AP Environmental
During Modern Environmental Era, public awareness grew concerning what harmful affects? (2)
harmful affects of pollution and habitat loss of wild life species
What was George P. Bush's stand on environmental issues?
he supported exploitation of valuable resources on public lands and allowed some environmental laws to be undercut even though he called himself the "environmental president"
What years was the Environmental Era?
1960-2004
When were photographs of Earth from space taken?
1969
When was EPA established?
1970
What years were President Jimmy Carter president?
1977-1981
What year was the Comprehensive Environment Response, Compensation, and Liability Act created?
1980
Grassroots environmental groups that increased awareness of complex environmental issues sprang up when?
1990's
What is the BLM?
Bureau of Land Management
What was the CCC and when established?
Civilian Conservation Corp, 1933
Name the scientist and Vermont legislator.
George Perkins Marsh
What type of worldview resulted from the space photos?
"Spaceship Earth" environmental worldview
What year did President George P. Bush take office?
1989
Years of Conservation Era.
1832-1960
In what year and what did Marsh write about conserving resources?
1864, Man and Nature
Between what years did the role of the federal government and private citizens increased to protect natural resources?
1870-1930
What year was Yosemite National Park established?
1890
What year did Congress ban executive withdrawals of public forests?
1907
What percentage of public lands are in 12 western states?
85%
What member of the U.S. Forest Service was a strong proponent of land ethics?
Aldo Leopold
What did the Antiquities Act of 1906 allow?
Allows the president to protect areas of scientific or historical interest on federal lands as national monuments.
What is Environmental Backlash?
An anti-environmental movement formed to weaken or rescind many of the environmental laws passed during the 1960's and 70's.
When was the first annual Earth Day? How many celebrated?
April 20, 1970, 20 million people celebrated
What was the "wise-use" movement? What year?
Coal, oil, mining, automobile, timber, and ranching interests had goals to weaken or repeal environmental law and incapacitate the movement.
Carter created a Superfund to clean up abandoned hazardous wastes sites as part of what act?
Comprehensive Environment Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
What did Congress and the public think of the policy changes by Reagan?
Congress challenged them and the public was outraged
Carter was very responsive to environmental concerns. What department did he create?
Department of Energy
What is the EPA and who established it?
Environmental Protection Agency, Preident Richard Nixon
What happened in the 1980's?
Environmental backlash
What do Moderate Republicans and most Democrats say should not be used as a political tool?
Environmental issues. They urge elected officials to become world leaders in making the 21st century the environmental century.
The BLM received it first authority to manage public lands with the passage of what policy? What year?
Federal Land Policy and Management Act, 1978
How many people in Tribal Era?
Five to Ten million
What act and year established that Federal Govt was responsible for protecting public land from exploitation?
Forest Reserve Act of 1891
What happened to funding for research on environmental issues during the 1980's?
Funding was drastically cut
Leopold was a founder of what profession and what organization? (2) What year?
Game Management and the Wilderness Society, 1935
George W. Bush wanted to relax what policy?
He wanted to increase fossil fuel use and relax air and water quality standards. Tried to weaken Clinton's pro-environmental policies.
Who wrote Life in the Woods?
Henry David Thoreau
What was lifestyle and characteristics of Tribal Era? List four things.
Hunter-gatherer, sustainable agriculture, deep reverence for nature, did not believe in land ownership
Few changed occurred when? Why?
In the 1940's and 1950's due to WWII and economic recovery after the war
Who founded the Sierra Club? What year?
John Muir, 1892
The 1960's were the beginning of what era?
Modern Environmental Era
In 1916, what Service Act was passed?
National Park Service Act
What three men described the relationship among population growth, resource use and pollution?
Paul Erlich, Barry Commoner, Garrett Hardin
Which president (1993-2001) appointed environmentalists to key positions?
President Bill Clinton
Who became president in 2001?
President George W. Bush
The thinking of selling public land to private groups at low costs goes back to what president?
President Hoover
What president allowed increased private energy and mineral development and timber cutting on public lands?
President Ronald Reagan
What three presidents promoted resource removal from public lands at low prices to stimulate economic growth?
Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover
Conservationists wanted protection of what?
Public wilderness areas
Thought about resources in Frontier Era.
Resources were inexhaustible
Who was Rachel Carson? What did she write?
She researched the effects of pesticides and wrote Silent Spring which documented harmful affect on air , water, and wildlife.
What claims are environmentalists having to counter claim?
That global warming and ozone depletion are hoaxes or not serious.
True or False. Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring, was controversial.
True
What happened between 1990 to 2004?
Trying to hold the line. Environmentalists are just trying to keep anti-environmtalists from weakening or eliminating laws passed in the 1960's and 70's
What Service was created in 1905? Who was the chief?
U.S. Forest Act, Gifford Pinchot
What act was passed in 1973?
The Endangered Species Act
What stopped the selling off of public lands?
The Great Depression
Who was the best environmental president? What years was he president?
Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909
What sparked this Environmental Era?
There was an environmental reawakening and citizens urged the govt to improve environmental quality.
Why was there an Environmental Backlash?
To destroy the political effectiveness of the environmental movement
List Four Environmental Eras
Tribal, Frontier, Conservation, Environmental
True or False. Leopold believed that people need to be plain citizens of the Earth instead of its' conquerer.
True
What act was passed by Congress in 1964?
Wilderness Act
What was the "sagebrush rebellion?"
a political campaign that miners, ranchers, loggers, developers, and farmers joined together to try to reduce government regulation and sell or lease land to private interests at low prices.
How long was Tribal Era and what environmental impact?
at least 10,000 years and low environmental impact
When did Frontier Era begin?
began in 1600's
Leopold was also the founder what movements in the 20th century? (2)
conservation and environmental movements
What two things did President Franklin D. Roosevelt establish? (2) When?
established conservation projects and public health project in the 1930's
List how land was viewed Frontier Era (3).
land viewed as hostile, dangerous, needing to be conquered (this thought continues in American culture)
List three things Muir did.
led movement to limit use of public wilderness for hiking and camping, lobbied for National Park system, established Yosemite National Park
Where did and how long did Thoreau live to inspire his writing?
observed nature for two years in Massachusetts woods
What did Hoover propose for economic development?
proposed selling all public lands to private interests
The CCC provided four things. List them.
provided jobs, flood control, irrigation water, and cheap electricity
What were the three things that Erlich, Commoner, and Hardin described?
relationship among population growth, resource use, and pollution
What did Leopold believe?
that humans have an ethical responsibility to preserve wild nature
In what years did the government buy land and hire workers to restore the country's degraded environment?
the 1930's
When was the "environmental decade?"
the 1970's
What was the Department of Energy?
to reduce the heavy dependence of the country on imported oil
Carter increased the land in two systems. By how much and which systems?
tripled the land in the National Wilderness System and doubled the land in the National Park System
Did President George W. Bush weaken or strengthen environmental policies?
weakened
What two things did Roosevelt establish?
wildlife reserves and tripled the size of national forest reserves