AP Euro Exam
Who was the author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?
Cesare Beccaria.
Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?
Charles I imposed unwelcome laws and reforms on the country.
How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?:
Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.
French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the:
Prevention of the Habsburgs form unifying the territories surrounding France.
The Junkers were:
Prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian State.
In the Netherland, tensions were always present b/w supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supporters of:
The House of Orange.
What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?
The emergence of scientific racism.
How did European governments respond to the new science?
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
How did the princes of Moscow seek to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state?
They modeled their rule on the Mongol khans.
What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur.
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through:
a military coup.
When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to:
a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit.
How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?
Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.
What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?
People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to:
"change the general way of thinking."
What was the Republic of Letters?
A cosmopolitan network involving Western Europe and its colonies as well as Eastern Europe and Russia.
How did Frederick William I, king of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of this army?
He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return hoje madn sere as army reservists.
Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)?
Pierre Bayle.
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
Empiricism.
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.
Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of war led to the uprisings of 1648-1653, known as the:
Fronde
What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
Interactions b/w Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished.
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as:
Rococo.
According to Map 16.1: The Partition of Poland, 1772-1795, which power or powers benefited most from the partitions?
Russia
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the:
Shift from reading religious text aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.
After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called.
St. Petersburg
One of the largest rebellions in seventeenth-century Russia was that led by
Stenka Razin.
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was:
a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II.
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a:
clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.
In eastern Europe b/w 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the:
consolidation of serfdom
Political power in the Dutch Republic was:
controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen.
Mercantilist theory postulated:
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.
The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that:
economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a:
military dictatorship.
The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was:
the subordination of all institutions to the monarchy.
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that:
human development is determined by education and society.
In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France.
English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized.
"Weep, wretched natives of Tahiti, weep. But let it be for the coming and not the leaving of the ambitious , wicked men. One day you will know them better. One day they will come back, bearing in one hand the piece of wood you see in that ma's belt, and, in the other, the sword hanging by the side of that one, to enslave you, slaughter you, or make you captive to their follies and vices, One say you will be subject to them, as corrupt, vile and miserable as they are," This selection from Denis Diderot's "Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage" (Evaluating the Evidence 16.3) reflects his belief that:
European exploration was a prelude to violent conquest.
What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?
Growth in armed forces.
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good monarch was the best on e could hope for in government.
How did Frederick William of Prussia, the Great Elector, persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?
He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs.
How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe aws unified into one coherent system.
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of:
Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of:
Johann Sebastian Bach.
The Glorious Revolution and the concept of representative government found their best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil Government by:
John Locke.
The following is an excerpt from Jacques-Benigne Bossuet's Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture (Thinking Like a Historian): "It appears from all this that the person of the kind is sacred, and that to attack him any way is sacrilege. God has the kings anointed by his prophets with the holy unction in like manner as he has bishops and altars anointed. But even without the external application in thus being anointed, they are by their very office the representatives of the divine majesty deputed b Providence fo the execution of this purposes. " Based on this passage, without which of the following statements would Bossuet most likely agree.?
Kings are God's representatives on Earth.
In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that:
all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to:
an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.
Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies encouraged women to:
aspire to a life of the mind.
In this excerpt from The Sidereal Messenger, Galileo wrote about constructing a telescope and using i tot view the surface of the moon. "... From my observations of the them [spots on the moon], often repeated, I have been led to that opinion which i Have expressed, manely, that feel sure that the surface of the moon is not perfectly smooth, free from inequalities and exactly spherical, as a large school of philosophers considers with regard to the moon and the other heavenly bodies, but that, on the contrary, it is full of inequalities, uneven, full of hollows and protuberances, just like the surface of the earth itself, which is varied everywhere by lofty mountains and deep valleys." Galileo's observations led him to:
assert that the surface of the moon was similar to the surface of the earth.
Louis XIV selected councilors from:
newly ennobled or upper middle class.
A striking feature of the salons was that:
philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.
Copernicus's theory of the universe:
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
Typically, French classicism
presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity.
The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included:
simplifying Prussia's laws.
The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the Battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of:
the Pyrenees.
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that:
the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority.
Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to:
the rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773.