AP Euro Chapter 16

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Who co-wrote the "Encyclopedia" with Diderot?

Jean Le Rond Dalembret

Who canceled his brother Joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790s in an attempt to restore order in Austria?

Leopold II

Whose law of universal gravitation - which synthesized math with physics and astronomy -- helped bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

Newton

What helped justify the growth of slavery in the 18th century? What was the name for this new type of racism?

Scientific Racism

What was the idea of the "public sphere" during the Enlightenment?

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

he believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government

How did Catherine the Great of Russia come to power in 1762?

in a military coup against her husband

What groups of people normally participated in Salons?

philosophers, nobles, and members of the upper class

Who wrote "On Crimes and Punishment" advocated reform of the justice system (end of torture, capital punishment and arbitrary detention)?

Cesare Beccaria

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior

Who was placed on trial for heresy after his publication of "Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World"?

Galileo

What was the Haskalah Enlightenment?

Jewish Enlightenment, during which interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished

In his "Essay concerning Human Understanding," this philosopher claimed that human development is determined by education and society.

John Locke

Name 3 monarchs from this chapter who have been called Enlightened despots

Joseph II Fredrick the great Catherine the great maria Theresa

Which woman published the first translation of Newton's "Principia" into French?

Madame Duchatelet

Which book is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment (written by Montesquieu)?

Persian Letters

In "Historical and Critical Dictionary," who advanced the idea that knowledge can be questioned and doubted?

Pierre Bayle

Who argued that the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion?

Rene Descartes

What three powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late 18th century?

Russia Prussia Austria

Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?

Spain

As Voltaire was a deist, what was his idea of the role of God?

a clock master who set the universe in motion and than seized to intervene in human affairs

How were Joseph II's conversation of peasant labor obligations to cash payments received by both nobles and peasants?

both the nobles and peasants opposed

What was Francis Bacon's theory of reasoning known as? Aka the scientific method

empiricism

What was one of the primary differences between Enlightenment thinkers and those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

enlightenment thinkers believed that there had surpassed antiquities which demonstrated the possibility of human progress

What was the name of the discipline that focused on fundamental questions about the nature, purpose and function of the universe? -- "modern science"

natural philosophy

What did Empress Maria Theresa do to improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants?

reduced nobles powers over their serfs

What artistic style was known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits?

rococo

What was sensationalism?

the idea that all humans ideas an thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impression

What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?

the methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life

What even stopped Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform to come to fruition?

the rebellion led by emelian pugachev in 1773

What did Copernicus' theory of the universe postulate?

the sun was the center of the universe, not the earth

How did European governments respond to the new science? What sort of institutions did they establish?

they established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research

What did Rousseau think the role of women in society was?

women were best suited to a passive role in social relations


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