AP Euro: Chapter 23 Final Review

Baron Georges Haussmann

Appointed by Nicholas III to oversee a vast urban reconstruction program, which destroyed whole districts to make room for itself.

Karl Marx (Marxism)

Approved workers and trade unions' efforts to reform the conditions of labor within the existing political and economic processes. He often criticized such reformist activity, but these writings were not made public until near the end f the century, years after his death. Emerged as the single most important strand of socialism. Him and his supporters dominated the First International, resulting in Marxism being the socialist doctrine promoted by the First International.

Sergei Witte

Led Russia into the Industrial Age. After working on railroads and in oter private business, he was appointed first minister of communications and then finance minister in 1892. Pursued a policy of planned economic develpoment. Protective tariffs, high taxes, putting Russia's currency on the gold standard, and efficiency in government and business, epitomized the 19th century modernizer. He established a strong financial relationship with the French money market, which enabled Russia to finance its modernization program with French loans and which later led to diplomatic cooperation and an alliance between between Russia and France. Favored heavy industries. In 1897 he enacted an 11.5 hour work day.

Bloody Sunday (1905)

Led by Father George Gapon with several hundred workers to present a petition to the tsar to improve industrial conditions. Resulted in the killing of 200 and 800 were left wounded.

Bolsheviks

Lenin's faction that forced a split in the party ranks. The other faction was the Mensheviks. This faction meant "majority". He lost many votes on questions put before congress but the still made slim majority. There was a public relations advantage to this name. The party was wanted to consist of elite, professional revolutionaries who would provide centralist leadership for the working class. They seized power in Russia because of lack of support for Nicholas II after WWI. They were the majority guided by Lenin's two principles.

Duma

A representative body that was announced by Nicholas II with two chambers. He was persuaded by Stolypin to dissolve this. Liked the idea of competition and individual property ownership.

Jewish Emancipation

Began in the late 18th century, saw improved conditions for Jews in the early 19th century in Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the Low Countries, and Scandinavia. The worst persecution of Jews in the late 19th century and the early 20th centuries took place in Russia. Organized riots against Jewish neighborhoods and villages, which were often conducted by both Russian police and right-wing nationalist groups, called pogroms. Primarily because of factors related to a downturn in the economy, Jews began to experience organized anti-Semitism in the late 1880's in Germany.

Population Trends and Migration

Between 1846 and 1932, emigration from Europe to other parts of the world totaled about 50 million people. The great European migration of the 19th century was caused by all of the following: desire for political and social rights, lack of employment, and population pressure. Most Europeans migrated for economic reasons. Most people who left Europe were small landowners and village craftsmen. In the 19th century 2/3 migrants to Argentina and Brasil came from Italy. The return of the migrant to their native land was not uncommon. The Jews were the group of Europeans that were least likely to return to Europe. Asian immigrants were blocked by discriminatory immigration laws into Australia and North America.

New Industries

First Industrial revolution was associated with textiles, steam, and iron. Second industrial revolution was associated with steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil. New dyestuffs and plastics were also developed. 1st power plant installed in 1881 in Great Britain.

First International (1864-1876)

Founded by a group of British and French trade unionists. Encompassed adversary of radical political types, including socialists, anarchists, and Polish nationalists. Held its last European congress in 1873. Gathered statistics, kept labor groups informed of mutual problems, provided a forum to debate socialist doctrine, and extravagantly proclaimed its own influence ver contemporary events. Associated with Karl Marx.

Lenin

He did not embrace all the goals of his fellow Russian Marxists. He was especially critical of the Russian Social Democratic Party. He attacked this party in his book "What Is to Be Done?"(1902). In this book he criticized trade unions that settled for short-term gains, rejected the idea of a mass Democratic Party composed of workers, advocated for an elite group that would be dedicated to revolution, and demanded strict secrecy among the members of this new party. Him and his followers were successful in splitting the Russian Social Democratic Party into two distinct factions. His faction was called the "Bolsheviks" (which meant majority) while the more moderate faction was called the "Mensheviks" (which meant minority).

Suburbs

Housed families whose bread winners worked in the central city or in a factory in the city limits. Consisted of apartment buildings and/or private houses built closely together with small gardens. The development of these was a response to the clearing of the slums, improved railway systems connecting city to suburbs, increasing congestion of urban areas, and the reorganization of cities for business and governmental purposes.

Middle Class Women

Typicaly in the 19th century they enjoyed much domestic luxury, but she was limited to life centered on home and family with limited opportunities for applying her intelligence and talents. They often used their time and resources to provide charity for the poor. There was a large expansion in jobs for the and a withdrawal of married ones from the workforce. They were most likely to work as a secretary.