries. B) Both countries have equal educational opportunities throughout the country based on long-standing governmental policies. C) As a result of decades of public sector failure, both countries have largely privatized their education systems since the 1990s. D) Both countries are committed to secular educational models throughout the country, and religion has very little influence in either country.

Partly due to their federalist systems, the quality of education varies by region in both countries.

"In a year's parliamentary business, the [British] government can secure the passage of every bill it introduces; this has happened eight times since 1945, and since then governments have secured an average of 97 percent of the legislation introduced during a full parliament. The ability of the government to get its way is not influenced by which party is in power." Which of the following best explains why the British government has had the record of parliamentary success described above? A) The influential role of civil servants in the political process B) The circulation of political elites C) Party discipline D) Party alternation in office

Party discipline

Maoism differs from Leninism most significantly in its emphasis on the role of A) Heavy industry in economic modernization B) The media in engendering revolutionary fervor C) Peasants as a revolutionary force D) Sophisticated weaponry in national defense

Peasants as a revolutionary force

Which component of the Human Development Index is most likely to be affected by corruption in Mexico? A) Life expectancy B) Years of schooling C) Per capita gross national income D) Income inequality

Per capita gross national income

Which of the following statements comparing pluralism and corporatism is correct? A) Pluralism is much less common than corporatism in Western Europe. B) Pluralism leads more often to public debates and controversies, whereas corporatism is associated more often with negotiations among elites. C) Pluralism allows for greater predictability and state planning, whereas corporatism provides for greater flexibility D) Pluralism describes a system with a stronger state than does corporatism.

Pluralism leads more often to public debates and controversies, whereas corporatism is associated more often with negotiations among elites.

Which of the following is most likely to inhibit democratization in Nigeria? A) Competitive elections, which tends to pit one group of people against another B) Diversity, which tends to cause unequal treatment of citizens C) Universal suffrage, which tends to give uninformed people voting rights D) Political corruption, which tends to undermine rule of law

Political corruption, which tends to undermine rule of law

Which of the following is most likely a consequence of factors such as policy effectiveness, institutionalized laws, and political tradition, as seen in the United Kingdom? A) GDP growth B) Political legitimacy C) Consensual politics D) Competitive parties

Political legitimacy

Which of the following is most likely a consequence of factors such as policy effectiveness, institutionalized laws, and political tradition, as seen in the United Kingdom? A) GDP growth B) Political legitimacy C)Consensual politics D) Competitive parties

Political legitimacy

Which of the following accurately compares populism and fascism? A) Populism is the belief in the rights of the common people over those of the elites, while fascism is the belief in the rights of the ethnic majority over those of ethnic minorities. B) Populism is a nationalist ideology that favors authoritarian rule, while fascism is an ideology that supports the reduction of income disparities. C) Populism is in part the belief in the abolition of private property, while fascism is in part the belief in privatization to encourage economic growth. D) Populism supports the rights and interests of individuals, while fascism supports the rights of political parties and the political opposition.

Populism is the belief in the rights of the common people over those of the elites, while fascism is the belief in the rights of the ethnic majority over those of ethnic minorities.

During the 1980's, the governments of Great Britain and China did which of the following? A) Expanded state management of the economy B) Heightened authoritarian rule C) Promoted free markets and private profit incentives D) Imposed stricter punishment for political dissidents

Promoted free markets and private profit incentives

Which of the following is a feature of democratic consolidation in the United Kingdom? A) Protection of civil liberties B) Domination of the judiciary C) Strengthening power in the executive D) Devolution of powers

Protection of civil liberties

The Mexican, Iranian and Russian state all A) Use a two ballot system for presidential elections B) Have a federal system of government C) spilt executive authority between a president and a prime minister D) Rely extensively on revenue from the sale of oil

Rely extensively on revenue from the sale of oil

Which of the following describes a policy employed by the Chinese government to establish legitimacy with ethnic minorities? A) Representation in the National People's Congress B) Use of military force to suppress popular uprisings C) of migration from western provinces to more prosperous coastal regions D) Creation of special economic zones (SEZs) to reduce inequality

Representation in the National People's Congress

Which of the following describes politically relevant cleavages in two AP Comparative Government and Politics course countries? A) China has a Uighur ethnic majority and several ethnic minorities, and Iran has a Sunni Muslim majority and several ethnic minorities. B) Mexico has a Catholic majority with a large Protestant minority, and Nigeria has a large Christian majority with very few other religious minorities. C) Russia has an ethnic cleavage consisting of a majority of ethnic Russians and a non-Russian population, and the United Kingdom has ethnic differences between people in different regions. D) China has regional differences such as Tibetans in the southwest, and Mexico has regional differences between the east and west.

Russia has an ethnic cleavage consisting of a majority of ethnic Russians and a non-Russian population, and the United Kingdom has ethnic differences between people in different regions.

Which of the following explains the difference between the policies that Nigeria and Russia have adopted in response to global economic forces? A) Russia has established a policy of promoting foreign direct investment, while Nigeria has opposed such investment and focused on domestic production. B) Russia has joined the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and Nigeria has refused to join any international organizations. C) Russia has established special zones for foreign investment but maintained a communist system, while Nigeria has relied on a state-owned oil company for government revenue. D) Russia has re-nationalized the oil and gas industries, while Nigeria has opened up to foreign domestic investment to extract its abundant oil resources.

Russia has re-nationalized the oil and gas industries, while Nigeria has opened up to foreign domestic investment to extract its abundant oil resources.

Which of the following explains how corruption influences the media in Nigeria? A) The Nigerian government only allows international organizations to cover stories that the government deems appropriate. B) Some journalists are paid to write positive stories about government officials or to stop negatives stories from being published. C) There is only one state newspaper, and people have to bribe the editors to get stories published in it. D) The Nigerian government heavily censors the Internet and removes all negative stories about the president.

Some journalists are paid to write positive stories about government officials or to stop negatives stories from being published.

The most powerful decision making body in China is the A) Central Committee of the Communist Party B) General Secretary of the Communist Party C) Standing Committee of the Politburo D) National Party Congress

Standing Committee of the Politburo

When it comes to legislation, the more important house of the Russian legislature is the A) Central Committee B) Federation council C) Supreme Soviet D) State Duma

State Duma

Which of the following is the best example of corporatism? A) State-sanctioned business or civil organizations meant to represent the public B) The liberalization of trade policy and protection of property rights C) State control of important enterprises and industries D) The sale of political offices or state assets to powerful non-state actors

State-sanctioned business or civil organizations meant to represent the public

Which of the following is a feature of the Iranian political system? A) Absence of women in the national legislature B) Universal opposition to globalization C) Coalition governments composed of multiple ethnic and religious parties D) Tension between moderate reformers and conservatives and hardliners

Tension between moderate reformers and conservatives and hardliners

Which of the following statements about one of six countries studied in the AP Comparative Government and Politics course is true? A) While there are no effective checks on presidential power in Iran, the Mexican legislature has effective checks on the president. B) Over the past decade, both the Russian and Chinese presidents have increased the power of the legislature. C) The British legislature regularly seeks to hold the executive accountable, while the Chinese legislature does not serve as a regular check on executive power. D) The Nigerian and Russian legislatures both act as effective checks on presidential power.

The British legislature regularly seeks to hold the executive accountable, while the Chinese legislature does not serve as a regular check on executive power.

Which of the following best explains a key difference between the Mexican presidential system and the British parliamentary system? A) The Mexican presidential system has to balance national and regional powers, while the British parliamentary system is only concerned with regional powers. B) The head of government in the British parliamentary system is usually an unelected king or queen, while the head of government in the Mexican presidential system is always a directly elected president. C) The Mexican presidential system has a strong cabinet, while the British parliamentary system has a weak cabinet. D) The British parliamentary system has fewer institutional obstacles in passing and enacting policy, while the Mexican presidential system is more likely to face institutional barriers such as checks and balances.

The British parliamentary system has fewer institutional obstacles in passing and enacting policy, while the Mexican presidential system is more likely to face institutional barriers such as checks and balances.

Which of the following best explains a key difference between the Mexican presidential system and the British parliamentary system? A) The head of government in the British parliamentary system is usually an unelected king or queen, while the head of government in the Mexican presidential system is always a directly elected president. B) The Mexican presidential system has a strong cabinet, while the British parliamentary system has a weak cabinet. C) The Mexican presidential system has to balance national and regional powers, while the British parliamentary system is only concerned with regional powers. D) The British parliamentary system has fewer institutional obstacles in passing and enacting policy, while the Mexican presidential system is more likely to face institutional barriers such as checks and balances.

The British parliamentary system has fewer institutional obstacles in passing and enacting policy, while the Mexican presidential system is more likely to face institutional barriers such as checks and balances.

Which of the following is a normative statement? A) The President of Mexico and Russia are both directly elected by the People B) The head of the Iranian Government is the President C) The Chinese judicial system would serve the country better if it were more independent D) The European Union expanded rapidly during the first few years of the 21st century

The Chinese judicial system would serve the country better if it were more independent

Which of the following best explains the role of the judiciary in China? A) The Chinese political system does not have a judiciary, making the legislative branch fully responsible for interpreting the laws it passes. B) The Chinese judiciary is largely free and independent, resulting in judicial decisions that are impartial and seen as fair by all. C) The Chinese judiciary, informed by Confucian traditions, focuses on individualism, emphasizing protection of individual liberties. D) The Chinese judiciary promotes rule by law instead of rule of law, resulting in a judicial system that is subservient to the Communist Party

The Chinese judiciary promotes rule by law instead of rule of law, resulting in a judicial system that is subservient to the Communist Party.

Which of the following statements about the role and function of executives in each country is most accurate? A) The Nigerian president conducts foreign policy, whereas the Russian president relies on the prime minister for foreign policy. B) The British monarch and the Iranian supreme leader are both largely ceremonial positions. C) Iran has a supreme leader instead of a president, whereas Russia has a president and a prime minister who serve as equals. D) The Chinese president and the Nigerian president are both commanders in chief of the armed forces.

The Chinese president and the Nigerian president are both commanders inchief of the armed forces.

Which of the following plays the largest role in the process of recruitment for the president in Iran? A) The Assembly of Experts B) The Mahjiles C) The Guardian Council D) Political parties

The Guardian Council

Which of the following describes a difference between the Iranian and Nigerian legislatures? A) The Iranian legislature has the power of impeachment, but the Nigerian legislature does not. B) The Iranian legislature is unicameral, while the Nigerian legislature is bicameral. C) The Iranian legislature is appointed, while the Nigerian legislature is directly elected. D) The Iranian legislature does not have confirmation powers, while the Nigerian Senate does.

The Iranian legislature is unicameral, while the Nigerian legislature is bicameral.

Which of the following statements explains how sources of power and authority have affected two AP Comparative Government and Politics course countries? A) Religion has helped shape the post-revolutionary governments of Iran and China. B) The Mexican and Nigerian constitutions have helped the countries develop competitive party systems. C) The legislatures in Russia and the United Kingdom have helped the countries become more democratic. D) The military in Nigeria and Iran have helped the countries remain politically stable over time

The Mexican and Nigerian constitutions have helped the countries develop competitive party systems.

Which of the following best explains how power in the National People's Congress is constrained? A) The National People's Congress is directly elected by the people, so representatives must take constituents' needs into consideration when passing legislation. B) China's upper house is required to approve all legislation passed by the National People's Congress concerning the annual budget. C) The National People's Congress is recognized by the constitution as the most powerful institution of government and has no constraints. D) The National People's Congress is subservient to the Politburo Standing Committee, which is the actual center of power in China.

The National People's Congress is subservient to the Politburo Standing Committee, which is the actual center of power in China.

Under the Russian constitution of 1993, which of the following institutions has the most power? A) The Constitutional Court B) The President C) The Duma D) The military

The President

Which of the following statements best compares government regulation of civil society in Russia with that of the United Kingdom? A) In both Russia and the United Kingdom the government frequently jails members of opposition civil society groups. B) Only in Russia does the government provide all funding for civil society groups. C) Only in Russia must civil society groups register with the government. D) The Russian government monitors civil society groups much more closely than does the government of the United Kingdom.

The Russian government monitors civil society groups much more closely than does the government of the United Kingdom.

Which of the following is or was considered a multinational state? A) Germany B) The Soviet Union C) Japan D) China

The Soviet Union

In 1953, when Prime Minister Mossadeq nationalized the oil industry in Iran, A) Ayatollah Khomeini instigated a revolution B) A coalition of US led forces invaded Iran C) The United States supported a coup to remove him D) The Iranian parliament removed him with a vote of no confidence

The United States supported a coup to remove him

In 1953, when Prime Minister Mossadeq nationalized the oil industry in Iran, A) The United States supported a coup to remove him B) A coalition of US led forces invaded Iran C) Ayatollah Khomeini instigated a revolution D) The Iranian parliament removed him with a vote of no confidence

The United States supported a coup to remove him

Which of the following most accurately describes the role of the British cabinet? A) The cabinet formulates, implements, and enforces policy through different agencies. B) The cabinet exclusively oversees subnational units of governments such as states and regions. C) The cabinet is a central part of the judiciary because they do research for judges. D) The cabinet inhibits democratic procedures because its role is to be opaque and uncommunicative with the public.

The cabinet formulates, implements, and enforces policy through different agencies.

Which of the following best describes political culture? A) The government's right to rule over citizens and monitor their behavior for the good of the entire society B) The expressed platforms of different political parties competing for power within the state C) The collective attitudes, values, and beliefs of the citizenry and the norms of behavior in the political system D) The process of transmitting political values through family, schools, peers, and the media.

The collective attitudes, values, and beliefs of the citizenry and the norms of behavior in the political system

In Russia, the Yukos trial and the subsequent imprisonment of Mikhail Khodorkovsky reflected whch of the following? A) The growing influence of investigative journalism in Russia B) The continued manipulation of the legal system by Russian Businesses C) The continued weakening of the rule of law D) The increased rights of citizens to sue in Russia

The continued weakening of the rule of law

Which of the following best explains why, despite the intervention of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), there are still problems with strengthening civil society in Nigeria? A) The country is large, and there are multiple societal cleavages and divisions. B) Most NGOs are funded by oil money, and resources have diminished since 2000. C) The media, which is controlled by the government, discourages people from joining organizations. D) Joining nongovernmental organizations goes against the culture of Nigerians, especially in the south

The country is large, and there are multiple societal cleavages and divisions.

Which of the following best explains why China and Russia are among the nations with the highest literacy rates in the world? A) The Communist Parties in both countries require all members to have secondary degrees. B) The governments of both countries implemented literacy policies to maintain political legitimacy. C) Countries with command economies often have higher literacy rates than countries with market economies. D) Since 2000, the Russian and Chinese governments have promoted literacy policies to slow emigration.

The governments of both countries implemented literacy policies to maintain political legitimacy.

Which of the following is a consequence of fusing the executive and lawmaking functions? A) The legislature and executive are usually controlled by different parties. B) The legislature can remove the executive through a vote of no confidence. C) The legislature and executive are constitutionally arranged to function independently and have powers over each other. D) Parliament is often dissolved because such a system is dysfunctional and not very efficient.

The legislature can remove the executive through a vote of no confidence.

Which of the following best describes the primary role of the Mexican executive branch? A) The primary role of the Mexican executive branch is to determine the constitutionality of laws. B) The primary role of the Mexican executive branch is to issue decrees. C) The primary role of the Mexican executive branch is to implement and enforce policies. D) The primary role of the Mexican executive branch is to ensure that laws are applied fairly to all levels of government.

The primary role of the Mexican executive branch is to implement and enforce policies.

Economic liberalization policies in Mexico resulted in which of the following? A) Internal migration from the north of the country to the south B) The removal of agricultural subsidies C) The refusal to sign the North American Free Trade Agreement D) The removal of maquiladora zones in the north

The removal of agricultural subsidies

Which of the following is an accurate description of the Iranian dual executive power-sharing arrangement as outlined in the 1979 Constitution? A) The supreme leader serves as commander in chief while the president conducts foreign policy. B) The supreme leader has complete control over all aspects of the military and of foreign policy while the president's sole responsibility is to oversee economic policy. C) The president has complete control over all aspects of the military while the supreme leader oversees foreign policy. D) The president serves as commander in chief while the supreme leader oversees the Majles and domestic policy.

The supreme leader serves as commander in chief while the president conducts foreign policy.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the influence of social class on voting in modern Britain? A) The working class strongly supports the Labour Party, and the middle class strongly supports the Conservative Party. B) The working class tends to support Labour and the middle class tends to support the Conservatives, but the lines of distinction have blurred in recent years. C) Social class is not as important an influence on voter loyalties and opinions as is age. D) Social class is still a strong influence on voter choices in England,but it has little impact on voters in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

The working class tends to support Labour and the middle class tends to support the Conservatives, but the lines of distinction have blurred in recent years.

Which of the following best explains the difference in cabinet selection between the Nigerian presidential system and the British parliamentary system? A) Cabinet members are elected in the United Kingdom but not in Nigeria, so policymaking often becomes cumbersome as representatives work hard to represent their constituents rather than the country as a whole. B) There are fewer institutional obstacles for cabinets in the United Kingdom than in Nigeria because the executive and legislature are controlled by the same political party, so policymaking may be quicker and more efficient. C) In Nigeria cabinet members are appointed by the Supreme Court, and in the United Kingdom cabinet members are chosen by the majority party. D) Conservative parties in Nigeria and in the United Kingdom are able to institute policy changes more easily than liberal parties since they are usually more closely affiliated with the monarchy.

There are fewer institutional obstacles for cabinets in the United Kingdom than in Nigeria because the executive and legislature are controlled by the same political party, so policymaking may be quicker and more efficient.

Which of the following is true of British cabinet ministers? A) They are usually not serving in the House of Commons when they are chosen as cabinet members. B) They often come from the House of Lords. C) They tend to be experts in particular areas of policy and have spent much of their careers outside of government. D) They are usually leading members of the majority party in the House of Commons rather than policy experts

They are usually leading members of the majority party in the House of Commons rather than policy experts

Which of the following best describes the impact of United Nations (UN) sanctions on Iran between 1987 and 2015 ? A) UN sanctions in Iran have taken a substantial economic toll, which has created domestic political turmoil. B) UN sanctions in Iran have not been levied since the Iran-Iraq War, so there is no impact of the sanctions today. C) UN sanctions in Iran have led to only conservative candidates being elected president in Iran. D) UN sanctions in Iran have led to an opening, strengthening, and diversification of the Iranian economy.

UN sanctions in Iran have taken a substantial economic toll, which has created domestic political turmoil.

Which of the following statements is true concerning sources of legitimacy in China? A) Whereas China used to rely more on charismatic leadership to bolster legitimacy, for the last several decades, China has relied more on economic growth than charismatic leadership. B) China is transitioning to relying on competitive national elections rather than charismatic leadership to reinforce its legitimacy. C) Because of the stronghold of the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese government does not concern itself with political legitimacy. D) While China used to rely on charismatic leadership to promote legitimacy, it no longer does so at all.

Whereas China used to rely more on charismatic leadership to bolster legitimacy, for the last several decades, China has relied more on economic growth than charismatic leadership.

Which of the following statements is true concerning sources of legitimacy in China? A) While China used to rely on charismatic leadership to promote legitimacy, it no longer does so at all. B) China is transitioning to relying on competitive national elections rather than charismatic leadership to reinforce its legitimacy. C) Whereas China used to rely more on charismatic leadership to bolster legitimacy, for the last several decades, China has relied more on economic growth than charismatic leadership. D) Because of the stronghold of the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese government does not concern itself with political legitimacy.

Whereas China used to rely more on charismatic leadership to bolster legitimacy, for the last several decades, China has relied more on economic growth than charismatic leadership.

Which of the following statements about freedom of the press is correct? A) While China offers almost no press freedoms, Mexican journalists can operate in a remarkably free space. B) While Mexico and Russia both have legal protections of press freedom, journalists often operate in fear of violence. C) While China seeks to control access to the Internet, the Russian regime allows for a totally free Internet but censors television. D) Iranian and Mexican journalists demand freedom and are heavily supported by, respectively, Muslim clerics in Iran and the Catholic clergy in Mexico.

While Mexico and Russia both have legal protections of press freedom, journalists often operate in fear of violence.

Which of the following statements about elections is accurate? A) While the United Kingdom has free and fair legislative elections, legislative elections in Iran are not competitive and have candidates that have been vetted. B) While all citizens in Nigeria are eligible to vote in all elections, citizens of China have no right to vote. C) While Iran and Mexico both have mostly free and fair legislative elections, neither has free or fair presidential elections. D) While the members of the United Kingdom's upper house are elected, members of Russia's upper house are appointed.

While the United Kingdom has free and fair legislative elections, legislative elections in Iran are not competitive and have candidates that have been vetted.

Both Mexico and Russia have politcal systems characterized by A) a federalist structure B) post industrialism C) high levels of transparancy D) democratic consolidation

a federalist structure

A nation-state is best characterized as A) a sub-national unit of government such as Caiaphas or Tibet B) a politically defined territory in which the state and national identity coincide C) a sovereign state where the legislature is appointed rather then elected D) the members of a regime holding power in a state

a politically defined territory in which the state and national identity coincide

The current Russian constitution was adopted by A) a constitutional convention. B) regional leaders following the collapse of the Soviet Union. C) presidential decree. D) a referendum.

a referendum.

Collapsing global oil prices would necessarily cause the most trouble for which of the following? A) a newly developed country B) a formerly communist state C) a rentier state D) a secular state

a rentier state

Which of the following policymakers in Britain is MOST likely to hold on to his/her position the longest? A) the prime minister B) a cabinet member C) a member of parliament` D) a top level bureaucrat

a top level bureaucrat

Which of following best descibes the patterns of political and economic change in Russia A) Gradual and peaceful B) Preceded by the execution of the head of government C) abrubt and violent D) All change has resulted in Civil Wars

abrubt and violent

Which of following best descibes the patterns of political and economic change in Russia A) Preceded by the execution of the head of government B) abrubt and violent C) All change has resulted in Civil Wars D) Gradual and peaceful

abrubt and violent

Britains Upper House differs from Mexico's upper house in that members of the Upper House in Great Britain A) Have more political experience B) are non-elected offiicials C) have to be approved by the Head of State D) are elected officials

are non-elected offiicials

Patron client relations involve the patron providing: A) benefits and services in exchange political support B) money and training in exchange for jobs for family members C) support and services in exchange for protection D) votes and support in exchange for a seat in the policy making process

benefits and services in exchange political support

The electoral system used to fill the Chamber of Deputies in Mexico is based on A) both proportional and single member districts B) a two round system C) a single national constituency D) majority runoff elections

both proportional and single member districts

"Collective responsibility" for policy making in the British political system belongs to the A) House of Commons only B) House of Commons and the House of Lords C) cabinet D) law lords

cabinet

One of the most frequently heard current criticisms of Vladimir Putin's presidency is that he is A) allowing the Russian mafia to exert too much power in making political decisions B) centralizing so much power in the presidency that Russia's democratic reforms are in jeopardy C) allowing the legitimacy of the government to diminish because he has never received a majority of the votes in a presidential election D) displaying too much unpredictable and unstable behavior to be a good president

centralizing so much power in the presidency that Russia's democratic reforms are in jeopardy

The "Slavophile v. Westernizer" characteristic of Russia's political culture indicates that the political culture is A) conflictual B) consensual C) subject to revolutions D) resistant to absolute rulers

conflictual

Mao's "mass line" emphasized A) a route of retreat from the Nationalists B) massive industrial output C) direct connections with Leninism D) connections between the peasants and the Party

connections between the peasants and the Party

Many Political Scientist are reluctant to classify Mexico as a liberal democracy due to the fact that A) policial liberalization has been limited B) very little economic liberlization has taken place C) no competative party systems exists D) consistant democractic practices are relatively new, only dating back to the late 1980's

consistant democractic practices are relatively new, only dating back to the late 1980's

The Zapatistas A) receive more support in the North of Mexico than in the South B) demand more indigenous rights C) advocate for the extension of NAFTA D) support neo-liberal economic policies

demand more indigenous rights

Which of the following issues was addressed directly by the Good Friday Agreement of 1998? A) the role of the Anglican Church in shaping political policies B) integration of the British economy with the EU C) devolution of power to the Scottish Parliament D) devolution of power to a Northern Ireland Parliament

devolution of power to a Northern Ireland Parliament

In Nigeria, the president is chosen by A) Speaker of the House of Commons B) The dominant party in parliament C) the Chancellor of the Exchequer D) direct vote of a national electorate

direct vote of a national electorate

All of the following are criteria that would be evaluated to determine whether a country is a liberal democracy EXCEPT A) competitiveness of elections B) efficiency of decision making C) freedom of expression D) multiple sources of information

efficiency of decision making

A primary aim of the Cultural Revolution in China between 1966 and 1976 was to A) implement market reforms through social upheaval B) revitalizes Chinese art and culture C) eliminate opposition to the ideas of Mao Zedong D) bolster the political standing of Deng Xiaoping

eliminate opposition to the ideas of Mao Zedong

A primary aim of the Cultural Revolution in China between 1966 and 1976 was to A) revitalizes Chinese art and culture B) eliminate opposition to the ideas of Mao Zedong C) implement market reforms through social upheaval D) bolster the political standing of Deng Xiaoping

eliminate opposition to the ideas of Mao Zedong

An important change in China in the post-Mao era has been the A) legalization of meaningful competition among political parties B) encouragement of greater foreign investment in the national economy C) banning of military participation in official policy-making D) elimination of private enterprise

encouragement of greater foreign investment in the national economy

In contrast to non-communist countries, communist countries usually place more value on A) decentralization of government responsibilities B) liberty rather than equality C) equality rather than liberty D) acquisition of material wealth

equality rather than liberty

Civil society contributes to democratization by A) giving citizens the tools and experience necessary to hold the government accountable B) making democratic reforms a prerequisite to join international organizations C) creating a middle class which will put pressure on governments to allow more representation in legislatures in return for taxation D) making the funding of political parties and interest groups possible

giving citizens the tools and experience necessary to hold the government accountable

Chinese leaders communicate with one another through a patron-client network called A) nomenklatura B) fang-shou C) danwei D) guanxi

guanxi

One difference between the British parliamentary system and the Nigerian presidential system is that the Nigerian presidential system A) ensures there will be no periods of divided government B) sets no fixed term of office for the executive C) makes the executive subject to a possible vote of no confidence by the legislature D) has an executive electorally independent from the legislature

has an executive electorally independent from the legislature

All of the following are commonly associated with regime change EXCEPT A) cleavages within a regime B) increasing levels of legitimacy C) international pressure D) a substantial degree of mobilization by opponents

increasing levels of legitimacy

Compared to a winner-take-all electoral system, a proportional representation system A) is more likely to encourage the formation of regional parties B) weakens the power of parties in the nomination process C) is more likely to result in a multi-party system D) favors two dominant parties

is more likely to result in a multi-party system

Parliamentary systems differ from presidential systems in that the head of government in a parliamentary system A) can be dismissed only if found guilty of crimes in an impeachment process B) is elected directly in a national election, while a President is not C) is responsible only to the voters and not to the legislature D) is selected by the legislature, while a President is not

is selected by the legislature, while a President is not

Iranian history differs significantly from the history of other nations in the region because A) it was only recently that religion played a part in Iran's development. B) its oil reserves were only discovered in the early 1970s. C) it's a relatively young country. D) it was never formally colonized by the European powers

it was never formally colonized by the European powers

Iranian history differs significantly from the history of other nations in the region because A) it was only recently that religion played a part in Iran's development. B) it's a relatively young country. C) it was never formally colonized by the European powers. D) its oil reserves were only discovered in the early 1970s.

it was never formally colonized by the European powers.

The right to rule in dynastic China is better known as the A) filial piety B) danwei C) mandate of heaven D) dao

mandate of heaven

As compared with federalist countries, countries with unitary governments have A) less equality in government services throughout the state B) more centralization in the policy process C) presidential as opposed to parliamentary systems D) introduced more substantial privatization in the last two decades

more centralization in the policy process

Interest groups in Britain are less likely to lobby members of Parliament than they are to put pressure on cabinet members because A) British MPs do not represent constituents B) interest groups are relatively weak in Britain C) British MPs do not need much money for their election campaigns D) most policy making decisions are made by cabinet members

most policy making decisions are made by cabinet members

Which of the following is the best example of the use of co-optation in Mexico? A) troops are sent out to quell protests in the middle of the night B) a freedom of information act is passed to increase transparency C) opposition leaders are given a seat in government D) hereditary peers lose their right to sit in the upper house

opposition leaders are given a seat in government

Which of the following principles of governance has been MOST directly responsible for blocking the development of judicial review in Britain? A) fusion of church and state B) multi-nationalism C) parliamentary sovereignty D) noblesse oblige

parliamentary sovereignty

The persistence of the Communist Party influence and serious economic problems A) plagued Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union. B) was the basis for the policy of glasnost. C) was solved by the corporate sector. D) was solved during the presidency of Boris Yeltsin.

plagued Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

When states and nations do not coincide, the result is often A) Has no effect B) economic development. C) political conflict. D) a stronger political culture.

political conflict.

In Great Britain, the House of Lords has the power to A) force the Prime Minister to resign B) veto legislation C) postpone the enactment of legislation D) name members of the cabinet

postpone the enactment of legislation

Nigeria's 1999 constitution allows for a(n) A) presidential system with a unicameral legislature. B) parliamentary system. C) A Unitary Government D) presidential system with a bicameral legislature.

presidential system with a bicameral legislature.

Import substitution A) emphasizes a reduction in tariffs and other barriers for trade B) protects home industries at the expense of free trade C) is a policy promoted by advocates of neo-liberal economic practices D) is a policy vigorously opposed by the Zapatistas in Mexico

protects home industries at the expense of free trade

Northern Ireland and Chechnya have both experienced violance, conflict and seperatist movements based on A) ideology B) religion C) Social Class D) Urban V Rural

religion

In which of the following areas would British voters be MOST likely to vote for Conservative Party candidates? A) rural England B) Scotland C) Wales D) central London

rural England

A rentier state is one in which A) corruption is endemic B) state revenues are heavily dependent on payments from foreign concerns C) rural and urban cleavages are particularly pronounced. D) transparency is well established

state revenues are heavily dependent on payments from foreign concerns

The tendency of Russian citizens to value the existence of a strong government to protect them is called A) perestroika B) statism C) corporatism D) democratic centralism

statism

The tendency of Russian citizens to value the existence of a strong government to protect them is called A) statism B) perestroika C) democratic centralism D) corporatism

statism

In Great Britain, the Prime Minister is A) rarely chosen from the ranks of the party B) the head of government and leader of the dominant party in Parliament C) elected directly by the British voters D) not eligible to serve more than two terms

the head of government and leader of the dominant party in Parliament

Creating a national identity is considered the least problematic in a country in which A) the people do not share common physical traits. B) the people share a common history, language, and religion. C) the people share the same social structures, but differing religions D) the people share a common history but not a common religion.

the people share a common history, language, and religion.

Which of the following is the best description of the responsibilities of the British speaker of the House? A) the speaker is the leader of the "loyal opposition" B) the speaker is the leader of the majority party C) the speaker serves as a liaison with the Queen D) the speaker objectively presides over debates in the House of Commons

the speaker objectively presides over debates in the House of Commons

In Iran, citizens are guaranteed freedom of speech, association, and safety of person, but usually with the qualification that A) any demonstrations must be peaceful and well-organized. B) they are not allowed to libel or slander others. C) their activities are "within the criteria of Islam." D) there are no qualifications

their activities are "within the criteria of Islam."

Although minorities make up only a fairly small proportion of China's population, A) they have issues that are recognized by most Chinese people. B) they control large areas of the territory. C) they have a great deal of political power. D) they are autonomous from the central government.

they control large areas of the territory.

The relationship between political governance and economic policy in contemporary China can be characterized as A) remaining stagnant, both politically and economically. B) furthering goals of economic conservatism and political conservatism. C) undergoing simultaneous political and economic reform. D) undergoing economic reform but retaining political control.

undergoing economic reform but retaining political control.

The British parliamentary system is most fundamentally characterized by A) clear separation of powers between the legislative and executive branches B) very little separation of powers between the cabinet and parliament C) a strong judicial branch with powers of judicial review D) local governments that have a great deal of sovereign powers separate from the central government

very little separation of powers between the cabinet and parliament

Peter the Great and Catherine the Great changed Russia by introducing and promoting A) Slavic traditions B) totalitarianism C) westernization D) authoritarian rule

westernization

The Green Movement in Iran refers to A) mass action to demand the replacement of the Iranian theocratic regime with a secular republican form of government B) the "brain drain" which followed the cultural revolution as many educated Iranians moved to other countries C) widespread protests after the 2009 presidential election over election fraud D) the growing environmental movement which swept the country after a series of environmental disasters in the 1980s

widespread protests after the 2009 presidential election over election fraud