Ap Euro exam

The English Bill of rights is most indicative of:

A power-sharing compromise between Parliament and the English monarchy after the Glorious Revolution.

The English Bill of Rights challenged the traditional absolutist argument that:

A powerful monarchy is essential to provide political stability.

"Albeit, the King's Majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England... for the increase of virtue in Christ's religion within the realm of England, and to repress and uproot all errors, heresies and other enormities and abuses... Be it enacted by authority of this present Parliament that the King our sovereign lord, his heirs and successors kings of the realm, shall be taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England.." -- The Act of Supremacy, English Parliament, 1534 ***Based on the preceding passage, the Act of Supremacy best represents:

An attempt by Henry VIII to impose religious reform by expanding royal authority.

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp Painting by Rembrandt***Other than the artist, which Europeans are most relevant to the scene depicted in the painting?

Andreas Vesalius & William Harvey

ArticleT Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good. Article II The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, safety and resistance against oppression. Article IV - Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the enjoyment of these same rights. Thesê borders can be determined only by the law. Article VI - The law is the expression of the general will. All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation. It must be the same for all, either that it protects, or that it punishes. All the citizens, being equal in its eyes, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents. Article X - No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law. Article - XVI A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all." -- The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, National Assembly, August 26, 1789***Which of the following articles best illustrates the influence of Voltaire the the Declaration the Rights of Man?

Article 10(X)

Henry VII| used the Act of Supremacy to:

Assert control of religious institutions such as monasteries.

One impact of the religious reform shown in the Act of Supremacy in the 16th and early 17th centuries was:

Attempts by English monarchs to reconcile Protestantism and Catholicism.

"ArticleT Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good. Article II The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, safety and resistance against oppression. Article IV - Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the enjoyment of these same rights. These borders can be determined only by the law. Article VI - The law is the expression of the general will. All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation. It must be the same for all, either that it protects, or that it punishes. All the citizens, being equal in its eyes, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places and employments, accerding to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents. Article X No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law. Article XVI A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all." -- The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, National Assembly, August 26, 1789 ***Of the Enlightenment thinkers below, whose ideas are NOT represented by the articles?

Cesare Beccaria

What religious leader would agree that salvation came "without any merit of their own"?

Charles V

"..to assure the possession of the islands to the West India Company* that His Majesty has created, to fortify its commerce, in excluding foreigners, and to oblige the inhabitants to submit themselves willingly to the regulations and ordinances of the Company." -- Jean Baptiste Colbert, economic advisor to King Louis XIV of France. Instructions to Monsieur de la Rabesnieres de Treillebois, West India Company ship captain, October 1, 1667 *The West India Company was a privately owned company that was granted a royal charter and monopolistic privileges to trade in the West Indies ***Which of the following came about as a result of the theory presented in the document?

Establishment of overseas empires.

"This has been figuratively taught to princes by ancient writers, who describe Achilles and many other princes of old were given to the Centaur Chiron to nurse, who brought them up in his discipline; which means solely that, as they had for a teacher one who was half beast and half man, so it is necessary for a prince to know how to make use of both natures, and that one without the other is not durable. A prince, therefore, being compelled the fox cannot defend himself against wolves. Therefore, it is lion; because the lion cannot defend himself against snares and knowingly to adopt the beats, ought to choose the fox and the against him, and when the reasons that caused him to pledge it nor ought he to, keep faith when such observance may be turned understand what they are about. Therefore a wise lord cannot, terrify the wolves. Those who rely simply on the lion do not necessary to be a fox to discover the snares (traps) and lion to Niccolo Machiavelli, 16th century **According to the passage you too are not bound to observe it with them." -- The Prince, hold, but because they are bad, and will not keep faith with you, exist no longer. If men were entirely good this precept would not Machiavelli believes that men are generally.

Evil

Who was known as the "father of humanism"?

Francesco Petrarch

7. To date from the publication of the present decree, feudal rights are abolished in Spain. All personal obligations, all exclusive fishing rights and other rights of similar nature on the coast or on rivers and streams, all feudal monopolies (banalities) of ovens, mills, and inns are suppressed. It shall be free to everyone who shall conform to the laws to develop his industry without restraint. The tribunal of the Inquisition is abolished, as inconsistent with the civil sovereignty and authority. The property of the Inquisition shall be sequestered and fall to the Spanish state, to serve as security for the bonded debt. In view of the fact that the institution which stands most in the way of the internal prosperity of Spain is that of the customs lines separating the provinces, we have decreed and do decree what follows: To date from January 1 next, the barriers existing between the provinces shall be sup pressed. The custom houses shall be removed to the frontiers and there established. -- Imperial Decree at Madrid, Napoleon Bonaparte, 1808 *** In what ways were these Imperial Decrees consistent with the French Revolution?

French Revolutionaries legally eliminated all social classes in the eyes of the law

What changes did Napoleon institute to the governments of the nations he conquered?

He used nepotism to install his kinsfolk as the ruling authority of each conquered country

Henry IV was often referred to as a politique. How is this demonstrated in the Edict of Nantes?

Henry allows religious pluralism in order to maintain domestic tranquility

"Woman, wake up; the tocsin of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover your rights. The powerful empire of nature is no longer surrounded by prejudice, fanaticism, superstition, and lies. The flame of truth has dispersed all the clouds of folly and usurpation. Enslaved man has multiplied his strength and needs recourse to yours to break his chains. Having become free, he has become unjust to his companion. Oh, women, women! When will you cease to be blind? What advantage have you received from the Revolution? A more pronounced scorn, a more marked disdain. In the centuries of corruption you ruled only over the weakness of men. The reclamation of your patrimony, based on the wise decrees of nature-what have you to dread from such a fine undertaking? Unite yourselves beneath the standards of philosophy; deploy all the energy of your character, and you will soon see these haughty mmen, not groveling at your feet as servile adorers, but proud to share with you the treasures of the Supreme Being. Regardless of what barriers confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves; you have only to want to..." -- Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, Olympe de Gouges, 1791***Olympe de Gouge's tone in the passage above can best be described as one of:

Impatience with women who have not be more demanding of the Revolution and frustration with the hypocrisy of its male leaders

Peter the Great and Catherine the Great changed Russia by:

Introducing western ideas and customs.

Which of the following most closely reflects John Calvin's main theological argument regarding salvation?

It could not be achieved but was given to a chosen few elected for salvation.

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp Painting by Rembrandt***How does this painting reflect the place and time in which it was produced?

It reflects the importance of religious belief and superstition in determining medical practice.

Machiavelli's ideas were born during war among city-states in

Italy

The Magna Carta was written for all the following reasons EXCEPT:

King John wanted the citizens to have more rights and be more involved in society.

What idea about leadership would Niccolo Machiavelli most likely support?

Leaders should do whatever is necessary to achieve their goals.

"1. That his subjects of the third estate, equal by such status as to all other citizens, present themselves before the common father without other distinction which might degrade them. 3. That no citizen lose his liberty except according to law; that, consequently, no one be arrestd by virtue of special orders, or, if imperative circumstances necessitate such orders, that the prisoner be handed over to the regular courts... 5. That the property of all citizens be inviolable, and that no one be required to make sacrifice thereof for the public welfare, except upon assurance of indemnification based on the statement of freely selected appraisers... 16. That such tax be borne equally, without distinction, by all classes of citizens and by all kinds of property, even feudal and contingent rights." -The Third Estate of Dourdon, Cahiers Source: John Hall Stewart, ed. A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution, (New York; Macmillan, 1951), pp. 76-82. ***Which of the following documents served the same essential purpose as the cahiers served for the French Revolution?

Martin Luther's 95 Thesesyfor the Protestant Reformation

"..to assure the possession of the islands to the West India Company* that His Majesty has created, to fortify its commerce, in excluding foreigners, and to oblige the inhabitants to submit themselves willingly to the regulations and ordinances of the Company." -- Jean Baptiste Colbert, economic advisor to King Louis XIV of France. Instructions to Monsieur de la Rabesnieres de Treillebois, West India Company ship captain, October 1, 1667 *The West India Company was a privately owned company that was granted a royal charter and monopolistic privileges to trade in the West Indies ***Which of the following economic developments is best reflected in the passage above?

Mercantilism

France's entry into the 30 Years War indicated that the war:

Moved from being religiously based conflict to a purely politically based one.

"..to assure the possession of the islands to the West India Company* that His Majesty has created, to fortify its commerce, in excluding foreigners, and to oblige the inhabitants to submit themselves willingly to the regulations and ordinances of the Company." -- Jean Baptiste Colbert, economic advisor to King Louis XIV of France. Instructions to Monsieur de la Rabesnieres de Treillebois, West India Company ship captain, October 1, 1667 *The West India Company was a privately owned company that was granted a royal charter and monopolistic privileges to trade in the West Indies ***Which of the following was NOT a direct result of the actions described in the passage?

Overseas territories provided places for wealthy Europeans to travel to with their new wealth

The document authorizing succession of the Habsburg crown through the female heir, Maria Theresa, was the

Pragmatic Sanction

Which of the following beliefs is most associated with John Calvin's teachings?

Predestination

According to this passage, "Articles have been agrees on and consented to" which of the following most closely reflects what some of the articles would have addressed in order to avoid another conflict?

Princes could determine the religion of their state: either Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist

The event that was most likely responsible for the Council of Trent was the:

Protestant Reformation.

All of the following were granted to Protestants after the Edict of Nantes EXCEPT:

Protestants were allowed to freely practice and worship in all areas of france

"Finally, the Great Artisan mandated that this creature who would receive nothing proper to himself shall have joint possession of whatever nature had been given to any other creature. He made man a creature of indeterminate and indifferent nature, and said to him, "Adam, according to your desires and judgment, you will have and possess whatever place to live, whatever form you yourself choose. All other things have a limițed and fixed nature. We have made you so that with free choicê you may fashion yourself into whatever forms you choose. To you is granted the power of degrading yourself into the lower forms of life and to you is granted the power to be reborn into higher forms, the divine." Oration on the Dignity of Man, Pico della Mirandola, 15th century...The passage above represents the shift in European thinking from relying totally on the teachings of Scholasticism to what type of thinking?

Renaissance humanism

Which of the following were institutions that aided in disseminating the new ideas of the Enlightenment?

Salons and learning societes

Values that were important to Mirandola and others like him included:

Secularism and Individualism

Which of the following countries would most likely have agreed with the Council of Trent and Catholicism?

Spain under Philip II

"Memory, elected Roman emperor, always August, King of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, with his Allies and Adherents on one side; and the most Christian King of France and Navarre, with his Allies and Adherents on the other side... After having implor'd the Divine Assistance, and full powers, the copys of which are inserted at the end of this Treaty, in the presence and with the consent of the Electors of the Sacred Roman Empire, the other Princes and States, to the Glory of God, and the Benefit of Christian World, the following Articles have been agreed and consented to and the same run thus." -- Treaty of Westphalia, Peace treaty between the Holy Roman Emperor and the King of France the their respective Allies, October 24, 1648 ***The signing of the preceding Treaty by the King of France and the Holy Roman Emperor ended a war that was most directly caused by which of the following actions?

The Defenestration of Prague

"He [the Supreme Being] did not create kings to devour the human species. Neither did he create priests to harness us like brute beasts to the carriages of kings, and to give the world the example of baseness, pride, pğrfidy, avarice, debauchery, and falsehood. But he created the universe to celebrate his power; he created men to help and to love one another, and to attain happiness through the path of virtue." -- Speech at Festival of the Supreme Being, Maximilian Robespierre, June 1794 **Robespierre's arguments concerning the Cult of the *** Supreme Being most closely reflect:

The Enlightenment

The signing of the Treaty of Westphalia by the King of France and the Holy Roman Emperor ended a war that was most directly caused by which of the following actions?

The Peace of Augsburg

"He [the Supreme Being] did not create kings to devour the human species. Neither did he create priests to harness us like brute beasts to the carriages of kings, and to give the world the example of baseness, pride, perfidy, avarice, debauchery, and falsehood. But he created the universe to celebrate his power; he created men to help and to love one another, and to attain happiness through the path of virtue." -- Speech at Festival of the Supreme Being, Maximilian Robespierre, June 1794 ***Robespierre's reference to the "path of virtue" most likely led to which of the following Jacobin actions?

The Reign of Terror

Which of the following developments most likely explains the reason for the production of documents such as ones written by Mirandola?

The admiration of Greek and Roman ideals.

"Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy... One must examine and stir up everything, without exception and without cautiousness... We must trample under foot all that old foolishness; overturn barriers not put there by reason; restore to the sciences and arts their precious liberty..." -- Entry for "Encyclopedia," Encyclopedia, Denis Diderot & Jean le Rond d'Alembert, 1772 ***The Encyclopedia reflected which primary goal of the Enlightenment?

The attempt to improve institutions and society through rational inquiry.

"1. That his subjects of the third estate, equal by such status as to all other citizens, present themselves before the common father without other distinction which might degrade them. 3. That no citizen lose his liberty except according to law; that, consequently, no one be arrestd by virtue of special orders, or, if imperative circumstances necessitate such orders, that the prisoner be handed over to the regular courts... 5. That the property of all citizens be inviolable, and that no one be required to make sacrifice thereof for the public welfare, except upon assurance of indemnification based on the statement of freely selected appraisers... 16. That such tax be borne equally, without distinction, by all classes of citizens and by all kinds of property, even feudal and contingent rights." -The Third Estate of Dourdon, Cahiers Source: John Hall Stewart, ed. A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution, (New York; Macmillan, 1951), pp. 76-82. ***Which of the following events in France most clearly reflected the unhappiness shown in this passage?

The beheading of Louis XVI

"Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy... One must examine and stir up everything, without exception and without cautiousnes... We must trample under foot all that old foolishness; overturn barriers not put there by reason; restore to the sciences and arts their precious liberty.." -- Entry for "Encyclopedia," Encyclopedia, Denis Diderot & Jean le Rond d'Alembert, 1772 ***Projects in the 18th century such as the Encyclopedia led to:

The gradual development of a larger role for public opinion in Western Europe.

To date from the publication of the present decree, feudal rights are abolished in Spain. All personal obligations, all exclusive fishing rights and other rights of similar nature on the coast or on rivers and streams, all feudal monopolies (banalities) of ovens, mills, and inns are suppressed. It shall be free to everyone who shall conform to the laws to develop his industry without restraint. The tribunal of the Inquisition is abolished, as inconsistent with the civil sovereignty and authority. The property of the Inquisition shall be sequestered and fall to the Spanish state, to serve as security for the bonded debt. In view of the fact that the institution which stands most in the way of the internal prosperity of Spain is that of the customs lines separating the provinces, we have decreed and do decree what follows: To date from January 1 next, the barriers existing between the provinces shall be sup pressed. The custom houses shall be removed to the frontiers and there established. Imperial Decree at Madrid, Napoleon Bonaparte, 1808***Given his Imperial Decrees, why was Napoleon not welcomed as a liberator in Spain?

The people of Spain were fiercely loyal to their royal family and to their traditional religion

"He [the Supreme Being] did not create kings to devour the human species. Neither did he create priests to harness us like brute beasts to the carriages of kings, and to give the world the example of baseness, pride, perfidy, avarice, debauchery, and falsehood. But he created the universe to celebrate his power3; he created men to help and to love one another, and to attain happiness through the path of virtue." Speech at Festival of the Supreme Being, Maximilian Robespierre, June 1794 ***Robespierre's argument in the passage is best explained in the context of which of the following?

The policy of de-Christianization

"1. That his subjects of the third estate, equal by such status as to all other citizens, present themselves before the common father without other distinction which might degrade them. 3. That no citizen lose his liberty except according to law; that, consequently, no one be arrestd by virtue of special orders, or, if imperative circumstances necessitate such orders, that the prisoner be handed over to the regular courts... 5. That the property of all citizens be inviolable, and that no one be required to make sacrifice thereof for the public welfare, except upon assurance of indemnification based on the statement of freely selected appraisers... 16. That such tax be borne equally, without distinction, by all classes of citizens and by all kinds of property, even feudal and contingent rights." -The Third Estate of Dourdon, Cahiers Source: John Hall Stewart, ed. A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution, (New York; Macmillan, 1951), pp. 76-82. ***Which of the following aspects of France in the 18th century is most reflected in the cahiers?

The social structure of France

"The Church has always understood that confession of sins was instituted by the lord, and necessary for all who have fallen into sin after baptism; the Lord Jesus Christ, when about to ascend from earth to heaven, left his own vicars, before whom all mortal offenses into which the faithful have fallen should be carried, so that they may pronounce forgiveness or retention of sins. Venial sin whereby we are not excluded from the grace of God, into which we fall more frequently may be omitted without guilt and expiated by other remedies. But since all mortal sins, even those of thought, render men enemies of God; it is necessary to seek pardon from God for every mortal -- Council of Trent **Which of the sin, by a full confession..." following statements is most likely to be true based on the preceding document?

There was a revival of the Catholic Church, but Christianity remained divided.

Machiavelli's ideas most closely align with which Enlightenment thinker?

Thomas Hobbes

"Woman, wake up; the tocsin of reason is being heard throughout the whole universe; discover your rights. The powerful empire of nature is no longer surrounded by prejudice, fanaticism, superstition, and lies. The flame of truth has dispersed all the clouds of folly and usurpation. Enslaved man has multiplied his strength and needs recourse to yours to break his chains. Having become free, he has become unjust to his companion. Oh, women, women! When will you cease to be blind? What advantage have you received from the Revolution? A more pronounced scorn, a more marked disdain. In the centuries of corruption you ruled only over the weakness of men. The reclamation of your patrimony, based on the wise decrees of nature-what have you to dread from such a fine undertaking? Unite yourselves beneath the standards of philosophy; deploy all the energy of your character, and you will soon see these haughty men, not groveling at your feet as servile adorers, but proud to share with you the treasures of the Supreme Being. Regardless of what barriers confront you, it is in your power to free yourselves; you have only to want to..." Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, Olympe de Gouges, 1791 ***In the passage, Olympe De Gouges most clearly highlighted and expressed:

clearly highlighted That the status of women in French society remained entirely unchanged from the days of the Ancien Regime to the Revolution