AP Euro Chapter 16
Who co-wrote the "Encyclopedia" with Diderot?
Jean Le Rond Dalembret
Who canceled his brother Joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790s in an attempt to restore order in Austria?
Leopold II
Whose law of universal gravitation - which synthesized math with physics and astronomy -- helped bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
Newton
What helped justify the growth of slavery in the 18th century? What was the name for this new type of racism?
Scientific Racism
What was the idea of the "public sphere" during the Enlightenment?
an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
he believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government
How did Catherine the Great of Russia come to power in 1762?
in a military coup against her husband
What groups of people normally participated in Salons?
philosophers, nobles, and members of the upper class
Who wrote "On Crimes and Punishment" advocated reform of the justice system (end of torture, capital punishment and arbitrary detention)?
Cesare Beccaria
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior
Who was placed on trial for heresy after his publication of "Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World"?
Galileo
What was the Haskalah Enlightenment?
Jewish Enlightenment, during which interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished
In his "Essay concerning Human Understanding," this philosopher claimed that human development is determined by education and society.
John Locke
Name 3 monarchs from this chapter who have been called Enlightened despots
Joseph II Fredrick the great Catherine the great maria Theresa
Which woman published the first translation of Newton's "Principia" into French?
Madame Duchatelet
Which book is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment (written by Montesquieu)?
Persian Letters
In "Historical and Critical Dictionary," who advanced the idea that knowledge can be questioned and doubted?
Pierre Bayle
Who argued that the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion?
Rene Descartes
What three powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late 18th century?
Russia Prussia Austria
Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?
Spain
As Voltaire was a deist, what was his idea of the role of God?
a clock master who set the universe in motion and than seized to intervene in human affairs
How were Joseph II's conversation of peasant labor obligations to cash payments received by both nobles and peasants?
both the nobles and peasants opposed
What was Francis Bacon's theory of reasoning known as? Aka the scientific method
empiricism
What was one of the primary differences between Enlightenment thinkers and those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
enlightenment thinkers believed that there had surpassed antiquities which demonstrated the possibility of human progress
What was the name of the discipline that focused on fundamental questions about the nature, purpose and function of the universe? -- "modern science"
natural philosophy
What did Empress Maria Theresa do to improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants?
reduced nobles powers over their serfs
What artistic style was known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits?
rococo
What was sensationalism?
the idea that all humans ideas an thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impression
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
the methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life
What even stopped Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform to come to fruition?
the rebellion led by emelian pugachev in 1773
What did Copernicus' theory of the universe postulate?
the sun was the center of the universe, not the earth
How did European governments respond to the new science? What sort of institutions did they establish?
they established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
What did Rousseau think the role of women in society was?
women were best suited to a passive role in social relations