AP EURO FINAL

People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as

Creoles

What was the core concept of Social Darwinism?

The human race was driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest

What was the principle by which the European powers established their claim to an African territory after the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885?

effective occupation

What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?

Capital and skills in salesmanship.

Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?

Combination Acts of 1799

The French revolutionary government's paper currency or assignats were backed by which of the following?

Confiscated Church property

What was the greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science?

Conquest of smallpox

Which political doctrine justified the restoration of traditional rulers?

Conservatism

Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864?

Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belonged to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state

What was the breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work?

Diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled.

In On the Inequality of the Human Races (1854), Count Arthur de Gobineau divided humanity into the white, black, and yellow races and

Dominate the globe

What did the notorious forgery "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" suggest Jewish elders were planning to do?

Dominate the globe

Why might Map 18.1: Literacy in France, ca. 1789 show the literacy rate to be relatively high in the area close to the capital city of Paris?

Educational facilities, publishing houses, and a vibrant intellectual life in Paris would work to assist the growth of literacy in nearby areas.

The largest share of European foreign investment went to

European states and North America

After 1860, why did foreign aggression diminish in China until near the end of the century?

Europeans had obtained their primary goal of commercial and diplomatic relations

What was a central component of the improvements in sanitation in the nineteenth century?

Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost

In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty?

Extensive cultivation of the humble potato

What pattern did migration out of Europe often follow in the nineteenth century?

Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land.

Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?

France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation.

Which of the following characterizes early-nineteenth-century British cities?

Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant parks or open areas were almost nonexistent.

In December 1825, some 3,000 army officers inspired by liberal ideas staged a protest against which new tsar?

Nicholas I

Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because

Of community pressure on a couple to marry when a woman became pregnant

In the eighteenth century, what problems did the Church of England face?

Officials of both church and state used it to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people.

How did wages change in the late nineteenth century?

Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease.

What was Georges Haussmann's contribution to nineteenth-century life?

Rebuilding Paris

What was the greatest impediment to nation building in the United States?

Regional differences exacerbated by slavery

What event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs?

Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856

How did Bismarck structure the North German Confederation in order to secure the authority of the Prussian emperor?

The emperor controlled the army and foreign affairs and universal male suffrage permitted the emperor to go directly to the people if the middle-class liberals resisted his bills in legislature

The growth in eighteenth-century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors?

The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor.

Why did illegitimacy rates decline after 1850?

The higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers

What was the Russian zemstvo?

The institution for local government established by the Great Reforms

How did the Ottoman Empire's efforts at reform in the latter half of the nineteenth century undermine the empire's stability?

The reforms created equality before the law for all citizens, which increased religious disputes and split Muslims into secularist and traditionalist camps.

How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?

The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products

One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the nineteenth century saw a form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from

electricity

The British Corn Laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of

forbidding the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain

Unlike other political parties, Marxist socialists

organized themselves into an international organization.

The Corn Laws

placed high tariffs on imported grain

Why did surgeons in the eighteenth century face incredible difficulties?

Surgery was performed in utterly unsanitary conditions, which meant the simplest wound could become infected and lead to death.

In almost every advanced country around 1900, the wealthiest 20 percent of households received

50 percent to 60 percent of all national income.

Why did socialist parties become more moderate by the late 1800s?

As socialist parties attracted larger numbers of members, they looked more toward gradual change and less toward revolution

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed

equality before the law

What was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?

establishment of limited liability investment

Great Britain chose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century because it

feared that France and Germany would seal off their empires with high tariffs, causing it to lose future economic opportunities.

In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent

featured varying degrees of government involvement

Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to

find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture.

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies

In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832

gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation

After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia

imposed a harsh peace on France

Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

improved only after 1820.

All of the following were aspects of the American Revolution that influenced the French Revolution EXCEPT

increasing the class conflict between nobility and bourgeoisie.

The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the

industrial dominance of Britain.

The Meiji Restoration restored the Japanese emperor to power in 1867 and

initiated a series of measures to reform Japan along modern lines

In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on

interest payments on the debt

By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of Western expansion?

it selectively adopted those elements of Western society that were in keeping with Japanese tradition

Which of the following describes late-nineteenth-century prostitution?

it was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families.

What was the all-important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration?

meet the threat posed by outside powers.

According to Olympe de Gouges,

men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law

The Homestead Act, enacted during the Civil War, gave western land to settlers and reinforced the idea

of free labor in a market economy

What was China required to do in the Treaty of Nanking (1842) that ended the first Opium War?

open up four large cities to unlimited foreign trade with low tariffs

In the eighteenth century, what was the focal point of community cohesion?

parish church

The "Great Fear" refers to what period?

peasants sacking noble households, killing members of the noble families, and that the nobles would respond harshly.

Which social groups comprised the revolutionary alliance during the revolutions of 1848 in Central Europe?

students and urban workers

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that

the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."

Charles Fourier, a utopian socialist, envisioned mathematically precise communities called "phalanxes" and also urged

the abolition of marriage, free unions based only on love, and sexual freedom.

What was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia?

the abolition of serfdom

The July Revolution of 1830 resulted in

the appointment of Louis Philippe as king by the Chamber of Deputies

The English enclosure movement ultimately resulted in

the concentration of landowning in the hands of a tiny minority

Utilitarianism was Jeremy Bentham's idea that social policies should promote

the greatest good for the greatest number

What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon believe in the nineteenth century?

the key to progress was proper social organization

Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to

the necessity to provide for a densely populated country.

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that

the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.

Rudyard Kipling's "white man's burden" referred to

the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races.

How were governments able to use empires to ease social tensions and domestic political conflicts in the nineteenth century?

they encouraged the masses to savor foreign triumphs as examples of national glory and prestige

What did Heinrich von Treitschke believe was the significance of colonies?

they were essential to great nations

In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought

to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.

The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded

universal male suffrage

The major demand of the English Chartists was for

universal male suffrage

One of the outstanding new developments of Romantic music by musicians such as Franz Liszt was the

use of music to express a literary or pictorial concept or idea

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families.

What was the clearest sign that a family was middle class?

Having servants

How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830?

He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory.

How did Ismail transform Egypt in the nineteenth century?

He promoted large irrigation networks for cotton production and export

Why did Bismarck enact high tariffs on grain from the United States, Canada, and Russia in 1878?

He sought to win support from both the Catholic Center and Protestants, Junkers, who had large land holdings.

Which of the following correctly identifies Napoleon Bonaparte's background?

He won brilliant victories in Italy in 1796 and 1797.

What was the flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution?

His assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity

What was Count Leo Tolstoy's central message in War and Peace?

Human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values.

What benefits could a wife produce at home that could not be purchased in the market?

Improved health, better eating habits, and better behavior

Which of the following is the least responsible for the population increase in Europe in the 18th Century?

Improved transportation resulted in better food delivery and less famine.

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of a socialist party in Europe prior to 1914?

The German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism.

When Hungary gained an independent status in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, how did it organize its domestic politics?

The Magyar nobility dominated both the peasantry and minority populations through the parliament.

The Carlsbad Decrees were intended to __________ in __________.

Suppress liberalism and nationalism . . . Germany

Which of the following countries escaped the revolutionary outburst of 1848?

SwedenThis

Ottoman reformers launched a series of radical reforms in the nineteenth century known as the

Tanzimat

List the countries allied with Napoleon on Map 19.2: Napoleonic Europe in 1812.

The Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Norway and Denmark

What was the Second Industrial Revolution?

The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century.

What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?

The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property

How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class?

The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education.

What belief drove native opponents to European colonial rule?

The nationalist assertion that every people had a right to control their destiny

What was the primary factor that influenced whether European immigrants returned to their native lands?

The possibility of buying land in the home country

How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths?

They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment.

How did German Social Democrats recover their losses in the 1907 election and become the largest party in the Reichstag in 1912?

They took on a more patriotic tone and broadened their base

What was the long-established customs union among the German states?

Zollverein

The romantic movement was characterized by

a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination

The typical European immigrant was

a small farmer or rural craftsperson

The United States between 1815 and 1932

absorbed the largest overall number of European emigrants

Who was William Cockerill?

an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium

In the nineteenth century, Edwin Chadwick gained fame as

an advocate of improved public sanitation

Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf refers to his

attack on the Catholic Church in the German Empire.

In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work?

farming, agriculture

Marxist history is predicated on the belief that __________.

history is one constant struggle between the economic classes

What was the most important influence on the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain?

political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class

Eighteenth-century blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were

popular with the European masses.

The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the

power of the state over the church

The Peterloo Massacre of 1819

pro-liberal crowd listening to anti-corn law rheteric were attacked by police, press was brought under control and mass meetings were abolished

According to Joseph Proudhon in the nineteenth century, property was

profit stolen from workers

In French political history, the years 1814, 1830, and 1848 are known, respectively, for the

restoration of the Bourbons, the July revolution of Louis Philippe, and the founding of the 2nd Republic

At the Congress of Vienna (1815), the governments of Europe reacted to the French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon by attempting to

restore old regimes to power

In nineteenth-century Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi was a

romantic nationalist

In his pioneering work of quantitative sociology, Suicide (1897), Emile Durkheim concluded that ever-higher suicide rates were caused by widespread feelings of

rootlessness

The Russian Marxist Vladimir Lenin asserted that imperialism

signaled the coming decay and collapse of capitalist society

The romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as the

spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility

As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class

tended to merge with the old aristocracy

According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in

the economy as little as possible

The calling of the Estates-General in France by King Louis XVI in 1789 was the direct result of

the failure of the Assembly of Notables to endorse the monarch's program of tax reform

What caused the revolutionary reduction in the size of European families?

the family's desire to improve its economic and social position

Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?

Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.

What was "nativism" in the nineteenth century?

Beliefs and policies that gave preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants

What was Britain's decisive advantage in its war with China?

Britain had control of the seas.

What happened in 1898 at Fashoda?

British and French troops encountered on another and set off a serious diplomatic crisis that only ended when the French backed bown

How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government?

By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all of the people.

How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century?

By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port

How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?

Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing.

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.

Why was the Frankfurt Parliament in 1849 unable to create a "Greater Germany"?

Determined to maintain its empire, Austria would not agree to a Greater Germany that separated German-speaking lands from non-German territories in the empire.

In the nineteenth century, what did Eugène Delacroix's work typically feature?

Dramatic, colorful scenes

In 1848, what reform did the French government refuse that created a sense of class injustice?

Electoral reform

Why did the persecution of witches slowly come to an end by the late eighteenth century?

Elites increasingly dismissed fears of witchcraft and refused to prosecute suspected witches.

In most European countries, how was emigration related to population growth in the late nineteenth century?

Emigration increased about twenty years after a rapid growth in population, as land became scarce.

Agricultural Revolution first occurred in

England

As a result of the idea of separate spheres, middle-class married women who sought to work outside the home

Found that they could not gain well paying jobs, and their wages were less than men's for the same work.

What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?

French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain.

Germaine de Staël urged the French to throw away worn-out classical models and extolled the spontaneity and enthusiasm of the writer and thinkers of

Germany

Who were the Red Shirts in nineteenth-century Italy?

Giuseppe Garibaldi's guerilla army involved in the invasion of Sicily.

In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of

Great Britain, France, Russia

In the 1890s, how did Sergei Witte seek to transform Russia?

He believed that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening its power and greatness and implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West.

Why did the conservative Bismarck pioneer the creation of an expansive system of social welfare?

He sought to blunt the attraction of socialism to the working classes and give them a small stake in the existing political system.

Adam Smith would have been likely to agree that

Increased competition benefits all classes of society

The British Great Reform Act of 1832 did which of the following?

Increased the voting power of the middle class

How did the French provisional government respond to the worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848?

It established national workshops to provide public works jobs.

What was the result of the Mexican War of 1848?

It exacerbated tensions between the northern and southern halves of the United States as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico.

How did the Union of South Africa function differently than any other territory in Africa?

It functioned as a largely "self-governing" colony.

What effect did the Dreyfus affair have on late nineteenth-century France?

It revived republican distrust of Catholicism.

What was the effect of France's Constitutional Charter in the post-Napoleonic period?

It secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the French Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom.

What was the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-85?

It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers.

What was the function of the Crystal Palace?

It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London.

Gustave Flaubert tells the story of a frustrated middle-class housewife who has a sordid and adulterous love affair in his masterpiece,

Madame Bovary

What was companionate marriage?

Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values

How did the nature of marriage change by the late nineteenth century?

Married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions on sentiment and sexual attraction.

What was a result of improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century?

Married women were not expected to work outside the home

How did the goals of middle-class feminists differ from those of socialist women?

Middle-class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working-class revolution.

What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.

Which man founded the Second French Republic and, later, the Second French Empire?

Napoleon III

How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy?

Nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia despite the displeasure of the Great Powers

In the nineteenth century, what country dominated the three-thousand-mile archipelago that is now Indonesia?

Netherlands

Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because

Of a love of Greek classical culture.

Before late 18th century English countryside was

Open fields

What did the British use to break China's self-imposed isolation?

OpiumThis

In 1830, an unsuccessful revolution failed to re-create the country of

Poland

How did the expanding right to vote in the late nineteenth century affect national politics across Europe?

Politicians and parties became more responsive to the people they represented.

Max Weber, the most prominent and influential late-nineteenth century sociologist, argued that the rise of capitalism was directly linked to

Protestantism in Northern Europe

What medication proved to be effective in controlling malaria and allowing Europeans to venture into the mosquito-infested interior of Africa?

Quinine

How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?

Railroad lines connected cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other.

The Quadruple Alliance, the nations that defeated Napoleon, included

Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain

In 1849, the revolution in Hungary was brought under control with the help of 130,000 troops sent by

Russian Empire

Who was Theodore Herzl?

The founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement

What reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?

The right to vote for all adult men

How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the nineteenth century?

The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent

During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?

The workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

Their inability to directly supervise and direct the work of rural laborers

What did Klemens von Metternich and Alexander I proclaim at the Troppau Conference in 1820?

Their support for the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever threatened

What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists?

Their utopian schemes were not realistic.

Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?

There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor.

As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?

There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.

What did the early French socialist thinkers find disturbing about the emerging industrial society?

They believed that industrial society fomented selfish individualism and split the community into isolated fragments.

Why did middle-class families spend considerable portions of their income on food?

They gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity.

How did labor unions in Germany change in the early 1900s?

They increasingly focused on bread-and-butter issues rather than on the dissemination of socialist doctrine.

Why did social scientists develop statistical methods to test their theories?

They sought to analyze the massive sets of numerical data that governments had collected.

What set white-collar workers apart from other elements of the lower middle class?

They were fiercely committed to the middle-class ideal of upward social mobility.

Which is the most accurate appraisal of the revolutions of 1830 and 1848?

They were largely unsuccessful

In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure conclude about conditions in most factories?

They were not harsh and even quite good

How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the nineteenth century?

They worked to improve the lives of Indian women, moving them closer to Western standards through education and legislation.

What was the political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France?

To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values

What was the goal of the new imperialism of the late nineteenth century?

To create large political empires

What was the goal of the Prussian parliament in the 1850s and 1860s?

To establish that the Parliament held financial political authority and that the army was responsible to Parliament

Upon his election as president, why did Louis Napoleon sign conservative legislation increasing the power of the Catholic Church and depriving poor men of the right to vote?

To get the National Assembly to pay his personal debts and change the constitution so he could run for a second term

What was one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code?

To maintain their unstable social and economic position

How did Sardinia and its monarch, Victor Emmanuel, gain the reputation of a liberal, progressive state?

Victor Emmanuel retained the liberal constitution and its substantial civil liberties that was forced on his father in 1848

Why were Jewish immigrants in the nineteenth century unlikely to return to their native land?

Violent anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe

How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men?

While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men.

Which of the following marked changes in childrearing practices?

Women had fewer children.

Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?

Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.

Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at

a just price—one that was fair to both consumers and producers.

European liberals in the first half of the 19th century typically supported

a written constitution and wider suffrage

Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred

all regions

Louis XV damaged the sense of his sacred authority by

allowing his common-born mistress to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically.

In the nineteenth century, Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued

as a part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state

Charles X enraged the French when he

attempted to limit the number of eligible voters and dissolved the Chamber of Deputies (legislature)

Realist writers fit within the late-nineteenth-century glorification of science because they

attempted to observe and record life in an objective manner

The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to

avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France

The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it

banned children under nine years of age from employment.

The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to

become landless rural wage earners

RKarl Marx argued that socialism would be established

by violent revolution.

The religious revival movement known as Pietism

called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience.

The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819

closed the student societies, provided censorship of the press, and placed the universities under close supervision and control.

The reformer Robert Owens sought to

create a single large national union for British workers

What was the driving force in history according to Marx in the nineteenth century?

economic relationship between classes

What did the new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s emphasize?

A call for greater tenderness toward children

What was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?

A new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives

Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America.

What was Napoleon's Grand Empire?

An enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?

As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.

How did industry grow in continental Europe?

Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.

In the 1700s, the process of enclosure tended to increase?

Farm output

In the seventeenth and the eighteenth century, foundling homes

Had horribly high death rates

How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?

He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state.

What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?

He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research.

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?

Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message.

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?

It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.

Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people?

It emphasized a warm and emotional religion.

Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution?

It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind.

What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?

It was a necessary precondition of economic independence.

In the eighteenth century, what did the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflect?

Its importance in community life.

What was the Catholic version of Pietism?

Jansenism

After the arrest and deportation of Toussaint L'Ouverture, how was the war of Haitian Independence resolved?

Jean-Jacques Dessalines, L'Ouverture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independence.

One of the century's most influential works on child-reading was Emile; or, On Education by

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Individuals who remained loyal to the crown during the Revolutionary War were known as

Loyalists

18th Century Liberals believed all of the following EXCEPT

Men and women deserved equal rights.

How did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?

Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes

What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?

Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly

What was a danger that threatened young girls who were living away from home in domestic service?

Risk of sexual attack by males in the households they served.

Wet-nursing practices included

Rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system.

Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?

Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls

Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?

The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed

Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe.

What caused the life-and-death political struggle between the Girondists and the Mountain?

The Girondists' more moderate policies

As literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the Bible?

The chapbook containing Bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints

The first and second estates of France were comprised of

The clergy and the nobility

The attack on the Bastille had what political effect?

The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

The rural poor worked for low wages

How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry?

The townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits.

Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?

They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed

How did the evangelicals within the Church of England respond to the rise of Methodism?

They copied Methodism's practices in order to appeal to more of the common people.

Why did the Antifederalists oppose the new American constitution proposed by the Constitutional Convention?

They feared for the individual freedoms for which they had fought

What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns?

They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor.

Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793?

They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island.

Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?

They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible.

A young woman entering domestic service could expect

To work hard on an endless array of jobs

In addition to supervising labor and birth, what was a typical task of the midwife?

Treating female medical difficulties

The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the

Treaty of Paris

In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean in terms of political practice?

Voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property

Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of

debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, in this way keeping the workers in perpetual debt

Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for

discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox

Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by

high infant mortality rates

In the eighteenth century, European public health measures

improved water supply and sewage systems.

The Woman's March on Versailles (October 5, 1789) was a crucial turning point in the French Revolution because it

placed the King and National Assembly under the pressure of the Paris crowd

In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with

the British colonial empire

The American Revolution

was supported by the French monarchy.

How did the culture of sports change in the late nineteenth century?

Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular

The October Manifesto in the Russian Revolution of 1905 granted full civil rights and promised

A popularly elected Duma or parliament.

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China

What was crucial to the success of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour's plan to unify northern Italy in the nineteenth century?

A secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria

What characterized the middle-class single-family home?

A special drawing room used to entertain guests

What is "Orientalism"?

A term used by modern scholars to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures

What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?

A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed.

Louis Napoleon's great success with the economy included which of the following?

A. Encouraging new investment banks and railroad construction

After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that

All life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin

What did the middle class generally agree was the correct attitude toward behavior and morality?

Always adhere to a strict moral code

Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?

As a response to U.S. military pressure

How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?

As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.

How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?

The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities.

In the early twentieth century, why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain?

The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs

Which of the following describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century?

The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will

To what extent did the new imperialism result in economic gains and why?

The economic gains were limited because the new colonies were too poor to buy European goods and offered few immediately profitable investments

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.