AP Euro Exam Vocabulary and Important Dates

council of trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Dual Monarchy

During the 1848 revolutions, Magyars (Hungarian nobility) created a temporary Hungary-Revolution, which ultimately failed. So, they made the Compromise of 1867, which created the dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. it gave Hungary control of its own affairs, and was ruled by Franz Josef of Austria. Later (after WWI) it leads to an independent Hungary.

copernicus

He developed the basic Telescope, and wrote On The Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. He sketched the moon, and was asked by the Catholic Church to create a more accurate calendar. He also made the Heliocentric Theory, which violated the Geometric. He believed planet orbits were perfectly round, and his findings were published just before his death.

Johann Gutenburg

He discovered the fire and created the printing press, spurring the Humanist Movement.

Alfred Nobel

He developed TNT and the Nobel prize. This was useful for the construction of railroads, tunnels and the demolition for modernization of cities. It even changes warfare- but Nobel thought it would be more beneficial than harmful.

Marconi

He developed radio (wireless communication), which is the first cross channel communication.

Denis Diderot

He edited the Encyclopedia. He was also friends with Catherine the Great, who buys Diderot's library and allows him to live with her. He supported many ideas supporting reforming society/government/economics, and helped push the Enlightenment outside of France.

Rene Descartes

He followed Cartesian Dualism He also believed in systematic doubt. He famously said "Cogito ergo sum." which means 'I think, therefore I am." He tried to prove the existence of God through deductive reasoning. He also supported syllogism.

Jeremy Bentham

He followed Utilitarianism, and believed that government should try to make the greatest happiness for the majority. He supported legal system reform, and for poor relief reform.

frederick I

He helped the Grand Alliance against France. Because of their win, he became known as the King of Prussia. He earns a lot of respect due to this.

Lorenzo d'Medici

He was a huge patron, using the family wealth to make Florence a prettier place. He even sponsored many artists, and ruled from 1469-1492.

John Stuart Mill

He was a liberal who supported the idea of equal rights for women, which a lot of liberals during this time did not do.

Edward Bernstein

He wrote "Evolutionary Socialism", which is credited for creating the idea of revisionist socialism.

sir thomas more

He wrote "Utopia" which talked of the perfect society. He also was a close advisor to Henry VIII until he decided not to play along with his switch to Protestantism. He was soon beheaded. His writing is a good example of Christian Humanism.

Machiavelli

He wrote The Prince, which was based on his time as a Florentine diplomat and Cesare Borgia's tactics as a "prince" and commander of papal armies. He believed that it is better to be feared than loved, and the ends justify the means. He learned from success and failures of the past leaders

Charles Darwin

In 1859, the Origin of Species was published. It is mainly about the evolution of plants and animals. In 1871, the Descent of Man was published. It was mainly about the evolution of man, which stirred great controversy with church and Christianity in general. The important concepts were that species weren't permanent, random mutations or physical adjustments were there, survival of the fittest, and talks of extinction. However, this seems to leave out God.

Vatican Council I

In 1870, the Doctrine of Papal Infallibility is published. It says that the pope can't be wrong on matters of religious doctrine when he speaks. This is significant because Bismarck is concerned about the loyalty of Southern Germany, and the loyalty of German Catholics in general. There is a fear increasing political power of the Pope.

astrology

It was the theory of the influence of planets and stars on human events. During this times, the lines between this Astrology, Magic, and Astronomy were quite blurred. However, they led to more realistic sciences.

Separation of Powers

Montesquieu foreshadowed his idea of this through his book called The Consideration for the Greatness and Decline of Rome. It is the division of governmental power into different branches of government. This keeps one part from becoming too powerful

Stuart Dynasty

STARTS IN 1603-JAMES I BEGINS THE STUART DYNASTY

Parlements

(local governments where king had to register laws before they can go into effect). This allowed local areas to ignore national laws. Richelieu wanted to undo that power.

feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, as long as they are loyal, give their military service, and protect the people who live on the land.

Chartism

A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist demands included universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons.

Balance of Power

Balance of Power is when people temporarily keep shifting military alliance, so that other countries would be unable to become the most powerful. Europe tried to keep this idea of maintaining a balance of power going, even through the 20th century.

Ptolemaic system vs. Heliocentric System

The Ptolemaic system beliefs that planets revolve around the earth, making us very special. It was a part of ancient science. The Heliocentric theory, by Copernicus, was the belief that the other planets (including Earth) revolve around the sun. This was accurate.

Miracle of the House of Brandenburg

The Russian Czar died, and his new replacement is Peter III. He is a big fan of Frederick the Great, and decided to remove Russia from the war, leaving the continental war as Prussia vs. Austria Empire (Prussia won).

war vs. the league of schmalkaldic

The Schmalkaldic War was a period of violence from 1546 to 1547 between the Holy Roman Empire and the Schmalkaldic League (supporters of Lutheranism)

Conservatism: Edmund Burke

This is a political ideology that favored the old way of doing things. It is favored by the aristocrats, and works with traditions and privileges, mixes with romanticism and liberalism, doesn't mix with socialism, nationalism, and is associated with people like Edmund Burke and Metternich.

Third Estate

These are the non-privileged estates. This is 95% of the population. This consisted of the three groups: The Bourgeoisie (Middle Class People/ Wealthy Educated Class), the Artisans/Working class (Small business owners), and the peasantry (owned barely anything). Their goals were to end feudal obligations etc. These were the people who revolted.

anabaptists

These people are re-baptizers, or those who believe in adult baptism. They favored plain churches, strict church and state separations, and defiant of the plague risks and worked close with victims.

Refractory Priests

These people did not take the oath for the Civil Constitution, and became a kind of "underground" Catholic Church. Many of these priests were executed.

Pasteur and Lister

These people helped medically through their Bacterial Theory of Disease: their work lead to the development of penicillin, reducing death from infection.

Emigre Nobles

These people were part of the Reactionary or were violently opposed to change. Because the nobility is fighting them and attacking them, they flee due to fear of death.

Luddites

These were British artisans who sabotaged factories and factory equipment. They do this because the factories and their machines are pushing them out of business.

Maupeou Parlements

These were parlements created by the National Government to impose laws and taxation on Nobles. However, it ultimately failed. This meant that France would not deal with its growing debt problem, giving way to the French Revolution.

grand alliance

This alliance included the HRE, England, Netherlands, Sweden, and Portugal. They were against France, checking their power, to ensure that they and Spain do not combine to make one rule.

Levee en Masse

This allows the government to take anything or anybody for the good of the nation, fighting the war, and to deal with the economic crisis. For example, they could confiscate food from rural areas and rationing of food

the fronde

This group of angry nobles in Paris who were mad about taxes and rebelled against the Bourbon dynasty. Louis and his family had to run out of the Louvre (Current Royal Palace). This drives Louis hate for nobles and distrust for them.

Glorious Revolution

This happened in 1688, where Parliament negotiates with Mary (Jame's Protestant daughter) and her husband William of Orange III (King of the Netherlands) to become the new king and queen of England.

Pugachev's Rebellion

This happened in 1773. It was an unsuccessful Peasant Revolt. Their goal was to end taxes, military draft, peasant's right to own land etc. Pugachev was captured and killed.

Decembrist Revolution

This happened in 1825. It was a revolt in a Russian army against the new Czar Nicholas I. The army supported Nicholas' younger brother, even though he didn't want to overthrow his brother to begin with. However, Nicholas I became the Czar, who was extremely reactionary. This causes Russia to fall behind Europe because Nicholas I resists the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution.

July Revolution

This happened in England after Charles X passed the July Ordinances. The English people did not want to go back to an absolutist government, nor to give the nobles any more power than they already had within Parliament. The revolution scared Charles X so much that he left England. Louis-Phillipe took the throne.

window on teh west

This is St. Petersburg's nickname, as it opened warm water ports and trade on the west.

Social Contract

This is a book by Rousseau, and is the most important political work. This is based on the idea that man is desperate to join something larger than themselves. People would give up all their freedom and all of themselves to an all-powerful government. The same government would use General Will.

Self Help

This is a book in England written in the early part of the industrial revolution. It inspired people to be in the industrial revolution and work hard.

Code Napoleon (Napoleonic Code)-AKA the Civil Code

This is a comprehensive written code of a law. For example, guilty until proven innocent, and the ending of Primogeniture. This was important because it was spread to each country Napoleon invaded, and it contained many Enlightened ideas, furthering the Enlightenment. For example, he ended serfdom in places.

Ivav Pavlov

This is a famous experiment. It came up with the concept of conditioned response- it implies that human action isn't always rational but conditioned. Impulses that occur naturally can be caused by an unnatural stimulus.

Nationalism

This is a growing sense of unity, especially seen in Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. It was a common cause of Revolutions.

Ems Dispatch

This is a heavily edited telegram (at the hands of Bismarck) that appears to show Prussia insulting France. Bismarck wanted to provoke France into war. The "doctored" telegram did the trick and France declared war on Prussia.

Congress of Vienna

This is a major congressional meet in 1814 to deal with the problems created by the Napoleonic Wars, meaning, they had to decide what to do with Napoleon and France.

Congress of Vienna

This is a meeting of European Delegates where they discuss what to do with the French Revolution's aftermath. They want to restore order in Europe by undoing the French revolution- they choose not to punish France, so they pay no reparation, but they must remain strong if the monarchy was to succeed. Their main goal was to restore a balance of power in Europe. They redrew Europe's boundaries, and France goes back to its 1792 boundaries, Russia gains a lot of Poland, and the HRE becomes the German Confederation. They achieve peace for a while.

"Careers Opened to the Talented"

This is a promotion within the government and in the military based on merit rather than birth, showing similarity between Frederick and Napoleon. It reduces the power and influence of nobles in many parts of Europe.

french wars of religion

This is a series of wars between the Catholics and French Calvinists (Protestants)/the Huguenots . The Catholics were supported by the French monarchy (Valois) and the Guise family, while the Huguenots were supported by Bourbon family.

Frederick List

This is a system of political economy, which is anti classical economics. It is anti free trade, created the zollverein, and had custom unions.

Battle of Nations

This is also known as the Battle of Leipzig, and is a victory for the Fourth Coalition, or the first real/major defeat of Napoleon on the battlefield. It causes Napoleon to agree to abdicate the throne in return for peace.

Seven Years War

This is also known as the French and Indian War. Continentally, the reason it started was because of Austria, with the help of Russia, against Prussia over Silvesia. This was caused because Britain invaded France's land in America.

Status Quo Ante Treaty

This is also known as the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. It is when the combatants returned all captured land, where Prussia kept Silesia.

The Consulate

This is basically the first Consul. Napoleon does a couple of notable things during his time as the consulate: he makes a new french constitution and governmental structure.

Fabian Society

This is in Great Britain. The prominent members are HG Wells and George B Shaw.

Tennis Court Oath

This is in protest to the other delegations. The third estate walked out of the Estates General and met in an indoor tennis court. The oath is where they agreed to not disband until they had written a new constitution. Later that June, the Third Estate began calling itself the National Assembly.

Credit Foncier

This is investment bank for farming, improving farming techniques, putting more land into production.

Social Contract Theory

This is the belief that the government is formed voluntarily, and that people give up some freedom to a government that provides certain protections. Hobbes & Locke have differing ideas of the social contract. This is the basis of democracy.

Night of August Fourth

This night abolishes feudalism, the Catholic Church agrees to be taxed, and gives up forced tax. Their property was taken. Women gained rights to property and divorce, etc.

Hegel's Dialectic

This says that history is a clash of opposing ideas. It includes a thesis (dominating ideas), antithesis (opposing ideas), inevitable struggle, and it influences Karl Marx.

Dechristianization

This says that people can still have religion, just not organized religion. It was quite big. Robespierre pushed this because he did not support the Catholic religion being so big in the time period.

Iron Law of Wages

This says that workers will always be poor because even if they make more money, they will only have more children and be no better off. So, income will always remain at a subsistence level.

Battle of Waterloo

This was the Quadruple Alliance vs. France. However, a rainstorm delays the battle and gives Prussian army time to get to Waterloo, letting it be the final defeat of Napoleon.

peter I the great

This was the Russian king who started the westernization of Europe. It put him at odds with the Orthodox church. He traveled around europe as a boy and got as many contacts with people there. He even asked them to come to Russia and help modernize it. He moved the capital from Moscow to St.Petersburg, to increase trade and get warm water ports. He modernized the way people dressed and acted., He made Boyards cut their bread unless they paid the beard tax. He also educate their children in a western fashion. He traded with the west, made Russia's system merit based, replaced the patriarch with the Holy Synod, created the flag etc.

Kaiser Wilhelm I

This was the kaiser of Prussia who doesn't play a heavy role in the unification of Germany.

times of trouble

This was the period of instability in Russia after Ivan the Terrible had beat his heir to death. During 1598-1613, Russia's government was a mess as they did not have an actually trained king. They didn't have a strong central government. So, a Romanov was put on the through, starting the Romanov Dynasty. Mikali I starts the dynasty, as he can easily be influenced.

table of ranks

This was the ranking system Peter set up in order to take power away from the nobles and to put it into more qualified and loyal hands. Napoleon and Louis did it too.

Invisible Hand

When a person does what is best for themselves they automatically do what is best for society as a whole. Smith believed "The driving force of an economic history is self interest." This can also be called Enlightened Greed

treaty of dover

alliance between England and France by which Charles II promised to convert to Catholicism in return for funds from France (1670)

Edict of Nantes

allows Huguenots to worship freely legally, develop armies, and fortify their cities from attacks. This ends the religious wars in France.

Syllogism

an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn (whether validly or not) from two given or assumed propositions (premises), each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion.

bureaucracy

appointed officials, where important decisions are made by state officials and paid officials manage the money of the middle class. loyal to the king, not the nobility

rene descartes

"Father of modern rationalism"; was a French philosopher who wrote "I think therefore I am." He thought that mind and matter were completely separate.

Domestic System

"putting-out system" to circumvent the guilds. Used rural people outside the towns (guilds) to create goods. Entrepreneurs would deliver raw materials, workers would then create a finished product in their homes. They would be picked up later and sold for profit. This also known as cottage industries.

vesalius

(1514-1564) A Flemish scientist who challenged traditional anatomy with his text "On the Construction of the Human Body." Created with numerous illustrations of public dissections. He was the father of anatomy

Holy Roman Empire

(AFTER 1648-AUSTRIAN EMPIRE) HABSBURG DYNASTY

Comparative Advantage

-David Ricardo -It is the nation's ability to produce what they produce better and cheaper than the other countries. -the basis of global free trade, and every nation began to specialize and trade with each other.

reconquista

11th century military campaigns created in Christian states to recapture territory taken by muslims in grenada. in 1492, the last muslim ruler was defeated, and spain and portugal emerged as united kingdoms

Storming of the Bastille

A mob attacked the Bastille, and found few weapons and few prisoners. They killed 7, including the "Mayor of the Bastille." They also found weapons & gunpowder, leading to the arming of the sans-culotte. This is considered day one of the French Revolution.

mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

the commonwealth

A self-governing territory associated with another country. Charles I divided England into 12 different parts. It was then known as a Commonwealth.

Prussia

ALWAYS RULED BY HOHENZOLLERNS-WILL BECOME A DYNASTY WITH FREDERICK I

Abbes Sieyes "What is the Third Estate"

Abbes Sieyes who wrote "What is the Third Estate": A pamphlet that supported the demands of the Third Estate. It emphasized that French heavily relied

Eminent Property Rights

Ability to charge peasants rentes for land, fees for inheriting land, and the right to hunt on land

Noble Savage

According to Jean Jacque Rousseau, when we are in nature we have our own things to experience/be with. We make our own experiences etc. However, when we are civilized, the state of nature is ruined, as we are exposed to different types of corruption.

1534

Act of Supremacy in England creates Anglican Church

Quadruple Alliance

After the end of the napoleonic era, the quadruple alliance came to be. It was the same as the fourth coalition, where each nation agreed to contribute 150,000 troops to defeat Napoleon and impose a peace on Europe.

Great London Dock Strike

All dock workers went on strike for four weeks, demanding higher wages, better hours and working conditions. It was successful, and it caused the governments to crack down on them out of fear. Because of this, the British Government used the Taff-Vale Decision and the Osborne judgement.

christine de pisan

Although a woman, she wrote many books and poems during the late-Medieval/early-Renaissance time.

spanish inquisition

An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.

Flight to Varennes

An unsuccessful attempt by the Royal family to escape. However, they were captured and brought back.

1867

Austrian Empire creates a dual monarchy, forming Austria-Hungary

Bourbon Dynasty

BEGINS IN 1589-HENRY IV BEGINS THE BOURBON DYNASTY

Lycees

Basically, this is the public education system, and we use it today. Students are taught the same things, and this was made by Napoleon.

Fuggers/ Medicis

Both families are very wealthy and powerful due to the banking business, the Fuggers in Germany and the Medicis in Spain, France, & Italy

Partitions of Poland

Catherine led the division of Poland between the major Central/Eastern European because she wanted better access to the Black Sea and Western Europe.. It occured in 1772, 1793, 1796. Poland had been a powerful Kingdom in the 17th century, but soon began to decline in the 18th century. This happened because of the power of the Polish Nobility in the Sejm (Polish Assembly). Russia, Prussia, and Austria were very strong absolutist nations, who took over and divided up Poland. It was done in three parts over several years. Poland would not return to the map until after WWI - 1919.

Triennial Act

Charles I disagrees on it, but it says that there had to be a parliament of at least 50 days duration every three years.

Charles Townsend

Charles came up with the Four Field Crop Rotation, which improved soil nutrients, increased cattle food, increased cattle and fertilizer. He also created seeding machines, which improved harness for animal labor

1814

Congress of Vienna-Creation of the Holy Alliance-Led by Metternich

1543

Copernicus dies -same year on The Revolution of Heavenly Spheres is published (first major work of the Scientific Revolution) in the same year Vesalius publishes structure of the human body.

Peterloo Massacre

Crowds gathered in Manchester to protest the Corn Laws and demand parliamentary reforms. It was named after Waterloo, and because of it the government became even more conservative. They passed the six acts because of this. The British cavalry was called to end this battle, killing fifteen.

1859

Darwin published "Origin of the Species"

act of supremacy

Declared Henry the 8th the head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church, in 1534.

Deductive vs. Inductive Reason

Deductive reasoning is to start with a premise. Understanding is already established, and it's general to specific. In inductive reasoning, a new understanding is formed based on observation. It is specific to general.

donatello

Donatello was an early Renaissance sculptor (1386-1466). He brought back classical sculpting styles. He inspired Michelangelo, and made the first free-standing nude sculpture since classical periods. He made a statue of Mary Magdalene, which shone a new light on her.

The First Phase of the Welfare State

During this age, Factory Acts (which improves factory safety) were made. These include: Disability Insurance (1880): payments made when injured on the job Old Age Pension (1909): similar to social security (retirement) Unemployment Insurance (1911): payments to those who lose jobs Minimum Wage (1912): legal minimum workers can be paid Other laws that were made during this time include: Redistribution Act (1885) = Requires election districts to be equal in population (Chartists anyone?) Parliament Bill (1911): Takes away the House of Lords' vote on Budget issues - any law can go into effect if the House of Commons passes It 3 times. Recall HoL members are not elected.

Valois Dynasty

ENDS IN 1589

1598

Edict of Nantes-official recognition of Huguenots in France.

the new monarchs

European monarchs who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy. They basically took power from the nobles. Examples are Louis XI and Isabella.

vernacular

Everyday language of ordinary people. Petrarch, Martin Luther etc wrote in this. The use of vernacular in texts was pushed by Johann Gutenberg's printing press, as it was easier to make copies of books with the device.

1685 (#2)

FREDERICK WILHELM "THE GREAT ELECTOR" OF PRUSSIA INVITES FRENCH HUGUENOTS TO PRUSSIA (IMPROVES THE BUSINESS CLASS OF PRUSSIA)

Robert Walpole

First British Prime Minister of Britain who rose due to George I's lack of interest in parliament.

balboa

First European to see the Pacific Ocean

Bank of Amsterdam

First bank to not only received deposits of gold and silver and exchanged foreign currencies, it made loans.

spanish armada

Fleet of ships sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588, defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships in the Channel. This marked the beginning of English naval dominance and the fall of Spanish Dominance.

leonardo da vinci

Follows the Book of the Courtier. He was one of the best known Renaissance Painters, best known for the Mona Lisa.

royal corvee

Forcing labor on unemployed peasants, to help strengthen France. The labor included the building of bridges, roads, etc. It's basically slavery.

new sparta

Fred Wilhelm I wanted to model Prussia after ancient sparta by making it a powerful military state. In other words, life revolved around the military.

huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Siege of La Rochelle

French navy and troops surrounded (siege) the port city which had grown to be a stronghold for the Huguenots. 14 months later the Huguenots surrendered, losing its mayor and religious privileges. Big victory for Louis XIII and the Catholics.

1632

Galileo is brought before the Papal inquisition

1871

German unification

Catherine II (The Great)

German who had married Peter the Great's grandson. She was less of a reformer, more of a supported/patron of philosophes. She came to power by murdering her husband and had a great public image. She was good friends with Diderot and Voltaire. She was quite enlightened, made Potemkin Villages, codified laws, religiously tolerant, did the partition of Poland etc. She also gained Odessa for warm water ports.

1455

Gutenburg AND THE PRINTING PRESS (MOVABLE TYPE)

charles v

HRE who tried to keep europe united with the catholic religion. he inherited spain, the nethlerlands, southern italy, asutria, and a lot of the hre from his grandparents. wanted to stop Protestantism becaiuse it was dividing his empire

Richard Arkwright

He invented the water frame, kick starting the revolution. He was English.

John Locke

He wrote during the Glorious Revolution. He was pro-parliament. He supported Tabula rasa, and thought humans can be moral and rational. He believed all humans have the right to life, liberty, and property.

Castiglione

He wrote the Book of the Courtier: a handbook that instructs how to become the perfect noble gentleman (think well-rounded). The Book of the Courtier also encouraged education for women, to help them support men as they rose in power.

raphael

He's considered one of the best artists of the Italian Renaissance. He follows classicism, and one of his best works is the "School of Athens."

Pride's Purge

In 1649, the New Model Army is used to remove and intimidate more moderate members of the House of Commons. It is led by Colonel Pride.

revocation of the edict of nantes

In 1685, the edict of Fontainebleau revoked the Edit of Nantes. It got rid of the freedom of worship for huguenots, causing many Protestants to leave for countries where they were free, like England.

Dreyfus Affair

In 1894, in France, the Jewish Captain Dreyfus is accused of selling secrets to the Germans. He is Found guilty and sent to Devil's Island (Penal Colony French Guiana).

Paris Commune

In March of 1871, Republican, Socialists, and Communist took over the city government of Paris. From March - May, Paris is run by the Paris Commune, which is the Parisian elected municipal government). On May 21-27, the French army Removes the Paris Commune - killing around 30,000 supporters.

"Blood and Iron"

In this speech, Otto Von Bismarck says that great moments of history are decided through warfare and conflict (power), thus stressing the need for military funds in Prussia. Historically, it can also be talking about industrialization with iron, as that is what France and Britain did with their Industrial Revolutions.

1780

Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britain

1861

Italy Unified

James 1 of England

James 1 inherited the throne of Scotland. He is remembered for the King James version of the Bible. Believed in Divine right of kings.

presbyterians

John Knox took Calvin's teachings back to Scotland, where he began the Presbyterian Church.

scottish reformation

John Knox, a man who studied under Calvin, took his teachings back to Scotland. Here, he pushed the reformation with the Presbyterian Church. This way ministers ran the church, not bishops.

1690

John Locke publishes the second treatise on government

1830

July Revolution in France-Louis Phillipe becomes the July Monarch

Edict of 1864

Legally, it created Public jury trials, rights to lawyers, better trained judges, and gave judges a lifetime tenure. This is important as it emphasizes people having faith in the fairness of courts, leading to a voluntary compliance with laws.

Reform Bill of 1832

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.

Mir

Local Governments that were responsible for collecting the peasants money for land, designed to maintain community as it was (keep people from moving or outsiders from coming in)

what were the most important considerations in marriage negotiations?

Losing less money through dowry Earning more property through the marriage Reputation of who's family they're marrying into

1852

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte is elected French Emperor in a Plebiscite

Baron Haussmann

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte wanted to beautify Paris. He did this by asking this man to create a beautiful Paris and also many jobs while doing it. He successfully planned and built up on this plan.

1495

MICHELANGELO AND THE STATUE OF DAVID-marks the beginning of the High Renaissance

Baruch Spinoza

Natural Law says that the law is above government, and that governments can be judged for their actions, contrasting with divine right where kings have final authority. "Pantheism" is a Naturalistic Religion, that states "God in nature". It is a forerunner of Deism, with scientific observation merging with religion.

Mechanical View of the Universe

Newton created this belief that the physical universe operates like a machine, and because of that we can discover how it works. Based on this natural law, Newton gets a sense of progress and creation.

Oliver cromwell

Oliver Cromwell turned England into a Protectorate (military dictatorship) from 1653 until his death. He led the New Model Army. He's not very liked by the civilians of england, and is strongly against Catholicism. He died in 1658

Michel d'Montaigne

One of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance, known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre. Developed skepticism, which eventually led to the scientific method.

1555

PEACE OF AUGSBURG: "Religion of the Prince is the Religion of the State: official recognition of Lutheranism in the German States.

William Pitt

Prime Minister of Great Britain. His decision to fully commit Britain to the war effort and to fully support Prussia helped his side heavily.

Commercial Capitalism

Private ownership of property and businesses that produce goods to be bought and sold on the free market. Producing products outside of the guild for sale at a future date.

defenestration of prague

Protestant Bohemians throw Ferdinand's advisors (CATHOLIC) out of a window. This triggers the war!!!!

silesia

Prussia gets Silesia after invading and breaking the Pragmatic Sanction. Because of this, Prussian farmland is better though.

1837

Queen Victoria takes the throne in England; begins Victorian Age

1832

Reform Bill of 1832-Middle Class Suffrage in Great Britain

1848 part 1

Revolutions across Europe (Most important in France leads to Louis Napoleon Bonaparte being elected President of France)

Roentgen

Roentgen developed the x-ray in 1895.

1861 part 2

Russian serfs freed

Cogito Ergo Sum

Said by Rene Descartes, which means "I think, therefore I am"

indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. These were releases from sin. The church used these to build grand churches and pocket moneys. they were viewed as tickets to heaven.

1492

Spanish Army (under Ferdinand and Isabella) defeat the Muslims at Granada/beginning of the attempt to purge Spain of non-catholics- and "Columbus sails the Ocean Blue"/Represents Age of Exploration.

hernan cortez

Spanish Conquistador who invaded the Aztecs (current day Mexico). THe people believed he was a God, as he had a beard. He invaded in 1519.

siege of vienna

State before the war. This was after the War of League of Augsburg. Louis doesn't really lose or win this war: he seems weak because he didn't win, but he didn't lose any land.

status quo ante

State before the war. This was after the War of League of Augsburg. Louis doesn't really lose or win this war: he seems weak because he didn't win, but he didn't lose any land.

gustavus adolphus

Swedish leader (KING) who sees himself as the defender of Protestantism.

1713

TREATY OF UTRECHT-ENDS THE WAR OF SPANISH SUCCESSION (SIGNALS THE DECLINE OF FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIV)

Ship Money

Tax placed on coastal towns for defense. It gradually become a tax on all cities/towns, and led to discontent among many English property owners who feared new taxes.

valois dynasty

The Catholic family that ruled France. They fought the Hagsburgs for control of the Italian Peninsula. They were threatened both externally, by England and internally, by the Duke of Burgundy.

Divine Right Of Kings

The Divine Right of Kings is the belief that God gives the kings their power.

Jacobins

The Girondins were part of this. Split during the radical revolution. They were radical in the Modern Political Spectrum.

Guise Faction vs. Bourbon Faction

The Guise Faction & the Valois faction supported the Catholics, while the Bourbon faction supported the Huguenots during the French Religious Wars

House of Orange

The House of Orange dominates the stadtholdership thanks to William the Silent of Orange during the Thirty Years War. They became monarchs due to William in 1673.

augsburg confession

The definitive statement of Lutheran belief made in 1530

New Model Army

The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war.

urlich zwingli

The father of the Swiss reformation, that was killed in Swiss religious wars. He was tied to the Anabaptists.

Radicalism

The political orientation of those who favor revolutionary change in government and society.

Reign of Terror

The radical Mountain taking over the National Assembly called for this. It was from June 1793-July 1794. There was a growing economic crisis, losing the war effort, and counter revolution. Maximilian Robespierre, Danton, and Marat were some leaders. This also made some forms of government. Specific policies were the Terror-Death-Fear and Levee en Masse. They also made the Ventose Laws, Social Services, and abolished slavery. Religion became less popular.

Franco-Prussian War

The revolutions in Spain (1870) removed the Spanish Bourbon king, involving France, Spain, and Prussia to choose a new king. So, they give it to Leopold I, Wilhelm's cousin, offending France. So, they have a Battle: The Battle of Sedan- which led to Prussian win. This war sets the stage for WWI's outcome- Germany loses, they sign a treaty at Versailles, France gets back Alsace-Lorraine, and Germany pays reparation.

Ferry Laws

These are a series of laws that put government in charge of education - this leads to a public education system in France.

Falloux Laws

These were supported by Louis Bonanparte, which gave the Catholic Church control over education. This was very reactory.

The Jesuits (Saint Ignatius Loyola)

This can be called the Society of Jesus. It reveals the Catholic Church's desire to reestablish itself. This group was founded by Ignatius of Loyola, and the movement focused on missionary work, education, converting Native Americans, Japanese people etc.

Peninsular War

This continues until the end of the Napoleonic time period. France had conquered Spain, and Napoleon's brother had become King. The Spanish people rose up against French occupation using Guerilla Warfare and insurgencies. This was significant as it was the first sign of weakness, giving the rest of Europe hope that Napoleon could be defeated.

No Bishop, No King

This deals with religious conflict. Through this idea, James I demands religious unity. He says if his bishops cannot dictate religion, the king cannot dictate laws.

Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

This is one of the four major regions of Italy. It led the Unification movement, with its king (who didn't do much) Victor Emmanuel II, and its foreign minister- Cavour. Cavour used Piedmont to unify Italy- they defeated Austria with France, they built roads etc. Austria was provoked by Cavour to declare on Piedmont-Sardinia, called the Austro Sardinian war, and they won. Due to the Treaty of VillaFranca, they can annex Lombardy, which makes Cavour resign in protest as Napoleon III abandoned Piedmont after negotiating with Austria.

Seven Weeks War

This is the Austro-Prussian which happened in 1866. It starts because Prussia successfully provokes Austria by restricting their access to Holstein: so Austria declares war. Now, there isn't a Grossdeutschland. It also led to the formation of the Northern German Confederation.

Say's Law

This is the act of producing products, creating the ability to buy those very products. This is also known as supply creates demand.

"Victorian Age"

This is the age of British prosperity and the rise of British culture. Through this, Britain becomes the number 1 Global Power. In fact, they colonized nearly ¼ of the Earth's land. This was a time of great industrial growth and wealth for Britain.

Prussia

This is the place that would dominate the German Confederation. In fact, as the Industrial Revolution spread, Prussia began to emerge as the major industrial power. They rose because they are economically and militarily strong and industrialized. Their prime minister was Otto Von Bismarck, and their king was Wilhelm I. Prussia goes against Denmark over Holstein and Schleswig in the Danish War (They beat Denmark and gain territory), and Prussia goes against Austria in the Seven Weeks War. They eventually are leading the Northern German States, which is the soon German Empire.

Battle of the Nile (Abukir)

This was in August 1798. It was a naval battle France vs. Great Britain, where Britain won. This cuts French army off from resupply, creating a bitterness between Napoleon and the Brits.

Coup d'etat of Brumaire

This was in December 1799, and it lead to Napoleon becoming the dictator of France as First Consul.

Tabula Rasa

This was made by John Lock, and was a clean slate, meaning that society makes men good or evil. It reformed men through natural laws.

Committee of public safety

This was part of the new Structure of Government. It made laws during the reign of terror. Robespierre dominates this.

battle of poltava

This was the battle during the Great Northern War. In 1709 this Russian victory allowed Peter to keep Petrograd, and Sweden began to decline as a major power.

Six Acts

This was very similar to the Carlsbad Decree, only in Britain. It was because of the Peterloo Massacre, and it basically censored stuff like public meetings, militia like training, seditious talk etc.

True Law of Free Monarchs

This was written by James, where he said that monarchs should be having "free" control from parliament, and supported the Divine Right of Kings. The House of Commons was normally lectured on this.

Age of Louis XIV

This was written by Voltaire. It supported Enlightened Despotism, and was based on the idea of Tabula Rasa.

Mountain

Took over the National Assembly. They were radical on the Political Spectrum. They were the most extreme Jacobins; supported sans-culottes

1648

Treaty (Peace) of Westphalia- Ended the Thirty Years' War.

England's Dynasties

Tudor and Stuart

Utopian Socialism

Utopian Socialists view the profit motive as the root of worker problems; desire to steer politics/economies away from profit motive. Want to create an ideal or perfect society.

French Dynasties

Valois and Bourbon

Customs Union

WHen Governments agree to trade with each other and to use protective tariffs against other non member governments.

1776

adam smith publishes the wealth of nation

intendants

officials appointed by the King registered laws in local areas and provinces.

1555

peace of augsburg

Mirandola

wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man, where he talks about the importance of the individual. He also worships the qualities of humans.

Petition of Rights (1628)

-taxes can be levied only by Parliament. This also banned housing of troops and that prisoners must be able to challenge the legitimacy of their detentions through habeas corpus.

Tudor Dynasty

1485-1603 HENRY VII BEGINS-ENDS WITH THE DEATH OF ELIZABETH I

golden age of spain

1500 - 1600. Newfound wealth from the American explorations bring in high point of Spanish military might, art and culture.

peace of augsburg

1555 agreement in the HRE declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

destruction of the spanish armada

1588 - The Spanish Armada attacked England and failed! This marks the end of Spain's "Golden Age"

Charles 1 Of England

1600-1649; King of England 1625-1649; fought with parlament because he believed in divine right ; fought wars with France, Spain, and Scotland; provoked Civil War, convicted of treason,killed

baroque art

1600-1750's art from Rome. church used to show off power. associated with catholicism, naturalism, light and dark, religious and secular themes, and show action

Russia

1613 MIKHAIL ROMANOV BEGINS THE ROMANOV DYNASTY

Plebiscites

A Nationwide vote: usually Yes or No on one issue.

mercantilism

A economic policy where nations increase their wealth and power by getting amounts of bullion and selling more than they buy. Form of commercialism where the government regulates all of the nation's commercial interests. It's goals were to create a favorable balance of trade (value of exports is greater than the value of imports) and the economic self sufficiency of a nation. France is an example.

Admiral Nelson

A key antagonist during the invasion for the British Colony of Egypt and the Battle of Trafalgar. He dies in battle.

puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom . They were even stricter than the Catholic Church.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement, pushed by Martin Luther (Wittenberg, Germany) of the 16th century that was as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and caused the creation of Protestant churches. Martin Luther realized that the Bible said that all you need to achieve salvation is faith, meaning that the current Church was corrupt. He wanted to fix this, causing the Reformation.

Cicero

A roman philosopher & politician whose writings influenced Petrarch's views on humanism. Petrarch saved and preserved many of his ancient texts, and many historians believe his discovery of Cicero's writings led to the Renaissance.

caravel

A small, easily steerable ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in their explorations

Classical Liberalism

A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power. It emphasizes freedom, democracy, and the importance of the individual. The idea being that the less government does, the better, particularly in reference to economic policies such as tariffs and incentives for industrial development.

index of prohibited books

A weapon of the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church; this documented books that disagreed with or criticized the Church. There was an early one issued by Pope Paul IV and another from the Council of Trent. This was supposed to protect people from immoral or incorrect theological works, but included scientific writing.

Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith is a scottish philosopher. His philosophy leads to emergence of capitalism. He wrote Inquiry into the nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. He is opposed to Mercantilism's Definition of wealth. He believed wealth is defined as how much a nation can consume and produce. He thought the best way to accomplish this is specialization, and encouraged entrepreneurship.

July Ordinances (Charles X)

After Charles X took the French throne, he put reactionistic measures in place in England. He tried to restore absolute power in England and wanted to give power to the nobles and to the Catholic Church. The revolution started because the English people did not react well to the July Ordinances.

subsistence agriculture

Agriculture made primarily to provide food for the farmer and his family.

albert of wallenstein

Albert Wallenstein was on the Catholic side during the thirty years war. He was really brutal and fought HRE as long as he and his troops were allowed to plunder. He was so brutal, that the catholics sent him out until they became desperate for help

Test Act

An act forbidding anyone except members of the Church of England from holding political office or entering the professions

Concordat of 1801

An agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and the Pope, where the Pope recognized Napoleon's government as legitimate, while Napoleon recognized Catholicism as the "Majority Religion in France."

jean baptiste colbert

He was Louis' chief finance minister, who was a mercantilist. In fact, he is one of today's most famous mercantilists.

john knox

He was a Scottish man who studied under Calvin. He took what he learned back to Scotland and started the Presbyterian Church.

1642

Beginning of the english civil war

Bessemer Process

Bessemer is the inventor of the process of infusing iron with carbon. This is a new industry which turns iron into steel and is significant because of the major production of economic power and development.

Kulturkampf

Bismarck starts "Kulturkampf", culture war or struggle, policies used against the Catholic Church in Germany. This shows that Bismarck is trying to hurt the Church. Ultimately, Bismarck gives up on Kulturkampf and tries to become allies of the Catholic Church, and go against the German Socialists.

Black Death

Black Death is a time during the 1300's where a lot of Europe died. This was spread by rats and fleas. 75% of Europe died, and it resulted in a lot of things: The Jews were blamed and pushed out of England, people lost faith in the Church due to the lack of help from God, people had a new outlook on life etc.

Republic of Virtue

Book by Maximillian Robespierre, which said to care more about the nation than yourself.

consubstantiation vs transubstantiation

Bread and Wine not actually the blood or body of Jesus/ Bread and Wine are ACTUALLY blood or body of Jesus

1815

British Corn Law -Same year as Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo

1846

British Repeal of the Corn Law-signals British commitment to Free Trade

Florence Nightingale

British battlefield nurse, who started the idea of a battlefield hospital (treating the wounded near the battlefield). She made nursing a job for middle aged women of the time.

Enclosure Movement

British government allowed wealthy land owners to purchase "common pasture land" and "fence" it in, so no one else could use it.

Battle of Quebec

British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

the tudors

English monarchs - Henry VIII, Mary, Elizabeth I

predestination (the elect)

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life and only a few would be saved.

Carnival VS Lent

Carnival is symbolized by a fat man, whereas lent is symbolized by a thin woman. Carnival also encourages indulging, while Lent is critical of indulging.

Count Cavour

Cavour was the Realpolitik who was the foreign minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, and he unified Italy. He helps by making a strong nation (Piedmont), finding allies (like France), and finishing the unification by unifying the north, etc. Cavour resigned at a point when Napoleon III negotiated with Austria and abandoned Piedmont, but he came back when Northern italian states began to revolt. Napoleon III and Cavour agree to hold plebiscites so they can get the peoples opinions. He works with Garibaldi in Naples and they discuss how to unite Italy. Cavour becomes the new foreign minister of the kingdom of Italy in the end.

1520

DEATH OF DA VINCI: marks the end of the High Renaissance

Sir Francis Bacon

Developed the scientific method/inductive reasoning. He also wrote Nobum Organum (outlines the four false notions that hamper understanding) and Advancement of Learning. He truly believed that science should provide practical benefits for socienty. He helps make science and method popular with the non scientific people.

erasmus of rotterdam

Despite being a very Catholic person, he saw the hypocrisies and problems within the church even before Luther. His "Praise of Folly" sarcastically questioned the Church's practices. His writing is a good example of Christian Humanism.

1521

Diet of Worms: Demonstrates Luther's commitment

Merchant Guilds

Dominated the economic and political life of towns during the High Middle Ages. This consisted of merchants and traders who organized to provide greater security and minimize loss in commercial ventures. They are the beginning of corporations. Because of their joint forces, merchants could set prices, ensure quality control, and help each other in legal issues.

german peasant revolt

During 1524-1525, German peasants revolted over poor economic conditions. They were done with the taxes and the behavior over the nobles. They were inspired by what Luther did. (However, Luther did not support this.) The revolt failed, and many peasants died for it.

Lassiez Faire Capitalism

This loosely means "let it happen." It means little or no role for the government in the economy.

ferdinand and isabella of spain

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Cahtolic nation and also funded overseas exploration, like Christopher Columbus.

Socialism

Early on there were Utopian Socialists. The goals of Socialists like Robert Owen included there was a small village, higher wages and shorter hours, mandatory bible study, and safer factories. It created the New Lanark, which failed due to welfare profits.

1905

Einstein published theory of relativity

1689

English bill of rights: symbolizes THE SHIFT FROM ABSOLUTE TO CONSTITUTIONAL (LIMITED) MONARCHY

Mine Act of 1842

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.

Factory Acts

English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements

Frederick the Great of Prussia

Frederick was constantly beat by his dad. He was also friends with Voltaire and Mozart. He referred to himself as the "First servant of the State." He codified laws, protected private property, improved training for judges, outlawed torture except in murder and cases of treason, improved accounting, merit based bureaucracy, developed public public education for nobility, attempted elementary education for all classes-never realized, etc. He had very little religious tolerance towards Jews, modernized agriculture, and invaded Silesia. He does not reform serfdom. He also violated the Pragmatic sanction, and fought in the War of Austrian Succession. He is the best example of a successful enlightened Despot.

Theory on Population by Thomas Malthus

He believes that population grows exponentially, while food supply grows arithmetically. This means population grows much faster than food supply, and farmland is always limited. So, this would hint at a lot of human misery and starvation throughout history. However, it was believed that the government couldn't do anything to help.

michelangelo

He created many Renaissance masterpieces like the sculpture of David, La Pieta, and I even painted the entire ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. HIs goal was to sculpt things as lifelike as possible.

Galileo

He improved the telescope, and found moons on other planets, defined the Milky Way, made the Law of Inertia, went against Aristotle, completed the Pisa Experiment, and completed the Dialogue of Two Chief Systems of the World. The Catholic Church tried him in 1633 and sentenced him to imprisonment after he recanted, and was kept under house arrest until he died. He was a devout Catholic as well.

martin luther

He is a monk from Wittenberg, Germany. After walking all the way to Rome, he sees the corruption of the church. due to the indulgences, he posted his 95 Theses on the church doors of Rome. Copies were made, and he stood up for his beliefs, even to the Catholic church's face. The news spread to all over europe, and soon, everyone knew about the Church's behavior. He caused the deunifcation of Europe. He believed in Justification/Salvation through faith.

Garibaldi

He is heavily important in the third stage of the revolution. He can be called a superpatriot, or a professional revolutionary. His people are called the Red Shirts and they work to take over territory- Siciliy, and Mainland being two of them. (This threatens Rome and the pope, which is where Cavour comes in and sends his troops to cut off Garibaldi's take over) When Cavour and Garibaldi meet, Garibaldi gives Emanuel southern Italy, and successfully unify Italy.

Louis XV of France

He is in charge of France after his dad, Louis XIV dies. He famously said "Apres moi, le deluge", which means "After me, the Flood." He does little to prevent the growing crisis, and truly doesn't care about the future generations.

frederick wilhelm

He is known as the Great Elector. He began to unify Prussia politically. He gained the loyalty of the junkers as they can control their serfs however they wish, but must remain loyal to the central government. He even invited the Huguenots over.

Voltaire

He is seen as the most popular writer of the Time Period. He wrote the Age of Louis XIV. He was a firm supporter of Free Speech, toleration, disliked organized religion (which his other major works revolve around), Deism, Syllogism, wrote Candid etc. He also wrote a pamphlet called Treatises on Toleration. Volataire also tries to prove through logic that God can't be both benevolent and all powerful. He shows another option of thought: God may create everything, but refuses to interfere with it. He famously said "Ecrasez l'infame" or "Crush the horrible thing! [Religion]"

Sigmund Freud

He is the "Father of Psychoanalysis" and this focused on the Subconscious and its effect on human behavior. He says that human Behavior is caused by subconscious memory. His work reveals many areas of human behavior beyond conscious control. He used dream interpretation, word association, ink blot tests, and hypnosis. This is significant because it says that determined human behavior isn't always rational.

Michel d' Montaigne

He is the French father of Skepticism. His asking of why basically started questioning 1800 years of life norms.

Jules Ferry

He is the first republican prime minister. This prime minister most associated with French Imperialism.

frederick wilhelm I

He is the soldier king. He dedicated Prussia's government to military. He made Prussia New Sparta. Because of him, the military was huge. He adored tall soldiers, Potsdam Giants, whom he used as personal guards. He wanted to use his military power to threaten other nations and inside Prussia. He used fiscals to ensure that his representatives served him well. He kept the social stature of serf vs. Junkers alive. He also agreed to the Pragmatic Sanction.

maximilien robespierre

He led the Radical Mountain. He was the major leader of the reign of terror. He also wrote "Republic of Virtue", and was part of the bourgeoisie

Alexander II

He led the Russian Reform Movement. He also was a Westernizer (reform based on Western Europe, much like Peter the Great) who was against Slavophiles (people who want to avoid Western influence. They go away with the end of Serfdom in 1861). He also makes the idea of a Duma in 1880, but is assassinated by the Peoples Will before he can.

john calvin

He led the reformation in Geneva. He was French, but he fled to switzerland. He tried to set up a theocracy in Genova. The citizens of Genova did not like him, so he was exiled, however asked to return. People didn't like him due to his rules: it did not contain social pleasures. He wrote "Institutes of the Christian religion." His teachings in France lead to French Religious Wars as well. Many reformers traveled to Geneva to study under Calvin, ike John Knox.

Thomas Hobbes

He lived in England prior to and during the English Civil War. He was Pro king. He wrote the Leviathan in 1651. His book's purpose was to discover the legitimate basis of government, and it was written after English Civil War It's often compared with The Prince. He believed humans are naturally wicked and selfish. He disliked the Social Contract, and was in support of absolute rule. He also said rebellion was never justified.

Herbert Spencer

He made social darwinism, was a famous agnostic as well.

Von Ranke

He said that history follows an inevitable pattern, and states that Germany will be a nation.

Robert Owen

He wanted to build a model industrial community, which will ultimately fail. Goals included smaller villages, higher wages and shorter hours, mandatory bible study, and safer factories. It created the New Lanark, which failed due to welfare profits.

Cesare Beccaria

He was an Italian, who was also against torture and death penalty. He wrote an essay, called On Crime and Punishments. He accumulated the "Natural laws" of Justice, which says the purpose of punishment is to deter crime, not get revenge. He is anti torture. Punishment should be proportionate to the crime, and believed that if a legal system was reformed based on these natural laws it would be improved.

william shakespeare

He was born in 1564, and died in 1616. He was an English poet and playwright, and was considered one of the greatest writers of the English language. He wrote Julius Caesar, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet. He also coined many words.

Alexander I

He was conservative and helped to defeat Napoleon and participated in the only alliance, part of the Congress of Vienna, etc. His death lead to the Decembrist Revolt. He was Russian and helped defeat Napoleon. He also was a part of the Holy Alliance.

Duties of Man

He was one of the original Italian Nationalists. In the Duties of Man, he specified that the order of importance is God, Nation, and Family. He is one of the first to want to unify Italy, but this isn't successful yet.

Montesquieu

He was part of the Noble Resurgence. He wrote Persian Letters, which was Satirical criticism of the French Government. He was the first to be against slavery. He also wrote the Consideration of the Greatness of Decline of Rome, which compared Rome to Britain (Britain has the ability to recognize mistakes and make changes). The book foreshadowed his idea of Separation of Power and Checks and Balances . He wrote Spirit of the Laws (See below). He believed in Natural Law, and thought size and climate determined government.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

He was president of France's second republic. He was a revolutionary socialist in Germany who imprisoned and escaped. He was a socialist author who wrote the Extinction of Poverty, believing that economic success is the key to political success. He was president as well, and was feared because he as socialist. He supports the Falloux Laws, and becomes right for political manipulation, moved back etc.

charles V

He was the Holy Roman Emperor who called Luther to recant (Take back what he said about the Catholic Church). He declared Luther an outlaw and said the books of Luther were to be burned (Though, none of the princes followed that. They did not because they wanted to keep more power, as if the Pope lost power, the princes would have more).

William Harvey

He was the first known to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart, going against Humoral Theory.

Otto Von Bismarck

He was the foreign minister of Prussia. He and parliament had an issue having to do with taxes to increase the army size- in which Bismarck illegally collected taxes to do so, making him a realpolitik. He is heavily important in the revolution and unification of Germany because of this.

Jean Jacque Rousseau

He was well educated, and the most influential writer of the enlightenment. He wrote a book called Discourse of Inequality, which discussed the Noble Savage, Social Contract, and Emile. He followed civic religions, and that government should be totalitarian, and supported the death penalty. He heavily influenced Robespierre, Nazism, considered the most radical philosophe, direct democracy, and General will and Civic religion have deep impact on the radical phase of the French Revolution.

Theodore Herzl

He worked with Social Darwinism and Eugenics.

Albert Einstein

He wrote Theory of Relativity: in which he states time, Motion, and Space aren't Absolute but relative. Therefore objects not only have the three dimensions of length, width, and depth but also the dimension of time- challenging Newton's physics models. He also came up with E=mc2, which says small quantities of matter can be converted into significant amounts of energy.

David Hume

He wrote Treatise on Human Nature and Inquiry into the Human Mind. He was an Empiricist, Atheist, Relativist (anti-enlightenment) and was the forerunner of Romanticism

Newton

He wrote the Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy/ Principia Mathematica. He builds on previous achievements, like the printing press, made the Law of Gravity, which brings the Heliocentric Theory together. He revealed that the Earth and Heavens must be together, due to the fact that there was a single universe. He invented calculus, was an Anglican, and created the Newtonian Synthesis

King Victor Emmanuel II

He's the King of Piedmont who had very little to do with Italian Unification, but got a lot of recognition for it. Cavour used him to unify Italy by having him be the powerful ruler they unite behind, meaning he is the first king of Italy. The ALtar of the Fatherland in Rome is built to honor him.

Maria Theresa of Austria

Her father put her in charge of Austria, and made parts of Europe sign the Pragmatic Sanction to prevent her from being invaded. (It was later broken by Frederick the Great) She is also Joseph's mother, ruled from 1740-1780. She raised Joseph to be an enlightened ruler. She used her children as pawns in political games. Her children included Joseph, Leopald, and Marie Anttoinette.

Emile Zola

In return to the Dreyfus Affair, Emile Zola proves that Dreyfus was framed, in the series of articles he published called J'Accuse. It was one of the first major examples of investigative journalism.

Social Darwinism

In the 1880s, this tried to apply concepts of evolution to society. This was made by Herbert Spencer. Some implications were that successful people are the most fit, the poor are unfit and deserving of poverty, and whoever won the inevitable conflict is the natural winner. This is significant because social darwinism says that the poor must find their way or die off- which is anti-welfare.

good works

In the Catholic religion these are those things one might do to earn salvation. Most Protestants believe that these actions do not make one more deserving of salvation, because Protestants believe that salvation can be achieved through just believing in God.

escorial

It combined a monastery, the tomb of Spanish Habsburgs, and a royal Residence, in the shape of a grill.

St. Bartholomew's Day massacre

Night before the wedding, many Huguenot guests/leaders were murdered by Guise family agents and the French royal guards. Over the next month, 10-15,000 Huguenots were murdered across France.

Kepler

Kepler was Brahe's assistant, who created the Laws of Planetary Motion (Natural Law). It said that planets have elliptical orbits, as he noticed Mars was going backwards a times. He mathematically proved that Earth orbits the sun.

english reformation

King Henry had married Catherine of Aragon. She was the HRE (Charles V)'s aunt, Ferdinand and Isabella's daughter etc. Catherine was Henry's brother, who died. Henry was called the Defender of the Faith because he was a devout Catholic. Henry wanted to divorce Catherine because she couldn't give him a son. But the pope declined because he was close to Catherine. This conflict causes England to reform, which causes the creation of the Anglican church in 1534. However, this struggle was personal, not religious.

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration. Had issues with parliament over religion when he appointed catholic advisors

1685 (#1)

LOUIS XIV REVOKES THE EDICT OF NANTES (FRANCE'S STARTS TO LOSE ITS HUGUENOT MIDDLE CLASS)

Ferdinand LaSalle

LaSalle was the leader/founder of the german socialists, who were the first to form a political party.

Women's March on Versailles

Lower class women march in protest from Paris to Versailles to do violence to Marie Antoinette, in response to her saying "Let them eat cake". They also marched because of the rising bread prices. Royal family was escorted by the mob back to Paris and lived under close watch. They were forced to reside in France.

diet of worms

Luther was called to the Holy Roman Emperor. He was called to recant what he said, but he didn't do that. He stood by his beliefs.

frederick II the great

Many wars, enlightened despot (cared about his people) Most well known of the prussian kings. Conquers silesia.

Joseph II Of Austria

Maria Theresa's son. He is the future HRE emperor, and is named after Saint Joseph. He is often considered the best example of an Enlightened Monarchy. He abolished serfdom (angers nobles), equalifies tax, tolerates different religions, rejects popes authorities, codifies laws, limits censorship, and abolishes the death penalty. However, after his death his reforms will be undone. Though he was the most radical reformer, he was the least effective.

Marie and Pierre Curie

Marie and Pierre Curie discovered Radium (reactivity) .

1517

Martin Luther nails the 95 THESIS on the Church doors in Wittenberg-Starts the Protestant Reformation in the German States.

wittenberg, germany

Martin Luther was originally from here. This is where he realized that faith was the key through Salvation, and the idea of Justification/Salvation through faith.

justification by faith

Martin Luther's concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation

1848 part 2

Marx published the Communist Manifesto

Surplus Value (Marxist Term for profit)

Marx said that people who create products should be paid based on the price of the final product. Therefore, if you were to be a part of a big company making 23K, you should make a sensible amount, not 4 cents etc.

Metternich

Metternich was known as the Coachman of Europe, as he steered Europe towards stability. He favored conservatism and was a reactionist. He wanted to achieve stability through traditions like church, and through a Concert of Europe. His main goal is to avoid another French Revolution.

Double Entry Bookkeeping

Modern accounting that reduced errors. It started in Amsterdam Banks. Basically, you write every business transaction in two places to ensure that no errors occurred.

Gold Florin

Money used in the Netherlands, used internationally. Unlike other currencies which were often mixed with other alloys (not worth their intended value, also coin clipping), the Florin was always weighted and pure. This made it a preferred form of money across Europe

Checks and Balances

Montesquieu foreshadowed his idea of this through his book called The Consideration for the Greatness and Decline of Rome. It allows parts of government to limit the power of other parts of government.

Continental System

Napoleon imposed an economic boycott of Great Britain. By 1807 will include most of Europe vs. Great Britain. It includes the Berlin Decree, Orders in Council, and Milan Decree.

Napoleon's 100 Days

Napoleon's escape from Elba and return to control France from March-May 1815.

Estates General

National Legislature, needed to pass laws to change tax laws etc. They hadn't met since 1614 is recalled in late 1789 to settle tax and debt.

Feudal Revival

Nobles reestablishing their political power after the death of Louis XIV. They fled the revolution, yet came back to restore the old Regime.

boyards

Russian Nobility. Peter wasn't their biggest fan because of the Stezky. They wore long beards and coats, but that was not the case after Peter decided to westernize.

Salons

Parisian salons were where wealthy urban women held social gatherings. This included Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and other intellectuals. Rousseau was excessively popular in these. These helped the common public to learn aspects of the Enlightenment.

Active vs Passive Citizen

Passive citizens couldn't vote, while active ones coult. This gave the middle class new voting rights, but not the lower ones.

Popular VS. Elite Culture

Popular culture refers to the peasantry during this time. They were mostly uneducated poor people. The elite group refers to the people who controlled most of the power and wealth, making up way less of the population. These people tended to be Aristocrats etc. They were different in a couple of ways: While the elite were increasingly literate and spoke standard national languages, the popular culturists were illiterate and spoke in vernacular languages. The elite could afford luxury goods, while popular culturists depended on non luxurious items For fun, the elite headed to coffee houses, while the popular culturists headed to taverns. The Elite had homes with specialized homes, but Popular culturists had only one room.

henry the navigator

Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.

catholic reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

Elizabeth I

Refused to marry Phillip II, in fact, she never married (Virgin Queen) allowing her to avoid tangled web of alliances that marriage brought. Angered Phillip by aiding Dutch resistance in Netherlands. Elizabeth later murdered Mary, Queen of Scots (a staunch Catholic who had fled Scotland for Elizabeth's protection) for plotting to murder her and for offering her succession rights to Phillip II

isabella d'este

She was a wealthy woman. She used her power to be a patron and also support scholars in New Athens.

Potemkin Village

Showcase towns for foreign visitors, like how Peter the Great building St. Petersburg to be the new capital of Russia. However, these towns were mostly facades for untrue Russian prosperity.

Worship of a supreme being

Since robespierre dislike religion, because he was a radicalist. He made people worship a supreme being instead of being Catholic.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

Single biggest mistake of the leaders of the French Revolution. They required the clergy to take an oath of the loyalty to France. Now, bishops and priests, had to take an oath. Attendance was taken and the clergy. The clergy was divided into swearing priests and refractory clergy.

1588

Sinking of the Spanish Armada-signals the beginning of the decline of Spanish power.

1687

Sir Isaac Newton publishes Principia (out important work of the scientific revolution)

francisco pizzaro

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas beginning in 1535.

Alexander I of Russia

The Treaty of Tilsit was between France and Russia, where Alexander I agreed upon the Continental System. However, Alexander I leaves this when Napoleon invades Russia.

State of Nature

The basis of natural rights philosophy, where a state of nature is the condition of people living in a situation without man-made government, rules, or laws.

Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat

The bourgeoisie, were factory owners and the proletariat were the factory workers. They were not happy with each other, as the proletariat wanted higher wages but the bourgeoisie did not want to give the proletariat more money.

James II (of england)

The brother of Charles II, and is very Catholic. He ultimately antagonized the Tories who were very Anglican and held monopolies on public office. Now Catholics were allowed to hold office furthering the Declaration of Indulgences.

Scholasticism

The church theories dictate scientific studies, and tries to merge the two. St. Thomas Aquinas wrote a book on this.

General Will

The government was to follow this ideology by Rousseau. It says what a majority of the people would do if they knew what was best for themselves. It implies that citizens need to know what is best for them- they don't always know what is in the best interest of their country. Majority wins.

Galen's Humoral Theory (of blood)

The human body was thought to have a mix of the four humors, black bile, yellow or red bile, blood, and phlegm. The body fluids had to be in balance for a individual. This dates back to Galen (Ancient Roman).

Republicanism

The idea of electing a rule through hereditary means. During the seventeenth century, man made European government began implementing republicanistic governments.

god, gold, and glory

The three main reasons people explored: God: The explorers wished to spread Christianity Glory: power, prestige, empire building etc. It focused on becoming bigger and better than other European nations. Gold: People acquire riches as much as possible through bullion and other material means

The Long Parliament

The time where Parliament was not there from (1640-60) called so because no new elections meant same people in Parliament 20 years later.

Agricultural Revolution

These are 18th Century developments/inventions that greatly increased agricultural output. This was caused by the application of the scientific method to farming and raising animals. Improvements mainly took place/began in Britain and "Low" countries, like Belgium and Netherlands.

Natural Rights

These are rights people are born (state of nature) with. They can't be taken away by government because they are given to us by God. The greatest evil is the violation of this, and the government was formed to protect these (supported by Locke)

Zollverein

These are the customs union of the german states-like the economic union. IT can be seen as the predecessor of the European Union, harkening back mercantilism a little.

Girodins

They believed that the Revolution in France could only be saved by spreading the revolution to neighboring countries.

Klemmens von Metternich

This Austrian politician and diplomat suppressed nationalistic and democratic trends in Central Europe, but was also the architect of a diplomatic system which kept Europe at peace for a century.

saint simon

This Frenchman wanted to use "social engineers" to direct production towards the needs of society, thus eliminating profit motive

Immanuel Kant

This German wrote Critique of Pure Reason and Critique of Practical Reason. He believes the physical is more accurate than mental, unlike Descartes (DUALISM). He believes being enlightened is to think for yourself, and even wrote "What is Enlightenment" (Answer was "Dare to know."). He believes the Enlightenment would lead to freedom, and followed Categorical Imperative. He believes to always act according to your beliefs, even when there's no harm in doing so. For example, If murder is wrong, it can NEVER be right.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

This Haitian general is best known because he is a Haitian leader of the revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and His Citizens

This abolishes titles of mobility and all legal social classes, creating equality under the law, establishes a republic, and liberty, equality, and security become heavily important.

Act of Settlement

This act required that only a Protestant could be Monarch.

Blaise Pascal

This mathematician developed the Pascaline ( a wooden box that could add and subtract by using a series of gears and wheels). It was the first mechanical adding machine.

Battle of Sadowa

This battle was part of the Seven Weeks War. In it, Prussia wins. It is solved by the Treaty of Prague- which says Austria stays out of German affairs, Italy gets Venetia, and Prussia gets Nassau, Hesse, and Hanover.

Romanticism

This began in the late 1700s/early 1800s a new artistic form began to emerge. This art form was a reactionary form of art to the classism that had dominated the Enlightenment era, and the industrial era and what it brought on. This kind of art glorified nature, showed passion and emotion imagination etc. The term itself refers to a natural phenomena like a sunrise and sunset, or imagining or describing something as being better than it is. Traits of this included sentimentality, childhood, individualism etc.

Second Estate

This group is made up of the Aristocracy/Nobles, making up 2% of the population. Own about 30-50% of land. They were privileged as they didn't pay taxes, banalities, and had eminent property rights. They also wish to protect privileges, so they don't support the French Revolution.

First Estate

This group is made up of the Catholic Clergy, making up1% of France's population. Own about 20% of France's land. They were considered privileged as they didn't pay taxes. They wanted to steer away from the French Revolution to keep their privileges.

Emile

This book by Rousseau explains how education can solve the evil created by society. It was based on the idea of Tabula Rasa. It included ideologies like Rural School Setting: Get away from modern life and corruption. One on One teaching Education should be hands on, and not book based Student Centered Emphasize the importance of education Women would have a different set of education that would focus on educating them about the home.

Communist Manifesto

This book was the basis for Communism, written by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. It said that communism was coming to Europe and that the Industrial Revolution and Capitalism was harmful and should be replaced by equality for all.

Enlightened Monarchy

This can also be called enlightened despotism. It was the belief that best form of government is controlled by a well-educated, well-trained, well-intentioned all powerful monarch.

Taffe Valle Decision

This decision made in 1901, was a response to the Great London Dock Strike. In it, unions would be held financially responsible for any business loss caused by strike (effectively took away the power of unions).

Toussaint Louverture

This former Haitan slave led the only successful slave revolt against the mother country: France.

Natural Law

This is the belief that the law beats the government, and that the government can and should be called out for messing up. It also says that the size/climate determines the government, and governments that don't match them will not work. Deists think God created the universe based on this. An example of natural law of human behavior is categorical imperative (If we have a law about something, it has to be universal. So, a law must not be violated. Even though some believe certain people don't deserve natural rights, everyone gets them because of these.)

Deism

This is the belief the god created the universe based on natural law, but doesn't control/impact the daily lives of humans. It was made by Newton, and followed by Voltaire.

the asiento

This is the control over afrian slave trade. At the time, Spain is in control and allows other countries to sell slaves to their colonies. England will eventually take their place.

Classical economics

This is the economic theory of this time. During this period, they followed a Laissez Faire Capitalism: Economies were self regulating and needed little or no government involvement. Laws included Say's Law, and school included the Manchester School of Economics.

The directory

This is the five member executive, which is where most of the power will reside. However, they were really weak.

Urbanization

This is the gradual movement of the population to cities. By the 1900s, over half of the European population lived in the cities. Effects include concentration of poverty in urban areas, overcrowding, pollution, disease and sanitation issues occured, public drunkness and prostitution increase, and there was an increase in crime. Because of this, governments modernized local government.

Credit Mobilier

This is the investment bank for industry, used to encourage rapid industrialization in France- such as Railroad, Steel, and Chemicals

William Gladstone

This is the liberal prime minister of the British liberal political party. Reform Bills of 1867 and 1884 (Describe their combined effect and significance) The reform bill of 1867, it gave the right to vote to well off workers and farm workers. The reform Bill of 1884, where most working males get the right to vote. These laws are both significant, as they create universal male suffrage.

Palace of versailles

This is the palace built by Louis XIV. It is fifteen miles away from Paris, as it was a getaway form all of the mobs in Paris. It would cost $3 billion to make today, and it had no bathrooms. Using this, the king could also control nobles by making them all live there and spy on the mail they sent to make sure nobody wanted to overrule him. He also did a lot of rituals where he forced the nobles to participate.

Assignat

This is the paper currency used when in ridiculous inflation amounts.

razin's rebellion

This is the peasant rebellion that happened under Alexis I rule. Led by Stephan Razin who used fugitive serfs to muder Russian nobles, priests etc. This resulted in harsh stances on serfs by nobles. This event is also recurring in Russian history, as serfs will get power and rebellion, making the nobles harsher on the people.

North German Confederation

This is the political union of the Northern German States under leadership of Prussia- eventually leading to the formation of the German Empire. Bismarck wants the south to join too.

Legitimacy

This is the restoration of the monarchs into power in Europe. For example, Louis XVIII in France.

beard tax

This is the tax that really pushed the westernization of Peter. Boyards were to shave off their beards, despite it being a cultural value. If one did not follow it, they would either, lose the beard in public/have it shaved, maybe Peter would come and pull on it. Or, they would purchase a coin that let them have the beard.

Volksgeist

This is the unique spirit of the German people tied together by a common language and daily lifestyle. This is significant as it stressed how different the Germans are from other western europeans.

war of spanish succession

This is the war between Spain and France versus the rest of Europe. When Charles II of Spain handed his succession to Phillip, because he himself could not have children, he gave his throne to a bourbon. Other countries are quite concerned about this as another major ruler, Louis XIV, is also a bourbon. They fought for 13 years to balance the power. At the end, they let Spain and France both have a bourbon leader but they have to agree to never combine the thrones.

Pragmatism

This is to focus on success of practicality (not principle conservative ideologies). Napoleon III (The Socialist Emperor) followed this.

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

This is when the Austrian Empire created an alliance with France and Russia- this Leaves Great Britain and Prussia as the other alliance.

Radical revolution

This is when the leaders of the Jacobins inadvertently turned the revolution into an oligarchy dictatorship that threatened to destroy all that was achieved in the previous two years in insurrection.

scientific (linear) perspective

This is when you create a sense of depth in an architectural place by using the idea that parallel lines seem to meet in the middle of drawings/paintings.

Carlsbad Decrees

This is where Austria used censorship to fight nationalism. They censored books and universities. (Books can spread ideas, and universities were traditionally progressive) They wanted to keep a country conservative.

Louis XIV (Of France)

This is your best example of an absolute monarchy. The Sun King ruled france for about 70 years, built Versailles and gained a lot of power over the nobles, who he hated mostly because of the Fronde incident. He was in many wars, and lost a lot of them.

Scientific Revolution

This led to the Enlightenment. It entails reason, progress, and was the birth of Social Sciences. It challenged the norms of the day. The study of the natural world was soon more observing the accepted beliefs.

Crimean War

This occurred because Russia attacked Ottomans hoping to gain more land and warm sea ports in Black Sea. They wanted to protect Orthodox Christians, the French wanted to protect Catholics etc. The dispute was settled, but Russia refused any Ottomon changes- so the Ottomans attacked having French and British support. The war was between Russia and the Ottomon Empire (With help from France and GB). Russia loses, showing how behind Russia was.

Battle of Sedan

This occurs in 1870, where Prussia defeats France. When France surrendered at Versailles in January 1871, it made the German Empire. The Treaty of Frankfurt forces France to pay war damages and Germany gets Alsace-Lorraine back. This creates a bitterness with France and Germany.

Second Treaty of Paris

This one was in 1815, and was much more harsh. It required France to pay war damages, restore the legitimate rulers of Europe, Napoleon's exile to St. Helena, and France going back to their borders from 1789.

Cahiers de Doleances

This outlined problems caused by the national debt, blaming the inability to tax nobles, but the Estates general couldn't agree on a new tax plan.

sans culottes

This really means without short pants. It represents the people that are in the actual peasantry, as they don't wear the popular short pants of the time. They mobbed the National Assembly and removed moderates

Black Hole of Calcutta

This refers to the capture by the French of 146 British soldiers who die from heat/suffocation in captivity, causing the British public to want to get behind the war effort.

"Sickman of Europe"

This refers to the weakness of the Ottoman Empire. It reinforces the "Eastern Question" (what will happen in the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire fades), and it shows the Ottomans are losing control and land in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Their Empire is shrinking.

Reactionary

This refers to wanting to move backwards to the old days.

Dictatorship of the Proletariat

This said that the proletariat would get so tired of being pushed around by the bourgeoisie that they would rise up and take over, creating a virtually classless society (everyone is the same and the government owns everything).

The Peoples Will

This terrorist group opposed the rule of Alexander II. In 1881, they assassinated Alexander II with 7 shots.

The Renaissance

This time period is known as the "Rebirth" of society. It began in italy because of their classical heritage, thriving trade cities, wealthy merchants. Many people believe Cicero's writing led to the start of the Renaissance. It was a time of great change across Europe. Cultural, technological, political, and religious reforms occurred. The Renaissance would see a rebirth in classical culture (influences of the Greeks and Romans).

Treaty of Tilsit

This treaty was between France and Russia. It was an agreement between Napoleon and Alexander I (Russian Czar), in which Napoleon gains about ½ of Prussia and Russia agrees to be part of the continental system.

Treaty of Paris

This treaty was made in 1763, and it settled the British/French conflict. Some major territorial changes included British controlling all American territory east of the mississippi river and Quebec.

Treaty of Hubertusburg

This treaty was made in 1763, and it settled the dispute between Prussia and Austria. With it, Prussia kept Silesia, allowing Prussia being a major power.

First Treaty of Paris

This treaty was made in 1814, and is relatively mild. Napoleon is exiled to Elba, and is given the title King of Elba. Louis XVIII (Louis XVI's brother) is now the king of France, so France is at square one with the revolution.

Revisionist Socialism

This type of socialism is also known as evolutionary socialism. It's main idea is that revolution isn't necessary for improvement of the lives of the working class- instead workers can work through the already existing political system to help the working class. Their tactics are to get workers the right to vote, form political parties to create the welfare state and improve its working conditions etc.

war of the roses

This war lasted from 1455-1485. It was a war between the York family(white flower) and Lancaster(red flower) family of England for the crown. This struggle ended when Henry Tudor, who was on the Lancaster side, won. He became Henry VII, the first Tudor king.

English Civil War

This war occurred in the 17th Century, and was based off of England's monarch's conflict with the parliament about the philosophy and type of government. It truly started when Charles I sent the army to disband Parliament. It was against the Roundheads, or the supporters of Parliament and Cavaliers, or the supporters of the King.

brahe

This was a Danish Astronomer who built an observatory, which accumulates the most accurate data of the movement of the planets and stars, without using a telescope.

Ypsilanti

This was a Greek Leader during the revolution against the Ottomon Empire. The people were linked through Nationalism like a common language and Christianity.

The World Turned Upside Down

This was a festival in England that defied custom and traditional authority. It basically switched up roles, such as women wore men's clothes and got to beat men, whereas men could not fight back.

Holy Alliance

This was a formal alliance between Russia, Prussia and Austria, in which they agreed to rule in a spirit of Christian charity and to assist each other in times of trouble. This lasted until Alexander I died.

whiff of grapeshot

This was a reaction to the Insurrection of Vendemiaire. Napoleon broke it up using this. Basically, Napoleon began shooting these tiny, grape like cannon bullet things at people.

The Great Awakening

This was a religious revival that challenged established authority and spurred resentment and division between traditional Protestants, who insisted on the continuing importance of ritual and doctrine, and the revivalists, who encouraged emotional involvement. It lead to (Lutheranism where focus on frugality, humility, restraint, sense of duty and order. Concept did spread into other protestant faiths.)

Municipal Act of 1825

This was a response to urbanization. It modernized and standardized local Government, focusing on the areas of Law enforcement and public sanitation. City governments will evolve with the Industrial Revolution, solving many problems brought by it.

Freemasons

This was a secret organization that used architecture metaphors for God. This began in England and spread, and many of America's Founding Fathers were a part of this group.

Haitian Revolt

This was a successful anti colonial revolt by self liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue. It is now Haiti.

Concert of Europe

This was an informal alliance between European nations by Metternich. It's goal was to achieve stability- Europe informally acts together to maintain balance. Nations rely on each other to maintain peace.

Great Fear of 1789

This was based on rumors that the nobility was preparing to attack peasants/deprive them of food, so peasants in many rural areas attacked local nobles. This violence caused many nobles to flee France.

Dialectic

This was by Hegel. It says that history is a clash of opposing ideas: thesis (dominating ideas of any given time), anti- thesis (opposite idea), inevitable struggle, etc. Because of this a kind of compromise is reached and the process begins.

First Coalition

This was caused by the Battle for Valmy. It includes England, Austria, Prussia, & Russia. By April 1793 France is losing - and the Revolution is in danger.

War of Austrian Succession

This was caused for two reasons: disputes between France and England, and Frederick's violation of the Pragmatic sanction. The Alliances included Great Britain with Austria vs. France, Spain, and Prussia. It was ended by the Status Quo Ante Treaty.

third rome

This was developed by Ivan III. It is the idea that Russia should be the center of the Orthodowx Church as Constantinople fell to the Ottomans.

Systematic Doubt.

This was done heavily by Rene Descartes. It is when you doubt every possibly doubtable statement. The only thing we know for sure is that we are thinking.

Alchemy

This was early chemistry. It was based on changing metal to gold. During this times, the lines between this Astrology, Magic, and Astronomy were quite blurred. However, they led to more realistic sciences.

Carnival

This was from Italian words called Farewell to Meat for the forty days of lent. This was one of the biggest and most important pre-Lenten festivals. There were massive amounts of eating and drinking, and Mardi Gras are based off of this. This was done for multiple reasons, specifically to ensure that the peasantry didn't express excessive anger or revolt. It lets them blow off steam.

Bloody June Days

This was from June 24-26. This was the time period where the army stopped the revolts, killing tens of thousands of people.

Liberal/Moderate Phase of the revolution

This was from October 1789-91. In it, the women's march occurred. Government for France became a constitutional monarchy, with a National Assembly. Political power is decentralized and given to Departments. Differences between voting rights occur (Active and Passive Citizens). It gives middle class new voting rights, but not the lower classes. Economically, they became laissez faire, abolished guilds, and created the assignat. Now, they were generally very anti-Catholic church. It included the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Some major events are Women's March on Versailles, Declaration of Pillnitz, and the Flight to Varennes The phase got more radical though the New National Assembly.

Treaty of Amiens

This was in 1802, and was a temporary peace treaty between France and Great Britain. By 1805, they were back at war with each other.

Battle of Trafalgar

This was in 1805. It was a major naval battle France vs. Great Britain, with a major British victory. Admiral Nelson dies in it. It is significant as it makes a direct invasion of Great Britain impossible, and signifies complete British naval superiority.

The Spirit of the Laws

This was made by Montesquieu. It divides laws in to 3 types: Law of nations (international law), Political law (criminal law), and Civil law (Regulates relationships between people). It also followed Natural Law, and said that size and climate determined the government. For example, large nations with extreme climates are probably dictatorships. Medium size with moderate climates will be Constitutional Monarchies. And small countries would probably be democracies.

Protocol of Troppeau

This was proposed by Metternich due to the Congress of Troppau. At this time, Spain and Naples had revolutions, threatening conservatism and balance. Basically, it says that all revolution is bad and that the powers should take collective action to resist all revolution. Only some countries accepted it, signaling a split in the Holy Alliance.

Apres Moi Le Deluge

This was said by Louis XV, which means "After me, the Flood." It signified that Louis truly didn't care about his future generations of France.

government stops at the manor

This was said by the Great Elector. To give context, he was talking about the treatment of the serfs inside the home. This statement was said to push for loyalty to the throne, so long as Junkers could use serfs however they pleased.

the great northern war

This was sparked by Russia taking Petrograd. Peter wished to gain more territory this way.

treaty of utrecht

This was the treaty that ended the W of Spainsh succession 1713. This ends the Habsburg dynasty and push the Bourbon one, however it is insisted that both France and Spain cannot join forces. England will also gain partial control of the slave trad, and get the Gibraltar in this deal. Spain loses spainsh Netherlands and Austria Netherlands (Belgium). The political leader of Prussia gains the title King of Prussia.

scientific method

This was very beneficial to society and was made by Sir Francis Bacon. It followed inductive reasoning, and used observation to form truths. It is basically a series of steps to solve scientific questions. It helped question many norms.

Candide

This was written in 1758. It is the most popular work of the Enlightenment, and was written in the aftermath of a major natural disaster in Portugal. (To which the Pope said to follow Patient Optimism.) The idea that God would allow so many to suffer and the fact that the Pope was arguing that the suffering was good is what drove Voltaire away from the Catholic Church and towards his belief in Deism. Voltaire wants us to find our inner solace, not blindly be religious.

1651

Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan

Vesalius

Vesalius wrote the Structure of the Human Body in 1543, using sketches from Da Vinci to outline the circulatory system. He also went against Gale's Humorous Theory.

Salutary Neglect

Walpole's policy of leaving the American colonies alone as long as they were profitable. This is heavily important because Great Britain will start to tax and control the American colonies more, leading to the American Revolution.

henry IV of France

Was a Huguenot (Protestant/Calvinist). To help end the violent religious conflict in France, he converted to Catholicism in 1593 (after much convincing and reassurance from Catholic leaders). He famously said "Paris is worth a mass"

Marat

Was part of the bourgeoisie Journalists/Propagandists who lead the reign of terror

1689

William and Mary accept the english bill of rights (symbolizes the transition to constitutional monarchy based on social contact theory)

William III (of the Netherlands)

William of Orange in 1673, he becomes the First King of the Netherlands (this is William and Mary, later king and queen of England).

consistory

a special body for enforcing moral discipline

encomienda

a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.

Politique

a person who was more concerned with the good of the country rather than her own beliefs. Like Elizabeth 1/Henry Navarre

michel d'montaigne

a philosopher of the French Renaissance. He popularized essays as a literary genre. He also developed skepticism, which led to the scientific method.

1571

battle of lepanto:Spanish Armada defeated the Ottoman Empire-signals the peak of Spanish Power.

Right of Habeas Corpus

committed clients may at any time petition courts to be released on the grounds that they are sane

Cardinal Richelieu

ruled in a Machiavellian style ("The ends justify the means"), cardinal to Louis XIII, and basically controlled France.

english poor laws

families of unemployed men were forced into segregated workhouses. It was really bad

infrastructure

focus on improving roads, canals, bridges, etc. This encourages trade and helps commerce thrive.

1688

glorious revolution

henry viii

he wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine because she could not give him a son. The pope was very close to Catherine, so he declined Henry's request for annulment. Because of this, Henry created the Anglican Church and started the English Reformation in 1534.

Alberti

helped revive classical literature. He wrote On the Family, a handbook that instructs fathers how to set up perfect Christian family.

English Bill Of Rights

it was a document William and Mary had to agree to in order to become the King and Queen of England (Social Contract) and it made Parliament the number one power in England. For example, they cannot raise a standing army, and parliament would get called at least every three years.

philip II of spain

king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I. Also sent the Spanish Armada to invade

Petrarch

known as the"Father of Humanism." He looked back at classical texts of Greece and Rome, and helped bring Europe out of the Dark Ages. He wrote in vernacular, which standardized Florence's languages. He saw the Dark Ages as a time gap from learning, and wanted to make sure we as a people moved forward.

protestant wind

massive storm that sank much of the Spanish Armada.

Valois

rulers of France for now...

Bourbon

rulers of France from late 1500's - early 1800's - the major Louis's

Habsburgs

rulers of the HRE, Spain, Netherlands, much of the New World

thomas munzer

preached that his followers should overthrow the state

papal inquisition

program of the Church, in collaboration with secular authorities, to judge the guilt of suspected heretics with the goal of getting them to repent; abused through the use of torture, anonymous accusations, and state executions

elizabethan settlement

reaffirmed British Monarch as head of Anglican Church, demanded public acceptance and loyalty to the church of england and monarch as head of church, but did not worry about private worship.

Ten Hours Act

reduced the workday for children between 13 and 18 to 10 hours. Women were also included.

"New Athens"

referencing Florence which became the center of the renaissance. In fact, all the major artists and moments usually flowed in and out of Florence.

Thermidor Reaction

refers to the conservative reaction to the reign of terror, which ended it and saw the execution of Robespierre. (Remember Conservative as in resisting change-so the new government would want to return a little to the past)

star chamber

secret English court used to deal with aristocrats who threatened royal power

peace of westphalia

series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War

Louis XII of France

son of Henry and Margaret. His mom helped him rule, but got frustrated with her and sent her to a convent (nunnery). Ruled independently by 1614, but France was truly led by Louis' Chief Minister, Cardinal Richelieu.

peace of alais

stripped the Huguenots of their military power, political power, and territory. Maintained freedom of worship (for now)...

price revolution

the period in European history during the 1500s when inflation rose rapidly

the restoration

the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government

stadtholder

title of chief executives of the various provinces in the Netherlands. During times of crisis each province selects the same stadholder, which makes him a kind of chief executive of the entire netherlands.

Lorenzo Valla

used textual criticism to prove that the "Donation of Constantine" which caused people to question the Catholic Church.

thirty years war

was a religious conflict between the Catholics and Protestants. The war initially began in the HRE, but spread to involve most of Europe. This religious war eventually turned into a political war between the Bourbons (France) and the Hapsburgs (HRE/Spain/New World).

Italian humanism

was truly pushed by the creation of the printing press, as they could now produce books faster, causing more and more people learn to read. Their intellectual interests were in secular subjects, especially in mastering classical languages and in translating classical texts.

protestant work ethic

way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God

Catherine de Medici

wife of the former king, Henry II. Acted as regent to her young sons (boy kings). She recognized the need to end the wars, which were destroying France. Catherine was Catholic, but wanted to tolerate the Huguenots. Catherine is a great example of a politique -wanted her daughter to marry bourbon leader Henry of Navarre.

Das Kapital

written by Karl Marx: This was written by Marx in 1864. Basically, it said that there are inherent issues in capitalism which will soon bring its undoing. Basically, it was saying to main profit, wages must go down etc.