AP Euro Chapter 12 The Western Heritage
Conspiracy of Amboise (1560)
Bourbon Louis I and Coligny conspired to kidnap Francis II
Why did Elizabeth never directly appoint a successor until the very end?
By giving the name of the successor, she'd probably be pushed out faster by Englanders since they were unsatisfied with her. If there was a person there, there would be a court persons sucking up to that person since Elizabeth was going to die. If there is somebody there, people won't believe she has control anymore. Elizabeth said she was married to England.
Geneva
Geneva had become a refuge for Europe's persecuted Protestants and an international school for Protestant resistance.
Stadholder
Governor
Don Carlos
Philip II's son, died under suspicious circumstances in 1568
Treaty of Joinville
Philip II, King of Spain, agreed to finance the Catholic League. The aim of the treaty was to form a Catholic alliance against Protestant forces, notably Elizabeth I of England, in response to the potential succession to the French throne of Henry III of Navarre, at this point a Protestant.
Margaret of Parma
Philip's half sister, was the regent in Philip's absence in Netherlands.
Henry IV aka Henry of Navarre
Politique, gave up the Protestant faith and embraced Catholicism, well liked by his soldiers for how he dressed, assassinated in May 1610.
Death of Henry III
Stabbed by a Jacobin friar. Henry of Navarre took the throne as Henry IV.
Who did Catholicism appeal to?
Those who wanted to maintain "one king, one church, one law"
Who did Calvinism appeal to?
Those who were against totalitarian rulers
"tenth penny"
a 10 percent sales tax, met such resistance from merchants and artisans.
Henry of Navarre
(r. 1574-1589) Politique, later King Henry III of France
The Edict of Fontainebleau
1540, subjected the French Protestants aka the Huguenots to the Inquisition
January Edict
1562, issued by Catherine de Medicis which granted Protestants the freedom to worship publicly outside towns and hold synods.
Name the time period of the French Wars of Religion
1562-1598
Peace of Saint Germain-en-Laye
1570, ended the third war, the crown granted the Huguenots religious freedoms within their territories and the right to fortify their cities.
Catherine de Medicis
After Francis II's death in 1560, she continued to be regent for her son Charles IX. She tried to reconcile Protestant and Catholic factions and failed so she sought out an alliance with the Protestants. But the Protestants were reluctant to ally with her so she had to side with the Guise family.
Treaty of the Pyrenees
After the Thirty Years' War, France and Spain remained at war outside the empire until 1659, ending with a French victory and the Treaty of the Pyrenees. France became Europe's dominant power.
Elizabeth I
Anglican, politique, Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity, excommunicated by Pope Pius who favored a military conquest of Protestant England,
Edict of Nantes
April 13th, 1598 Henry IV religious truce granted minority religious rights
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
August 24th, 1572 - Coligny and 3,000 fellow Huguenots were butchered in Paris and 20,000 more following the next three days. Pope Gregory XIII and Philip II greeted this with celebration. This massacre, for the moment, ended any French plan to invade the Netherlands and fight against Spain.
What type of style did the Catholics like for architecture and art?
Baroque style (grandiose three dimensional display of life and energy)
How did Coligny become a trusted adviser of the king if he conspired to kill against him?
Because after Conde was killed, he assumed leadership and ended up working with the king.
Lady Jane Grey
Before Edward VI died in 1553, he agreed to a device to make Lady Jane Grey the successor in his place instead of Catholic Mary Tudor. Lady Jane Grey was eventually beheaded and removed from the throne.
Theodore Beza
French Protestant, Christian Theologian, follower of Calvin, Calvin's successor
What did Catherine try to convince Charles of?
Catherine plotted with the Guises against the Protestants. When Coligny was struck down by an assassins bullet but not dead, Catherine had been part of the plot. She convinced Charles that there was a Huguenot overthrowing happening and executing the Protestant leader (Coligny) was the only way to save the crown from an attack on Paris.
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
Catholic extremists hoped to replace Elizabeth with Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. She had not been declared illegitimate like Elizabeth had. Mary's alleged lover, the earl of Bothwell, was suspected of having killed her legal husband Lord Darnley. Bothwell was acquitted and married Mary. Protestant nobles were outraged and forced Mary to surrender the throne to her one year old son, who became James VI of Scotland, later King James I of England. She resided in England under house arrest for nineteen years and she was consumed by her desire to be the Queen of England, making Elizabeth uncomfortable.
Mary I
Catholic, Blamed Anne Boleyn for her father's lack of love and attention. She adored Henry VIII but he ignored her. So she also blamed the Protestant faith, which is why she had so many burnings at the stake,
Sir William Cecil
Chief adviser to Elizabeth I
Why did Catherine not trust Coligny?
Coligny became Charles IX's most trusted adviser. Catherine did not trust him because he wanted Charles IX to invade the Netherlands and fight against Philip and Spain which France was no match for. Coligny was being influenced by Louis of Nassau who was leading the rebellion in the Netherlands. Charles IX agreed to plan an invasion.
Rembarandt van Rijn
Created portraits of the Dutch Mennonite
Why were Dauphine and Languedoc important geographical locations?
Dauphine was the center of Protestantism in France,
Huguenots
French Protestants, made up 2/3 of the French aristocracy
Treaty of Vervins
Ended hostilities between France and Spain
What happened by the middle of the seventeenth century?
English Puritans successfully revolted against the Stuart monarchy and the Anglican church.
Christopher Wren
English architect who designed churches
Sir Francis Drake
Famous seaman, began to prey regularly on Spanish shipping in the Americas, second-in-command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada, Drake raided the coast of Portugal and the success of these strikes forced the Spanish to postpone their invasion on England till 1588.
What were the preconditions of the Thirty Years' War?
Fragmented Germany (Peace of Augsburg), Religious Division, Calvinism gained support in the HRE when Frederick III became elector Palatine (ruler) and made it the official religion of his domain, Maximilian, duke of Bavaria organized a Catholic League to counter the Protestant alliance fromed dunder Frederick IV.
Duke of Guise
Francis, duke of Guise, had been Henry II's general and his brothers were cardinals of the church. He was assassinated during the first French war of religion. He was Catholic.
What did the Edict of Nantes grant the Huguenots?
Freedom of public worship, the right of assembly, admission to public offices and universities, permission to maintain fortified towns.
The Swedish Period (1630-1635)
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden became a leader of Protestant forces. He had a Lutheran nation. He won a victory at Breitenfeld in 1630 with the help of his allies, the electors of Brandenburg and Saxony. It was a very impactful win.
Edict of Chateaubriand
Henry II established new measures against the Protestants in the Edict of Chateaubriand in 1551
Day of the Barricades
Henry III tried to beat the league with a surprise attack in 1588. It failed so badly the king had to flee.
Siege of Leiden
In 1572, with the help of the English Sea Beggars many towns in northern provinces of Zeeland and Holland rebelled against the Duke of Alba. The Spanish army tried to reconquer them but failed
What happened during the second half of the sixteenth century in Europe?
In France, the Netherlands, Scotland, and England, Calvinists fought Catholic rulers for the right to govern their own territories and to practice their chosen religion openly.
July Edict
In July of 1561, the Parliament passed and Catherine signed the July Edict which recognized Roman Catholicism as the state religion but forbade any and all "injuries or injustices" against the citizens of France on the basis of religion.
Why is the massacre at Vassy important?
It showed that religious tolerance was not possible at that point and it marked the beginning of the French wars of religion.
What is the Book of Common Prayer about and what is its importance?
It was a unifier for English religion. Charles I of England and Laud tried to impose the book onto Scotland. In the series of laws known as the Clarendon Code, Parliament required strict adherence to the book.
Edict of Restitution
King Christian of Denmark took up the Protestant cause and the HRE Emperor Ferdinand hired general Wallenstein. Christian of Denmark signed a peace agreement and the Catholics declared the Edict of Restitution, retaking Church property taken by Protestants over the past 70 years.
What happened during the first half of the sixteenth century in Europe?
Lutherans, Calvinists, and Catholics marched against one another in central and norther Europe during the Thirty Years' War.
Coligny
Montmorency-Chatillon Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, became political leader of the French Protestant resistance
Compromise
Opposition led by Louis of Nassau against Regent Margaret occurred from Philip's insistence that the decrees of the Council of Trent be enforced throughout the Netherlands. A national covenant was drawn up called the Compromise, a solemn pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition.
defenestration of Prague
Parliament of Bohemia threw two representatives from the HRE out of a window.
Conde
Prince of Conde, Bourbon Louis I, became political leader of the French Protestant resistance. Killed leaving Huguenot leadership to Coligny.
Who did Francis rule under regency with?
Queen Mother Catherine de Medicis
Duke of Alba
Sent by Philip II to handle the Dutch rebellion, was a Spanish noble, general, and diplomat, instituted Council of Troubles
The Swedish-French Period (1635-1648)
The French entered the war in 1635. The war dragged on for 13 years with the French, Swedish, and Spanish looting Germany in the meantime. Germany was not united enough to drive back the armies. Peace talks began in Westphalian cities of Munster and Osnabruck in 1644. One third of the German population had died by that time.
Who is the Inquisition?
The Inquisition is a group of institutions within the judicial system of the Roman Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy
Albrecht of Wallenstein
The Lutheran King Christian IV of Denmark entered Germany with his army and quickly retreated back to Denmark after being humiliated by Maximilian. HRE Emperor Ferdinand II hired a powerful mercenary, Albrecht of Wallenstein. He was an opportunistic Protestant and gained territory from joining Ferdinand during the conquest of Bohemia. He forced his way through Denmark. He broke Protestant resistance. He separated himself from the emperor's control. Ferdinand later had him assassinated.
The Danish Period (1625-1629)
The Lutheran King Christian IV of Denmark was eager to extend Danish influence within the North sea coastal towns. King Christian IV of Denmark entered Germany with his army and quickly retreated back to Denmark after being humiliated by Maximilian. Ferdinand II hired a powerful mercenary, Albrecht of Wallenstein. He forced his way through Denmark. He broke Protestant resistance. He separated himself from the emperor's control. Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution in 1629, which reasserted Catholic safeguards. It reaffirmed the illegality of Calvinism, ordered the return of all church lands acquired by the Lutheran since 1552. It was quickly realized that the plan was to reCatholicize Europe.
Peace of Prague
The Peace of Prague of 30 May 1635 was a treaty between the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand II and the Electorate of Saxony representing most of the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire. It effectively brought to an end the civil war aspect of the Thirty Years' War; however, the combat actions still carried on due to the continued intervention on German soil by Spain, Sweden, and, from mid-1635, France, until the Peace of Westphalia was concluded in 1648.
Battle of Pavia
The capture of the French king Francis I by the forces of Emperor Charles V at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 provided a motive for the first wave of Protestant persecution in France.
Second Union of Brussels
The leader of the resistance, Prince William of Orange, went to Brussels in 1577 and convinced the General Estates to accept the Calvinist provincial Estates of Holland and Zeeland. Calvinists took over the cities in Flanders and in other provinces of the Netherlands, but the estates of the eastern provinces did not accept this. The French-speaking provinces in the south started the Union of Arras in 1579, when the French-speaking Protestants were driven out. Once the Union of Utrecht was created, the Union of Brussels came to an end.
First Union of Brussels
The northern counties of Holland and Zeeland rebelled in 1572, when Calvinists took over control of most of the cities. The Spanish army tried to reconquer them but failed during the Siege of Leiden in 1574. In 1575 Philip II had to declare bankruptcy. As a result the Spanish soldiers did not receive any payment, and they mutinied, pillaging the countryside of Brabant and Flanders and the city of Antwerp, where 10,000 inhabitants in a city with 100,000 people were killed by the Spanish soldiers, who tried to kill all the local Protestants. This event discredited the Spanish army enormously. The Estates-General of the Netherlands, sitting in Brussels, wanted to end the war in 1577. The Estates-General, without Holland and Zeeland, founded the first Union of Brussels. King Philip II of Spain agreed with this.
Spanish Armada
The strategic aim was to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I of England and the Tudor establishment of Protestantism in England, with the expectation that this would put a stop to English interference in the Spanish Netherlands and to the harm caused to Spanish interests by English and Dutch privateering. A fleet of ships and sailors and soldiers set sail for England under command of the duke of Medina-Sidonia. The English won. The Spanish were defeated. Philip II never quite recovered from it.
Treaty of Westphalia/ Peace of Westphalia
These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of the Dutch Republic.
The Bohemian Period (1618-1625)
War broke after the rise of Habsburg Ferdinand, the archduke of Syria, to the throne. Ferdinand is a passionate catholic who wanted to restore the traditional faith throughout Austria, Bohemia, and Poland. Ferdinand revoked Protestants religious freedoms. Ferdinand was overthrown in Prague and the Bohemians choose the Calvinist Palatine ruler, Frederick V. Spain sent support to Ferdinand. Ferdinand's army under Count Johann von Tilly defeated Frederick V's troops. They reCatholized Bohemia and conquered the Palatinate as well.
Valentin Weigel
a Lutheran who advised people to look within themselves for religious truth and no longer in churches
Guises
a powerful family who held control in Easter France and saw the ruling of Francis II with his mother as a chance to control France, strongest of the three families because they had connections.
Spanish Fury
after Requesen died, the Spanish mercenaries, leaderless and unpaid, ran uncontrollably in Antwerp killing 7,000.
Cardinal Granvelle
aka Antoine Perrenot, planned to break down the local autonomy within the seventeen Netherlands provinces and wanted to implement a centralized royal government directed from Madrid, Granvelle's removal from office in 1564,
Eighty Years' War
aka Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648)[1] was a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces against the political and religious hegemony of Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands.
Sea Beggars
an international group of anti-Spanish exiles and criminals, among them many Englishmen, sparked rebellions against Alba, captured port cities.
Massacre at Vassy
duke of Guise massacred a Protestant congregation at Vassy in Champagne. This marked the beginning of the French wars of religion.
John Knox
exiled Scottish reformer who laid the ground work for the later Calvinist resistance
Catholic League
formed in 1576 by Henry of Guise, forced Henry of Guise to return to the quest of absolute religious unity, became dominant in Paris by id 1580's. The Catholic states, led by Bavaria, formed the Catholic League, supported by the Spanish in 1609.
The Conventicle Act of 1593
gave separatists the the option of either conforming to the practices of the Church of England or facing exile or death.
The Peace of Beaulieu
granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom, but France was not ready to be that tolerant. As king, Henry III limited the Peace and limited the areas that Huguenots were allowed to worship in.
Peace of Beaulieu
granted the Huguenots almost complete religious freedom but France was not ready for such toleration. Catholic and Huguenot factions resumed.
Spain's Economy
had riches coming from the New World, divide between the haves and havenots increased, enslaved peasantry and wealth from the New World kept the Spanish strong,
Don John
had taken command of Spanish land forces in Nov. 1576. Don John and Alessandro Farnese of Parma revived Spanish power in the southern provinces.
Dauphine and Languedoc
important geographical areas and represented among the more powerful segments of French society, Huguenots were the majority of the population
Gianlorenzo Bernini
is a Baroque artist
Peter Paul Rubens
is a Baroque artist
Fuggers
is a German family that was a historically prominent group of European bankers, members of the fifteenth and sixteenth-century mercantile noble class of Augsburg, took over many of the Medicis' assets and their political power and influence.
The Thirty Years War
last and most destructive of the wars of religion, virtually every major European land became involved in one way or another, ended in 1648, the peace terms shaped much of the map of northern Europe.
Thomas Cartwright
led the Puritans. They worked with Parliament to create an alternative national church of semi-autonomous congregations governed by representative presbyteries, following the model of Calvin and Geneva.
Act of Uniformity
mandated a revised version of the second Book of Common Prayer for every English parish
Why was the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre important?
marked the resumption of religious civil war in France,
Congregationalists
more extreme Puritans wanted every congregation to be autonomous (self governing), Elizabeth I refused to tolerate them
Twelve Years' Truce
name given to the cessation of hostilities between the Habsburg rulers of Spain and the Southern Netherlands and the Dutch Republic as agreed in Antwerp on 9 April 1609.
Act of Supremacy
passed by Parliament repealing all the anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor. This asserted Elizabeth's right as supreme governor over both religious and temporal affairs.
Assassinations of duke of Guise and Cardinal of Guise
planned successfully by Henry III
Montgomery Chatillions
powerful family who held control of the center of France and saw the ruling of Francis II with his mother as a chance to control France, developed strong Huguenot sympathies for political reasons
Bourbons
powerful family who held power in South and West France who saw the ruling of Francis II with his mother as a chance to control France, developed strong Huguenot sympathies for political reasons
Haves
propertied, privileged , and educated classes; the divide became greater between them and the "havenots"
Perpetual Edict
provided for the removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands within twenty days. This gave the country to William of Orange and ended Philip's plans to use the Netherlands as a staging area for an invasion of England.
What did the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) do?
revoked Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution and reasserted the settlement of the Peace of Augsburg allowing the ruler of each land to determine the religion of his or her land, gave Calvinists legal recognition, elevated Bavaria to the rank of an elector state.
Politiques
rulers that placed theological doctrine as lesser than political unity, examples: Elizabeth I of England
Marian Exiles
settled in Germany and Switzerland, forming large communities in Frankfurt, Strasbourg, and Geneva. They worshipped in their own congregations and waited when for a Protestant counteroffensive could be launched in their homelands during the reign of Mary I since she was Catholic.
Treaty of Nonsuch
signed by Elizabeth, provided English soldiers and cavalry to the Netherlands
What type of style did the Protestants opt for?
simpler and more restrained than baroque style
Pacification of Ghent
ten largely Catholic southern provinces came together with the seven largely Protestant northern provinces in unified opposition to Spain on Nov. 8th, 1576. It declared internal regional sovereignty in matters of religion.
Alencon
the members of the Union of Utrecht met in The Hague and formally declared Philip no longer their ruler. They turned to the French duke of Alencon, Catherine de Medici's youngest son. Alencon tried to take this opportunity and take actual control, but when he did, the provinces disposed of him and he returned to France.
Union of Utrecht
the northern provinces responded with the formation of the Union of Utrecht, was a treaty signed on 23 January 1579 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, unifying the northern provinces of the Netherlands. the members of the Union of Utrecht met in The Hague and formally declared Philip no longer their ruler. They turned to the French duke of Alencon, Catherine de Medici's youngest son. He would only hold the title, but not have any actual power.
Why does Louis XIV revoke the Edict of Nantes in 1685? What effect does this have?
the revocation of the Edict of Nantes is known as the Edict of Fontainebleau. He did so because he mistakenly believed that most of the Huguenots had returned to the Catholic Church. The resulting persecution forced the French Calvinist Church to go underground, while many Huguenots emigrated to Germany, England, and North America. French Calvinists only enjoyed the right to worship publicly later on, in 1787,
Union of Arras
the southern provinces formed it and within in five months made peace with Spain, expressed their loyalty to the Spanish king Philip II
Havenots
those who were not privileged or educated
Peace of Augsburg
treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, allowed Holy Roman Empire's states' princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming the independence they had over their states. Subjects, citizens, or residents who did not wish to conform to the prince's choice were given a period in which they were free to emigrate to different regions in which their desired religion had been accepted..
Holy League of Spain
was arranged by Pope St. Pius V and included almost all the major Catholic maritime states (spain, venice) in the Mediterranean. It was intended to break the Ottoman Turks' control of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and was formally concluded in 1571.
Babington Plot
was discovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth's secretary, plot is named after Anthony Babington who sought spanish support to kill the queen. There was proof of Mary Queen of Scots knowledge/participation in the crime. As a result, Elizabeth consented to Mary's execution on Feb 18th, 1587.
Council of Trent
was one of the Roman Catholic Church's most important Catholic councils. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. Council condemns heresies by Protestants.
William of Orange
was the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs that set off the Eighty Years' War and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648, he was later assassinated.
Counter- Reformation
was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545-1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), and was initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. It wanted to colonize parts of the world as Catholic and re-Catholicize those who were Protestant and at one point Roman Catholic like Sweden and England.
Franco- Gallia (1573)
written by Francois Hotman (1573), humanist argument that said the representative estates general of France historically held higher power than the French king, this piece represented classical Huguenot theories of resistance
First Blast of Trumpet Against the Terrible Regiment of Women (1558)
written by John Knox, declared that removing the heathen tyrant was allowed and the Christian duty. Aimed at the Catholic queen of England (Mary I).
Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants (1579)
written by Philippe du Plessis Mornay, Questions for the people concerning the king. The first two questions whether people are bound to obey and/or are able to resist their king when he breaks the divine law. The third and longest question considers whether the people can resist a king on the grounds that he is destroying the commonwealth. The answer to each of these questions is an affirmative and the work is interesting for the grounds that it gives for popular resistance. Shows why resistance can be justified in the eyes of the law. However, it stops short of inviting any individual to judge a king. Rather, individuals could only take up arms if they are led by an inferior officer who administers the law.
On the Right Magistrates over Their Subjects (1574)
written by Theodore Beza, justifying the correction and even the overthrow of tyrannical rulers by lower authorities, this piece represented classical Huguenot theories of resistance
