AP Euro: Chapter 12

Mary I

(r. 1553-1558): Married Philip II of Spain (symbol of militant Catholicism); bad foreign policies; shocking domestic policies; anti-Protestant; executed hundreds of Protestants (287 burned at stake) and multiple leaders; "Bloody Mary".

Elizabeth I

(r. 1558-1603): Mary's half sister; daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; enduring/remarkable successes in domestic and foreign policy; advisor: Sir William Cecil; built true kingdom; 1559-1603: religious settlement through Parliament that prevented religious differences from tearing England apart in the 16th century; subordinated religious to political unity; merged a centralized episcopal system that she firmly controlled with Protestant doctrine and traditional Catholic ritual; resulting Anglican Church; Act of Supremacy asserted Elizabeth's right as "supreme gov." over spiritual/temporal affairs.

Thirty-Nine Articles

A revision of Thomas Crammer's original forty- two articles, made moderate Protestantism the official religion within the Church of England.

Baroque

A style of art marked by heavy and dramatic ornamentation and curved rather than straight lines that flourished between 1550 and 1750. It was especially associated with the Catholic Counter-Reformation.

Henry of Navarre

AKA Henry IV was King of Navarre (as Henry III) 1572 to 1610 and King of France 1589 to 1610. Originally Protestant, he converted to Catholicism. Involved in the French Wars of Religion, barely escaped assassination on St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. One of the most popular French Kings to have lived, showed great care for welfare for his subjects, showed unusual religious tolerance.

Spanish Fury

Bloody Pillage of cities in the Low Countries by a Spansih regular and mutinous troops that occurred over the years 1572-1579 during the Dutch Revolt.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended 30 Years War; Treaty signed at Munster and Osnabruck, ending religious wars; the sovereignty of over 300 German princes recognized, limiting power of Holy roman Emperor; independence in United Provinces of the Netherlands recognized; France received Alsace, Sweden received large cash indemnity and control over German territories along Baltic Sea; Papacy denied right to participate in German religious affairs; Augsburg agreement remained permanent; Calvinism became legally permissible creed.

Union of Utrecht

Formed by northern provinces of the Netherlands, response to Union of Arras.

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Edict of Restitutio

Imperial law that prohibited all Calvinist worship and restored Catholic ownership of land stolen by the Protestant Princes of the Reformation

Peace of Praque

In 1635, the German protestants states, led by Saxony, reached a compromise with ferdandad . france and the Netherlands, however, continued to support Sweden. Desiring to maximize their investments in the war, they refused to join the agreement. Their resistance to settlement plunged the war into its fourth and most devastating phase.

Edict of Nantes

Issued April 13 1598 by Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France rights in a Catholic country (France).

Union if Arras

January 1579, southern provinces formed UoA, make peace with Spain; provinces later caused the Counter-Reformation.

Gustavus Adolphus II

Joins Thirty Years' War in 1629, king of Sweden, Protestant leader, stands up for fellow Protestants, military genius, wins a lot for Protestant team; supported by Richelieu, who wants to end Hapsburg power; killed in 1632 at battle of Luetzen

Philip II

King of Spain and King of Portugal as Philip I. Married Queen Mary I, he was King of England of Ireland. Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power. A devout Catholic. Spain was religiously united and had the mightiest navy in the world.

Mary Queens of Scotts

Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland, was 6 days old when her father died and she succeeded to the throne. She was in line for the throne but when queen elizabeth saw her as a threat, she was confined in a number of castles for almost 19 year. When she was found guilty of trying to kill Queen Elizabeth she was sentenced to death.

Presbyter

Meaning "elder." A person who directed the affairs of the early Christian congregations.

Armada

One of the largest military fleets in the history of warfare which was sent to attack England in 1588. The smaller English fleet was able to defeat the armada by using its ease of maneuverability and ended Spain's domination of the Atlantic Ocean and made England the power.

Palatinate

Palatine's territory: the territory, office, or responsibilities of a feudal palatine

Protestant Resistance Theory

Political thought discussing when resistance to repression is justified.

Congregationalists

Puts a group/assembly above any one individual and prefers an ecclesiastical polity that allows each congregation to be autonomous, or self-governing; "Extreme Puritans".

Politique

Ruler or person in a position of power who puts the success and well being of his or her state above all else.

Presbyterians

Scottish Calvinists and English Protestants who advocated a national church composed of semiautonomous congregations governed by "presbyteries" ​

Pacification of Ghent

Signed November 8, 1576. Alliance of the Habsburg Netherlands for the purpose of driving mutinying Spanish mercenary troops from the country. And for promoting a peace treaty with rebelling provinces Holland and Zeeland.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

The 1572 massacre that occurred during the wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot that would resolve the conflict between the two conflicting parties.

Counter-Reformation

The sixteenth-century reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant Reformation.

Bullion

Traditionally stands for gold bars, silver wars, other precious metals.

William of Nassu the Prince of Orange

Widely known as William the Silent. Mains leader of the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish that set the 80's Years War. Ancestor to the monarchy of the Netherlands.

Catherine de Médicis

Wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of their fathers rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army, which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre