ap euro test pt 2
86. The expulsion of the Jews and Muslims from Spain during the Spanish Inquisition (SEE: Torquemada's Spanish Inquisition) was similar to the expulsion of the Huguenots from France under the Bourbon leader Louis XIV in 1685 in That:
*racism and zealotry are bad economic policies--both countries were deprived of a skilled middle class necessary to compete in an ever emerging globalized economy.
102. Which of the following best describes the Western European economy, as a whole, in the sixteenth century?
*the Price Revolution of the 16 th century. Inflation of bread caused by population increase and influx of gold and silver from the New World (which wasn't new to the Incans and Aztecs, but was new to the Europeans in 1492).
96. In the first half of the 17 th century, the Austrian Hapsburgs subdued revolt and centralized authority in their territories by doing which of the following?
*waging warfare against Protestant groups and supporting the Catholic Reformation
13. What event precipitated the 30 Years War?
1618-Defenestration of Prague---Bohemian Calvinist nobles kicked out a Catholic emissary precipitating the 30 Years War.
32. The Jesuits may be characterized by ALL the following ways:
A Spanish nobleman founded the religious order. B. The Jesuits emphasized free will in their order C. They founded schools for boys from both poorer and upper classes D. The Jesuits became missionaries throughout the world.
79. Which of the following is not true regarding the political situation in Europe in 1649?
A The French Bourbons and Hapsburgs remained enemies. B. the Hohenzollern family of Brandenburg-Prussia emerged as the leaders of a militaristic state following the catastrophe of the 30 Years' War. C. The authority of the Holy Roman Emperor was increased following the Peace of Westphalia. D Sweden became the dominant Baltic power during the period from 1650-1700. E. Cuius regio, eius religio was firmly reasserted. C---Hapsburg power diminished in Holy Roman Empire, although Austrian Hapsburgs emerge in the 18 th century as a European greater power centered in Vienna. In 1682-83, the Hapsburgs with alliances across Christian Europe are able to push the Ottomans back from the gates of Vienna. This shows the Hapsburg resilience after suffering catastrophic setbacks in the 30 Years War that only ended in 1648.
41. The "Religious Conflicts" of the 15 th through 17 th centuries in European greatly influenced all of the following nation states or empires:
A) France B) England C) Holland D) the Hapsburgs France had religious civil war. England struggle for 150 years trying to figure out a sensible path forward on state religion. England had a Puritanical Revolution under the zealot Cromwell in the 1649-1659 period. RUSSIA---Russia was still Asiatic leaning in the 15 th through 17 th (1400's through 1600's) centuries. Russia was more influenced by the Byzantine Empire and the Mongols than the European Renaissance. Peter the Great defeated the Swedes in 1709.
35. Calvinism became an influential force in all of the following countries:
A) Scotland C) the Netherlands D) Switzerland E) France
51. Which of the following were striking exceptions to the steady development of centralized nation-states in the late 15 th and early 16th centuries?
A) Spain and France B) Italy and Spain C) England and France D) Poland and England E) Germany and Italy E---not until Bismarck, Cavour, Mazzini, Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel in the 19 th century would Italy and Germany become "united" as one sovereign power.
75. Which of the following was the most important factor behind the Price Revolution of the sixteenth century?
A) The massive emigration of Europeans to the New World. B) The militarization of society and massive war taxes. C) Steady population growth and rising food costs D) The laissez-faire policies of the Spanish government E) The militarization of society and the massive war taxes C—the inflationary trend of the 1500 under Charles V and later his son Philip II (Spain was dominant in the 1492-1588 Period) were caused by population increases resulting in pressure on food and water procurement and rising costs for bread and other staples of life for the peasant.
48. If you hadn't noticed, the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 didn't quite settle the disputes in the Holy Roman Empire. Round two covered approximately 30 years and is remarkable known to history as the "Thirty Years' War", 1618-1648. The principle of cuius regio, eius religio (principle of territoriality) ---incorporated into the peace settlement at the close of the Thirty Years' War---signified:
A) a weakening of the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor A-the Hapsburgs recognized Lutheranism in 1555 Peace of Augsburg and Calvinism in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. The Holy Roman Empire remained politically fragmented in a "Confederate" form of government. Yup, one more time, "It was neither Holy, nor Roman, or much of an empire".
74. Max Weber's 19 th century (father of modern sociology) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism attempted to demonstrate:
A) how Calvinism was opposed to capitalism B) how Jean Calvin was the father of modern free market theory C) how capitalism grew out of Protestant religious belief D) how Adam Smith's theories were completely erroneous C—read the question, "The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism" invokes the Calvinist work ethic and belief in entrepreneurial capitalism.
22. Among Martin Luther's most important beliefs were all of the following:
A) justification by faith alone B) priesthood of all believers C) denunciation of indulgences D) subordination of the church to the secular state E) woman as "wife and mother" F) social structure status quo
29. The response of the Roman Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation included all of the following:
A) the Index of Prohibited Books B) the founding of the Society of Jesus C) the founding of women's order active in education and care of the sick D) keeping the church doctrine E) the convening of the Inquisition
37. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) left unresolved which issue?
A) the place of Calvinism in the religious settlement A---the Germans and Europeans would fight another Civil War on that subject called the 30 Years War to figure out that Calvinism was not going to wither away. The 1618-1848 period left the wolves well fed in certain regions of the Holy Roman Empire (as Germany was known at the time). The 30 Years War began when a Calvinist threw a Catholic out a window into a pile of manure in Prague in 1618. Doesn't that last line sound like a line in a bad joke!
16. In a big picture sense, how was Philip II like his father Charles V?
A. Both able to defeat the Ottoman Turks (Charles in 1529 at siege of Vienna, Philip II at naval battle of Lepanto turning back Ottoman fleet) B. Both religious zealots whose policies were ultimately unable to crush rebellions of Protestants in their imperial domains. Charles V couldn't crush Luther in Holy Roman Empire. Philip II couldn't crush Protestant growth in Netherlands Philip II's intervention in France against the French Calvinists and in England against Elizabeth I both ended in failure C. Both intolerant toward Muslims and Jews in Spain, a move that ultimately undermined Spanish economic growth by undermining the middle class D. Both larger than life leaders of their day
98. During the 1530's in Geneva, Switzerland, Jean Calvin began his quest to achieve an understanding of "salvation". Calvinism became the dynamic Protestant faith for the next 100 years following the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. All of the following describe Calvinism:
A. Calvin believed in predestination B. Calvinism came to Scotland through the efforts of John Knox and became called Presbyterianism C. Calvinism became popular in Bohemia, Switzerland, Holland, Scotland and in The Commonwealth of Massachusetts D. Calvin was finally dealt with as part of the religious/political/economic settlement in the Peace of Westphalia within the Holy Roman Empire Calvinists ministers taught opposition to the Papal authorities in matters of theology
57. What are three reasons why Philip II sent the Spanish Armada to England in 1588?
A. England supported the Dutch Calvinists in their war of independence against the Spanish Catholics sent by Philip II B. England's pirates in the New World attacked Spanish galleons and England became a rival in the New World. C. Elizabeth I ordered the execution of the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots, thus angering the Pope who offered a reward to the ruler who would "re-Catholicize" England
56. Relations between England of Elizabeth I and Spain of Philip II were made worse by:
A. England's attacks on Spanish shipping in the New World B. The English "pirate" Hawkins' selling of goods directly to the Spanish colonies. C. England's support of the Dutch rebellion.
60. Which of the following does not correctly match the religion with the dominant religion in the nation state/empire after 1685?
A. England---Anglican B. France---Gallican Roman Catholic C. Russian---Orthodox D. Ottoman Empire—Greek Orthodox E. Scotland---Presbyterianism D—Ottoman Sultan was a Muslim (Islam)
14. What were three long term results of the Protestant Reformation?
A. Era of Religious Wars B. growth of religious pluralism in Western Europe C. decline in power of Roman Catholic Church D. growth of state religions in Europe E. growth in power of secular rulers over Church authorities F. growth in literacy as Protestantism required reading of the Bible in vernacular G. Max Weber would say the growth of capitalism associated with the Protestant work ethic
67. Explain three major results of the Protestant Reformation?
A. Era of Religious Wars B. religious pluralism C. decline in power of Church organizations and a growth of secular power D. growth of literacy in Protestant areas (needed to read the Bible) E. Max Weber would say that capitalism grew out of Protestantism, but capitalism was alive and well in Catholic Italy long before 1517. F. state Churches G. growth in science
59. Which of the following did support Spanish foreign policy during the reign of Philip II?
A. Ferdinand of Austria B. Elizabeth I of England C. William of Orange D. Sultan of the Ottoman Empire William of Orange led the Dutch in their revolt against Spanish control
90. At the time of Luther's "95 Theses", the Hapsburgs owned land in all of the following regions EXCEPT:
A. France Comte B. modern day Netherlands and Belgium C. Naples and Sicily D. Milan E. Silesia F. Austria G. England G
26. Which nations do have a large percentage of its Christian population which follows Lutheran Protestantism?
A. Germany B. Denmark C. Norway D. Sweden
99. Which of the following is not a monotheistic religion rooted in "Father Abraham"?
A. Hinduism B. Judaism C. Christianity D. Islam Hinduism is polytheistic. "Father Abraham is central to the belief system found in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam." Monotheism.
85. All of the following describe the reign of Philip II of Spain::
A. His fleet was able to repel the spread of Turkish naval influence in the central Mediterranean. B. A large percentage of the Spanish population held positions within the Catholic Church and were therefore exempt from taxation. C. He was widowed when his wife, "Bloody Mary" died. D. He was known as the "Most Catholic Monarch" as exemplified when he built a monastery into the center of Spanish government, Escorial
71. Which of the following describes a major difference between the northern humanists and the Italian humanists?
A. Italian humanists focused on the human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists concentrated on nature and emotion. B. Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics. C. Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas the northern humanists viewed human nature as pure. D. Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources. E. Both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists spent the vast majority of their time on secular matters.] D-Erasmus and More were Christian Humanists from the North reading the original texts of the Bible flowing into Europe after 1453 when the Eastern Orthodox bastion of Constantinople fell to the Turks causing Christian manuscripts to flow into "Christian Europe" for "protection" from "Moslem scourge".
18. Which of the following describes a major difference between the northern humanists and the Italian humanists? Hint: The difference between the emphasis of Erasmus and Machiavelli
A. Italian humanists focused on the human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists concentrated on nature and emotion. B. Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics. C. Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas the northern humanists viewed human nature as pure. D. Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources. E. Both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists spent the vast majority of their time on secular matters.] D—Northern Christian Humanists (Erasmus of Rotterdam and Sir Thomas More of England) compared to Italian Secular Humanists (Machiavelli).
78. Which of the following is not true regarding Czech culture?
A. Jan Hus was killed as a heretic in 1415. B. Prague is the center of Czech culture. C. Prague is located in the region called Bohemia. D. In 1618, the nobles of Bohemia were outwardly professing the Lutheran religion. E. The "Defenestration of Prague" was the spark that ignited the Thirty Years' War. D---Lutheranism had been recognized, Calvinism had not in 1555. This is what set of the 30 Years War when the Czech nobility (Bohemia region) became to publicly pray using Calvinist doctrine in violation of the 1555 Peace of Augsburg. This led the Hapsburgs into another disaster of a war in the Holy Roman Empire. Once again, the Hapsburgs were unable to muster the forces to crush a form of Protestantism in the Holy Roman Empre. The Hapsburgs were Holy Roman Emperors with only titular power.
24. Accurate statements about lutheranism and Roman Catholicism differences
A. Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism differed on the issue of clerical celibacy B. Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism differed on the issue of the cult of saints C. Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism differed on the issue of Papal supremacy D. Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism differed on the issue of who could interpret the Bible.
25. What empire conquered Constantinople in 1453?
A. Ottoman Turks Ottoman Turks led by the Sultan---twice penetrated deep into the heart of Christian Europe, surrounding Vienna in 1529 and again in 1682-83 before becoming the "sick man of Europe" in the 19 th century.
68. How were the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 and the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 similar and yet Different?
A. Peace of Augsburg and Peace of Westphalia ended German Civil Wars of Religion B. Peace of Augsburg recognized only Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism, whilst the Peace of Westphalian recognized Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, and Calvinism. C. Both peace treaties gave autonomy to the local princes. In 1648, the princes were "sovereign" states, all over 360 of them.
55. All of the following accurately describe how Philip II treated the "Spanish Netherlands" and their reaction to him EXCEPT:
A. Philip's stern Catholicism and his Inquisition angered the increasingly Calvinist Netherlands. B. The Protestants revolted and desecrated Catholic Churches. C. Philip II sent the Duke of Alva to pacify the area, but his terror only alienated the Protestants even more. D. The entire region known as the "Spanish Netherlands" (modern day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg) gained their de facto independence by 1608 and was a stronghold of Calvinism. E. Philip II was successful in crushing the Protestant Rebellion in the Netherlands. Philp II did A. The Protestant did B. The Duke of Alva was not helpful. The Hapsburgs would forever lose control in 1608, of the Netherlands, but had to fight another 40 years before "legally" recognizing a Calvinist majority country. Philip II, like his daddy, Charles V, failed to stamp out the "heretical Protestantism" in his domain. Philip II failed the Netherlands, France, and England. Philip II was the "Most Catholic Monarch"
40. Identify the majority religion in each of the following nations by 1700:
A. Scotland---Presbyterianism (Calvinism was brought to Scotland by John Knox) B. England---Church of England or Anglican Church (minority of Puritans, also Catholics remained for a time) C. Italy---Roman Catholicism---Roman Inquisition!!! D. Sweden, Denmark, Norway, northern Germany---Lutheranism E. Russia---Russian Orthodox came under the control of the Czars after Peter the Great F. Ireland—Roman Catholic Majority with a few Protestant landlords in the North of Ireland G. France: Roman Catholic Louis XIV revoked tolerance to Protestantism in 1685 when he rejected the "politique" policy previously put into effect by Henri IV. H. Spain and Portual: Roman Catholic I. Greece: Greek Orthodox J. Poland: Roman Catholic K. Switzerland: Dominant Calvinist in North with Catholics in the far south of the border of Italy. L. Balkans Region: religiously, ethnically, linguistically interconnected. "POWDER KEG OF EUROPE".
54. Which of the following forms of government would most likely win the approval of a politique political leader, like Henri IV of France or Elizabeth I of England?
A. Secular government in which religion is separated from the state
95. The sculpture by Bernini, "St. Theresa in Ecstasy", is most emblematic of:
A. a new interest in secular themes B. Lutheran veneration of the saints C. the Calvinist cult of beauty D. the reconciliation of the English crown after the Council of Trent E. Catholic Reformation mysticism E—St. Theresa likes religion!
83. The leadership of the Dutch revolts (1566-1648) sought all of the following EXCEPT:
A. an alliance with Irish Catholics B. the end of the Inquisition in Holland C. the end of excessive taxation D. the elimination of foreign officials E. an alliance with French Protestants A-Dutch Calvinists need English support of Elizabeth I and Protestant England. Ireland lacked a sufficient armed force to muster a rebellion of singular significance.
64. "Like father, like son." How are Charles V and Philip II similar? Give two specific reasons.
A. both launched wars of religion B. both failed to stamp out Protestantism in their domains C. both were heavily influenced by religious zeal in making political decisions---religious zealots D. both successfully repelled Ottoman expansion E. both supported the Spanish Inquisition
82. The term "politique" was used to describe monarchs such as Henry IV of France (issued Edict of Nantes in 1598) and Queen Elizabeth of England (last of the Tudor line—daughter of the woman who inspired Henry VIII's divorce of Catherine of Aragon, Ann Boleyn) because they:
A. encouraged civil wars B. practiced religious conciliation C. established democratic institutions D. fomented religious persecution E. urged restoration of Catholicism B—relative tolerance
104. Which of the following best describes Luther's position on the social questions of the day?
A. he wanted to see marked improvements in the political and economic rights of the peasants B. he was deeply concerned about these questions but feared antagonizing his aristocratic supporters C. he was a deeply conservative man who did not want to upset the traditional social order D. he feared that his religious reforms would fail unless they were combined with a program to address social concerns C
61. All of the following describe the reign of the King of Spain from 1555-98 EXCEPT?
A. his name was Philip II B. he was referred to as "The Most Catholic Monarch" C. he ordered the invasion of England by the Spanish Armada in 1588 D. he failed to wipe out Protestantism within his domains E. he lacked religious zeal E---full of religious zeal!!! See invasion of the Netherlands and the failed invasion of England
88. The following is true concerning the Society of Jesus?
A. it was founded by Ignatius Loyola B. serving as missionaries, Jesuits help restore parts of Poland and southern Germany to the Catholic Church C. Jesuits were well known for the educational accomplishments D. Jesuits were believers in free will Jesuits took a personal oath of allegiance to the Pope 89. Which of the following is true of the German Peasants' Revolt of 1524-1526? A. the revolt led to the emancipation of the German serfs B. the revolt led to a weakening of the authority of the German princes C. Martin Luther supported the peasants in their demands against the German princes D. the revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands E. the peasants were supported by the French armies during the revolt German peasants were crushed under increasingly harsh conditions after the failure of the German Peasants Revolt. The German princes became autonomous over their peasant populations which increased their authority over their local peasant populations. Martin Luther called the peasants "murderers", "barbarians", etc. French armies did not intervene in 1524.
46. Calvinism was appealing to the middle classes, later called the bourgeoisie, in Holland and other areas of Europe for all of the following reasons:
A. its emphasis on a moral life C. its intellectual emphasis D. its approval of any job well done, hard work, and success.
100. Which of the following is not characteristic of the Reformation?
A. lessening anti-Semitism B. religious orthodoxy in western Europe C. increasing power of ecclesiastical authority D. era of religious/political warfare B
describe Calvinism as it relates to salvation, the period from 1542 and 1546 executions, attitude toward absence from sermons, dancing, card playing and drinking, Work ethic, Michael Servetus;
A. on salvation: predestination B. the period from 1542 and 1546 executions: lots of executions for "moral" crimes C. attitude toward absence from sermons, dancing, card playing and drinking: these were "high crimes" in a moral community D. Work ethic: espoused greatly E. Michael Servetus: killed for his beliefs which differed from Calvinism
7. All of the following were abuses or problems within the Roman Catholic Church during the time leading up to the Protestant Reformation:
A. poor leadership at the Papal Level B. sales of indulgences C. sale of Church offices D. absenteeism E. pluralism---holding many Church offices F. high Church officials living a worldly lifestyle G. resentment amongst the Northern Europeans that the Catholic Church was controlled in the interests of the Italians—early nationalism H. nepotism I. lack of education among some of the clergy
36. What are the results of the Council of Trent?
A. reaffirmation of basic Catholic doctrines such as papal supremacy and exclusive Church authority to interpret the Bible. B. Prohibition of Church abuses---nepotism, simony and the sales of indulgence C. Required clergy to renounce worldly pleasures E. Authorized an Index of Prohibited Books
101. Major Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders during the 16 th century condemned Anabaptists because Anabaptists:
A. rejected the Bible as the source of religious truth B. favored government enforcement of morality C. advocated a complete separation of church and state D. restored the privileges of the clergy E. tried to reconcile Protestant and Catholic teachings C—Anabaptists were radical for their time. Christian community in both Catholic and Protestant nations still had visions of fusing religion and government.
58. "Escorial", Philip II's great building project north of Madrid served all of the following EXCEPT:
A. royal residence B. monastery C. ballet and opera stage D. administrative center B---it says a great deal about the mindset of Philip II that he built a head of government as also a monastery--- this earned him the nickname, Philip II "The Most Catholic Monarch". His decisions were based in his religious zealotry. This led Philip II to overextend his resources, disinvest in the capitalist economy, and retain the social structure of the Old Regime replete with religious intolerance.
11. What was the response of the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent on the following subjects:
A. sales of indulgences: banned B. absenteeism of clergy and simony: reformed C. seven sacraments: kept them D. Roman Inquisition: killed non-Catholics in Rome E. Protestant Doctrine on salvation and the meaning of the Eucharist: Roman Catholics didn't compromise with Protestants of doctrine F. Index of Prohibited Books: created In short, the Council of Trent (the meeting of high ranking Church officials over an extended period of time in the mid-15 th century) attempted to reform the abuses (reformist), but did not change the doctrine (conservative). Therefore, the Council of Trent was reformist, but conservative simultaneously.
97. Martin Luther initially posted his 95 Theses in response to the sales of indulgences. Tetzel, sanctioned by the Pope, sold these indulgences in what is now modern day Germany. His famous pitch goes something like: "as soon as the coin in the coffer rings, your soul into heaven springs." On issues of doctrine, Luther would continue to break with Catholic doctrine on all of the following EXCEPT:
A. salvation---justification by faith alone B. ministry of all believers and individual local interpretation of the scriptures C. subordination of the Lutheran Church to secular officials D. the belief in Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior E. elimination of the cult of Saints, and the use of only Latin during mass Luther eliminated the Cult of Saints. Luther used German in services. All Christians believe in Jesus Christ and Lord and Savior.
77. Couples in early modern Europe generally put off marriage until they were, on average, in their mid- to late twenties because:
A. sexual maturation was delayed until the mid-twenties because of poor nutrition. B. They were concerned about scarcity of housing. C. They needed to acquire land or learn a trade before they could support a family. D. The customs and norms of a society dominated by religious promoted sexual restraint. E. Law prohibited marriage without parental permission before the age of majority. C—self sufficiency was prized by married couples.
8. In review, what are reasons the German princes supported Luther:
A. stood to gain Church lands B. could gain control over a German Church that would be subordinate to the princes C. could gain control over the appointment of local Church officials---something desired by secular leaders everywhere D. stood to stand up to the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor, a Catholic, and thus retain autonomy and sovereignty over internal affairs in the princely states, rather than become subordinate to the Holy Roman Emperor
44. Followers of the Church of Geneva after 1536 were punished for certain moral crimes. What were three of these Crimes?
A. taking the Lord's name in vain B. drinking, gambling, swearing C. adultery (remember the "Scarlet Letter" in American Protestantism?) D. sassing back to your mother E. religious pluralism
30. What were the response of the Roman Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation:
A. the Index of Prohibited Books B. the founding of the Society of Jesus (Ignatius Loyola) C. the founding of women's order active in education and care of the sick D. the convening of the Inquisition I sometimes refer to the three "I's": Index, Inquisition, and Ignatius
42. What were aspects of the French Civil Wars of Religion, 1562-1598:
A. the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572—the Medici Queen ordered the execution of nearly 3000 prominent Protestant (French Protestant Calvinists were called Huguenots). This precipitated another round of French Civil Wars of Religion. B. Both Henri II and Henri III were assassinated. C. Henri IV was the leader of the French Calvinists (Huguenots). He converted the Roman Catholicism to appease the French Catholics saying famously, "Paris is well worth a mass." He issued the 1598 Edict of Nantes which protected the rights of French Calvinists (at least until Louis XVI revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685).
62. Which of the following is true of the 16 th and 17 th centuries in the Germanic speaking lands of Europe?
A. the century was one of religious orthodoxy within the Holy Roman Empire B. a successful federal bureaucratic structure was founded under the leadership of the Hapsburgs C. the German princes were successful in maintaining their traditional medieval "liberties" and autonomy D. the French kings steered clear of siding with either the Lutheran princes or the Hapsburgs C---the princes retained autonomy and sovereignty (Westphalian sovereignty) after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ended the 30 Years War. German would not be united under a singular sovereign government until the Hohenzollern monarchs of Prussia took over the rest of the German territories in 1871.
80. Which of the following was not part of the quid pro quo between the eastern European autocratic monarchs and their landed aristocracies during the 17 th and 18 th centuries?
A. the monarchs retained sovereignty B. the landed aristocrats gained virtual autonomy over their serf populations C. the landed aristocracy served the state in the government bureaucracy or military D. the monarchs gave ultimate authority to their state religions E. the monarchs retained control over the foreign policy decisions of the state D—in fact, state or secular authority often placed the Church under the supervision of the State in the 17 th and 18 th centuries in Eastern Europe. 81. Which of the following were striking exceptions to the steady development of centralized nation-states in the late 15 th and early 16th centuries? F) Spain and France G) Italy and Spain H) England and France I) Poland and England J) Germany and Italy J—not until 1859-1871 period. WWI follows in 1914.
6. Which of the following was the most important POLITICAL motivation for the North German Princes (within the Holy Roman Empire) to support Luther?
A. the north German princes wanted to retain (keep) their autonomy and sovereignty within their lands
94. All of the following were factors in the success of Luther's religious movement EXCEPT:
A. the printing press B. German nationalism C. his alliance with the German princes D. widespread concern amongst the German princes of the political intentions of the Hapsburg Emperor E. his support of the new concepts of the universe resulting from the ideas of Copernicus and other scientists. E—Luther hated Copernicus.
72. Subsistence farming in the sixteenth century meant that:
A. there was significant exportable surpluses in agriculture B. famine was eliminated from Western existence C. an agricultural revolution allowed all Europeans to enjoy a 2000 calorie diet. D. people consumed what they raised in any given year E. slavery was an inevitable result D—on the verge of starvation
76. During the great witchcraft persecutions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, those most often tried as witches were:
A. young girls B. young boys C. older women D. members of the clergy E. members of the aristocracy C—the older woman were the "doctor's", "nurses", midwives, and healers in a pre-Scientific Revolutionary Europe. This led to large numbers of witchcraft executions in the 1500's (16 th century) and 1600's (17 th century).
49. Which of the following was a major result of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)?
D) The loss of as much as one-third of the German speaking population through war, plague, and starvation. D—death and destruction
53. The Edict of Nantes in 1598 did which of the following?
D. Proclaimed toleration of Calvinism in France D---Henri IV of France (1 st Bourbon monarch), a "politique"
92. At the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church's leadership, as part of the Catholic Reformation, 1546-63:
D. rejected Protestant positions on the sacraments, on the giving of wine to the laity during communion, on the cult of saints, and on clerical marriage. 93. The principle of territoriality (the right of the legitimate ruler to determine the faith of his subjects---cuius regio euis religio) was embodied in the: Peace of Westphalia, 1648
84. Which of the following is true of the 16 th century in the Germanic speaking lands of Europe?
E. the century was one of religious orthodoxy within the Holy Roman Empire F. a successful federal bureaucratic structure was founded under the leadership of the Hapsburgs G. the German princes were successful in maintaining their traditional medieval "liberties" H. the French kings steered clear of siding with either the Lutheran princes or the Hapsburgs G
69. "You venerate the saints and delight in touching their relics, but you despise the best one they left behind, the example of a holy life...If the worship of Christ in the person of His saints pleases you so much, see to it that you imitate Christ in the saints." The quotation above expresses the views of which of the following:
Erasmus gave a blistering criticism of priestly abuses.
70. "I dissent from those who are unwilling that the sacred Scriptures should be read by the unlearned and translated into the vulgar tongue, as though Christ had taught such subtleties that they can scarcely be understood even by a few theologians..." This passage expresses the opinion of:
Erasmus was a reformer from within the Holy Catholic Church. "Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched."
47. Why did Henry VIII of England break with the Roman Catholic Church?
He needed an heir apparent to the throne who was a male for fear of entering another civil war over succession. The Pope would not grant Henry VIII a divorce, so Henry VIII created his own Church (Archbishop of Canterbury as appointed head) to grant him a divorce. Henry and his six wives!!!
45. What religious leader believed that, "He [God] has once for all determined both whom he would admit to salvation and whom he would condemn to destruction."?
John Calvin
103. The teaching of which of the following had the greatest impact on the Reformation in Scotland? Hint: John Knox and Presbyterianism
John Knox was a Calvinist preacher who brought the religion to Scotland. The Scotch became good businessman and thinkers. Adam Smith was a Scot, who wrote Wealth of Nations in 1776. Smith was almost imprisoned during college when he was caught reading something prohibited by the Calvinist legal authority.
2. Luther was a religious revolutionary, but a social conservative. How is this statement accurate when one considers his attitude toward the German Peasants Revolt of 1524-26?
Luther changed religions and created Protestantism, but he did not challenge the social or sexual hierarchy. He supported the princes in their struggle to crush the German Peasants Revolt and believed that the role of woman was to be wife and mother.
1. Why did it make economic sense for the German princes to support Lutheranism?
Lutheranism confiscated Church lands, making getting land more accessible to princes
19. Name two Northern Christian humanists. Hint: Utopia and In Praise of Folly.
Sir Thomas MORE of England and ERASMUS of Rotterdam. Erasmus was the most famous intellectual of his hour. Sir Thomas More wrote a book that will be referenced for eternity: Utopia. Erasmus satirized priestly abuses and scandal. Neither More or Erasmus broke with Catholicism. In fact, Sir Thomas More became a martyr for Catholicism by refusing to sign Henri VIII's "Oath of Allegiance" in the "Act of Supremacy".
43. Elizabeth I earn the label "politique":
Some "die hard Catholics in England" wanted to continue the pro-Catholic maneuvers of Elizabeth's half sister predecessor, "Bloody Mary". However, Elizabeth I made clear that she was a moderate on religion, not seeking to make religion a major issue and instead following a middle path between Catholic zealots and Puritanical zealots.
63. How are censorship and the Council of Trent related?
The Council of Trent established the Index of Prohibited Books, which censored those publications deemed harmful to the Catholic faith.
23. "We...take it for granted that you will release us from serfdom as true Christians, unless it should be shown us from the Gospel that we are serfs." This statement was written by:
The German Peasants Revolt, 1524-26 was inspired by Luther's movement to justify all actions through Biblical text. However, Luther needed the support of the princes and was a social conservative. Luther did not want to threaten the social hierarchy or social norms of his day. Luther supported the princes, eventually, in crushing the German Peasants Revolt. With an empowered princely caste, the plight of the peasants plummeted.
12. What impact did the Jesuit order have on re-Catholicizing Europe?
The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) were SUCCESSFUL IN RE-CATHOLICIZING large areas of southern Germany and Poland. The Jesuits were also well known as ADVISORS TO CATHOLIC MONARCHS AND PRINCES. Additionally, the Jesuits ESTABLISHED SCHOOLS for the poor and wealthy elite. Furthermore, the Jesuits were well known missionaries, thus the Catholic influence in Central and South America and as far away as the Philippines.
20. Martin Luther originally posted his "95 Theses" as a response to what?
The sales of indulgences designed to raise money to build a new St. Peter's Basilica by the Medici Pope.
52. In which country did Protestantism attract the fewest followers?
e. Russia E---Russian Orthodox by decree of the Czar if you wanted to serve in government.
17. "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, your soul into heaven springs."---
reported sales pitch of Johann TETZEL when selling indulgences on behalf of the Medici Pope, 1517.
principle of territoriality
ruler of the region chooses the religion euis region cuius religio
34. John Calvin established the center of his reformed church in:
Geneva, Switzerland (one of the cantons or provinces in Switzerland). Calvin not so tolerant! Calvin is a zealot.
3. In 1555, Charles V was forced to accept the Peace of Augsburg. In 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia ended another German Civil War. What impact did these treaties have on the prospects of German unification under a singular sovereign? Hint: cuius regio, eius religio (ruler of the region chooses the religion, a.k.a. principle of territoriality), sovereignty and autonomy
German unity suffered since there were 360 separate and sovereign German princely states---makes unification more difficult.
27. Martin Luther believed that the most important role for a Christian woman was to:
C. become a wife and a mother C---in this regard, again, Luther was a social conservative
4. Martin Luther was opposed to the sales of indulgences because he believed?
C. the concept of the selling of indulgences was in conflict with the teachings of Christ C—remember that Luther was a reader of the original works of the Bible—especially, the "Sermon on the Mount"---"blessed are the poor" he didn't think that it was Biblical to establish the precedent that you could buy forgiveness for sins, especially since this was an obvious method by the Medici Pope to raise money to build St. Peter's after the Medici Pope had bankrupted the Church by throwing a huge party. Luther believed that the Bible was the sole source of Christian teaching---if it wasn't in the Bible, it wasn't to be taught as Christian.
73. "In conformity, therefore to the clear doctrine of Scripture, we assert, that by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction." The idea expressed in the passage above is most closely associated with the theological views of:
Calvin
91. The most powerful ruler at the time of the Reformation---who held the title of Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain and Emperor of Austria was:
Charles V, he was there in 1517 and in 1555.
38. The primary purpose of the Peace of Augsburg was to:
B. end the civil war between the Lutherans and Roman Catholics in the German states B---ended it in 1555, but led to another in 1618
5. Which of the following was the most important ECONOMIC motivation for the North German Princes (within the Holy Roman Empire) to support Luther?
B. the German princes stood to gain control of Catholic Church lands if they broke away from the Pope. B—In the Holy Roman Empire, which was returning to serfdom, the NGP saw land as the basis for wealth and power.
66. How did Henri IV of France earn the label as a "politique"? Be sure to mention the "ends" desired and the "means" used to achieve these "ends". Be specific.
He was successful in bringing and end to the French Wars of Religion which had raged since the St. Bartholomew's Days Massacre of 1572 (really since 1562, but they had stopped for a time). His conversion to Catholicism pleased the French Roman Catholics ("Paris is well worth a mass.") His Edict of Nantes pleased the French Calvinists (Huguenots).
65. How were the types of government associated with the Holy Roman Empire after the Treaty of Westphalia and the type of government associated with France after Henri IV differ?
Henri IV started the establishment of Bourbon absolutism, while the HRE remained a confederation of 360 autonomous and sovereign princely states.
9. How was the response of Henri IV of France toward religious difference in his domains different from the reaction of Philip II toward religious differences within his domains?
Henri IV was TOLERANT of religious differences and passed the Edict of Nantes in 1598 to allow Protestants to practice their religion even though Henri IV had converted to Catholicism in order to end the French Civil Wars of Religion Philip II was a religious zealot who attempted to crush the Dutch Calvinist revolt in his domains and also intervened in France to crush the Protestant movement in France---both were not successful. Philip II remained intolerant to religious pluralism in Spain proper, further undermining Spain's middle class growth and this intolerance led to a removal of much of Spain's Jewish and Islamic population, which hurt Spain's economics in an emerging capitalist European economy. The decline of the Spanish economy in the 17 th century saw the decline of Spain as a great power. Please, Henri IV was a politique, whereas Philip II was a zealot. Philip II launched an Inquisition in the Netherlands against the Calvinists. The Calvinists responded in kind. In 1598, Philip II, like his father Charles V, died in broken spirits after his long battle against Calvinism in the Netherlands was doomed to failure. In 1588, Elizabeth I of England had rebuffed his "Armada". In 1598, Elizabeth I of England has steered England toward greener pastures as a monarch. Elizabeth was a "politique", like Henri IV of France since both were relatively tolerant of religious actions if those actions did not interfere with the acquisition of monarchial authority. Calvin, Charles V, Philip II, Cromwell (Calvinist from England who came to power after beheading the monarch in 1649)---all zealots.
39. Protestantism came to England as a result of the actions of:
Henry VIII of England needed a male heir. His next wife produced Elizabeth I. Her father, Henry VIII, had six wives. Elizabeth I had no husbands.
21. "At last, by the mercy of God, meditating day and night, I gave heed to the context of the words, namely, 'In it the righteousness of God is revealed', as it is written, 'He who through faith is righteous shall live." This passage was penned by:
Martin Luther---"justification by faith alone"
15. What colony in the New World was founded by Calvinists?
Massachusetts-the Pilgrims were English Puritans (a.k.a. English Calvinists) who were persecuted for not being Church of England by James I of England and came to the New World via Holland in search of religious freedom.
33. "The art of printing is very useful insofar as it furthers the circulation of useful books, ... but it can be harmful if it is permitted to widen the influence of pernicious works. It will therefore be necessary to maintain full control over the printers so that they may be prevented from bringing into print writing which are antagonistic to the Catholic faith." This statement was authored by:
Pope Alexander VI as part of the INDEX of Prohibited Books agreed to at the Council of Trent as part of Catholic Reformation.
28. "In conformity, therefore to the clear doctrine of Scripture, we assert, that by an eternal and immutable counsel, God has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction." The idea expressed in the passage above is most closely associated with the theological views of:
Predestination of an omnipotent God of Calvin
87. All of the following resulted from the Council of Trent?
i. reaffirmation of basic Catholic doctrines such as papal supremacy and exclusive Church authority to interpret the Bible. ii. Prohibition of Church abuses---nepotism, simony and the sales of indulgence iii. Required clergy to renounce worldly pleasures iv. Authorized an Index of Prohibited Books
