AP Euro - Unit 2 Religious reformation, religious wars, some new monarchies (constitutionalism) EXAM REVIEW
Charles II politics
"Cavalier" Parliament full of royalists and restores authority. Clarendon Code (act of Uniformity). Test Act, Habeas Corpus Act
dutch revolt
(1566-79) Caused for religious reasons; Protestant Region in Northern Spanish Netherlands/Dutch Republic; they revolted against Spanish authority for political and religious independence from Spain
Battle of lepanto
(1571) Spain defeated the Turkish navy off the coast of Greece-ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean, Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope
Albrecht von Wallenstein
(1583-1634) mercenary general who was paid by emperor to fight for HRE-won important battles mercenary general who was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE, he won many important battles against the Protestants.
war of the three henry's
(1585-1589) French civil war because the Holy League vowed to bar Henri of Navarre from inheriting the French throne. Supported by the Holy League and Spain's Philip II, Henri of Guise battles Henri III of Valois and Henri of Navarre.
cardinal richelieu
(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.
gustavus adolphus
(1594-1632) Swedish Lutheran who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years War and lost his life in one of the battles. Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632)
swabian peasants
12 Articles (1525) revolt in Germany in 1525, revolted in Memmingen
Year
1517 to 1648
Twelve Articles
1525 - writen by representatives of the Swabian peasants in a Greman city, expressed their grievances, summarized the agarian crisis of the early 16th century
Peace of Augsburg
1555, treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed in September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg. Ending the conflict between Roman Catholics and Lutherans in Germany. It established the right of each Prince to decide on the nature of religions practice in his lands
Edict of Nantes
1598, King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.
The Petition of Rights
1628, Charles I agrees no imprisonment without due cause, no tax without Par., no soldiers in private homes, no martial law during peacetime. He does this in order to fund his wars but signs it, ignores it, and dissolved Parliament.
edict of restitiution
1629, emperor declared all church properties secularized since 1552 to be turned back to RC CH. -> terror swept over Prot. Germany. Many areas been Prot since anyone could remember. Alarm - also in France and Sweden(but Richelieu busy dealing with nobles and Hugs.)- fear of Universal Monarchy under Hapsburgs.
The Peace of Westphalia
1648, end of universal Christendom, accelerated decline of HRE by granting princes, bishops, and other local leaders control over religion. the Netherlands gained independence from Spain, Sweden gained control of the Baltic and France was acknowledged as the preeminent Western power. The power of the Holy Roman Emperor was broken and the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands.
Mary and william years
1689 to 1702
Treaty of Utrecht
1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire
Catherine of Aragon
1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome.
eucharist
A Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper by consecrating bread and wine.
anabaptists
A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.
escorial
A Spanish monastery and palace built by Philip II.
Johann tetzel
A monk Luther found offensive because he sold indulgences with the slogan "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
roman inquisition
A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution
index of prohibited books
A weapon of the Counter-Reformation of the Catholic Church; this documented books that disagreed with or criticized the Church. There was an early one issued by Pope Paul IV and another from the Council of Trent. This was supposed to protect people from immoral or incorrect theological works, but included scientific writing. published by the Holy Office, listed forbidden reading that disagreed with Catholic ideals
dutch reformed church
United Provinces of the Netherlands. The rise of Calvinism here set the stage for a revolt against the Inquisition of King Philip II of Spain
carmelite
Values the need for solitude as a way to hear God's voice in our lives
pope leo x
began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church
King James II
bigoted convert to Catholicism. Surrounded self by Catholic advisors, attack Anglican control of universities. Threatened to get rid of Parliament. Declaration of Liberty of Conscience
Intendants
chief instrument used to achieve administrative unification and centralization under the French monarchy
The Fronde in France
civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War. Louis XIV confronted the combined opposition of the princes, the nobility, the law courts, and most of the French people, and yet won out in the end. Began bc, Richelieu weakened the influence of the nobility and reduced the powers of judicial bodies, aka Parlements
clerical ignorance
clergy was ignorant; many preached in Latin that they couldn't read or understand
Ship money assessments
coastal protection and inland protection. Soon needs to call Parliament into session
Charles I and Parliament/wars
constantly at war w/ Spain and France. Parliament would sometimes deny him funds for wars and he would try to dissolve Parliament and find funds other ways.
mary Tudor
daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558 she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics (bloody mary)
mary tudor
daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558 she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics -bloody mary
The Protectorate
declared martial law and Cromwell becomes a military dictator. Religious toleration except for Catholics and crushed rebellion in Scotland. Crushed Catholic of Ireland.
Printing press
dissemination of new ideas. Protestants spur religious reform
act of succession
document passed by the Reformation Parliament in the same year as the Act of Supremacy that made Anne Boleyn's children legitimate heirs to the throne
Council of Trent
ecumenica council of the Catholic church. Counter-reformation and focused of self-reform and clarified doctrines contested by the Protestants
Treaty of Pyrenees
ends Franco-Spanish war betw. Louis XIV and Philip IV. Marks beginning of French hegemony -france gains territory
Concordat of Bologna
evolution of Gallican Church. Agreement between King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X that allowed the Pope to collect income from the Catholic church and the king to tithe clerics and restrict their right to appeal
Test Act
exclude all but Anglicans from civilian and military positions
Declaration of Liberty of Conscience
extended religious toleration w/out Parliament's approval.
thomas cranmer
first archbishop of the Church of England, wrote The Book of Common Prayer
Jesuit Order
for Catholic Church founded by Ignatius Loyola and approved by Pope Paul III. Evangelization and apostolic ministry
How did Charles I get funds?
forced "loans", selling aristocratic titles. Ship Money Assessments in 1636 was a medieval tax for coastal cities for defense.
united provinces of the netherlands
formed in 1581-Dutch Republic-received aid from Elizabeth I-major blow to Philip's goal of maintaining Catholicism throughout his empire Republic created in 1581 when part of the Netherlands seceded from Spanish rule
Angela Merici
founded the Ursuline Order of Nuns in the 1530s to proved education and religious training
Spain was under the ___
habsburgs
Erasmus
humanist movement in Northern Europe. Didn't like clerics' abuses and promoted Catholic doctrine of free will. IN PRAISE OF FOLLY
League of Schmalkalden
in Northern Germany formed by newly Protestant (Lutheran) princes to defend themselves against Charles V's drive to re-Catholicize Germany
Actions of Cardinal Richelieu of Louis XIII
increased standing army and navy. Ensured the Royal Treasury was funded. Decreases nobility from bureaucracy and opens civil service to the commoners. Persuades Louis XIII to allow intendants in order to oppose old rule of feudalism. New taxes on peasantry. Tried to limit rights given to Huguenots in the Edict of Nantes.
Reformers like Luther, Calvin, Anabaptists criticized what of the Catholic church?
indulgences, nepotism, simony, pluralism, absenteeism
ursuline
influential women's order founded in 1535 for religious education of girls from all social classes
peter paul rubens
is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings
Population shift
leads to growing commerce, increasing cities. Social dislocation and weakening of religious institutions by Reformation.
Advances in military tech.
military revolution including more reliance on infantry, firearms, mobile cannon, ^ elaborate fortifications, heavier taxation for the military, which needed a larger bureaucracy.
episcopal
of or relating to bishops
The Catalan Revolts in Spain
political conflict betw. Spanish government and the Generalitat de Catalunya. AKA Reapers' War.
Calvin beliefs
predestination. God has absolute sovereignty over ea. Person. Did not ascribe to the idea that the state should have secular authority over the church. No words but in the Bible.
Charles I
pro ceremonies and rituals. Uniformity of church. Anglican Book of Common Prayer for both England AND Scotland.
german peasants war
revolt of German lower classes calling for social/political change using the Scriptures A massive rural uprising that threatened the entire social order in Germany from 1520 to 1525.
James I year
ruled 1567
New family units
rural and urban households as units. Women and men in separate but complementary tasks. Reformation and Renaissance raise debate about women roles
Clarendon Code
says clergy and churches conform to Anglican Book of Common Prayer. No "non-conformists" can worship publicly. Test Act. Habeas Corpus Act
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
targeted assassination of Huguenots by Catholics.
Elizabethan Settlement
term applied to English parliamentary laws passed early in Elizabeths reign that required conformity to the Church of England and uniformity of church worship.
simony
the buying and selling of church offices
consistory
the governing council of the Calvinist Geneva, consisting of members from the city government, the church leadership, and the laity
counter reformation
the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected) A time when the Catholic church banned books and used its courts to punish people who protested Catholic ways
Charles II
the restoration brings him in and he favors religious toleration but has Catholic sympathies.
the book of common prayer
the text containing recitations, prayers and prescribed orders of worship in the Episcopal Church
Archbishop William Laud
tries to impose the book of common prayer on presbyterian scots. Rituals in Anglican church. Executed.
Habeas Corpus Act
unjustly imprisoned can compel the government to explain why he had lost his liberty
statute of the six articles
upheld the seven sacraments, maintained Catholic theology, and replaced the authority of the pope with that of the monarch
protestant work ethic
way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God
thirty-nine articles
written in 1563, this defined the rules of the Anglican Church. The document followed Protestant doctrine but still accomodated for other English, except the Puritans.
Juan Luis Vives
wrote THE EDUCATION OF A CHRISTIAN WOMAN which educated the future Mary I of England.
act of supremacy
Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.
Artemesia Gentileschi
Early Baroque painter, who was one of the most accomplished painters of her generation. Brought innovation to the female world of arts. She painted many pictures of strong and suffering women from myth and the Bible - victims, suicides, warriors - and made a speciality of the Judith story.
treaty of westphalia
Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic
Puritans
English protestants in 16th and 17th centuries who wanted to purify the Church of England of Roman Catholic practices. Wanted a more reformed and protestant church
Gustavus Adolphus
With a superb military machine, good weapons, excellent training, and effective field artillery, backed by an efficient government that could provide necessary funds, Gustavus Adolphus was poised to make himself a major European leader. He was killed a year later, however, at the Battle of Lützen (part of 30 years war). The HRE was trying to contain Protestantism and he soon joined the 30 years war.
new model army
The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war.
Bohemian phase
The first phase of the Thirty Years' War which culminated in the Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain.
french phase
The fourth and final phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by France's entrance into the war on the side of the Protestants; this gave the Protestants the support needed to defeat the Catholics. "International Phase"
defenestration of prague
The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War.
Elizabethan Age
The period of the rule of Queen Elizabeth I in England, from 1558 to 1603.
Diego Velazquez
This artist was the artist of Philip IV's court in the 17th century. He is known for his realistic portraits of the royal family in Spain's Golden Age.
Erasmus, In Praise of Folly
This man was the most famous northern humanist who wrote this work criticizing the immorality and hypocrisy of the church. Best seller- only bible sold more copies by 1550.
john knox
This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops
sale of indulgences
This was the way that many people were granted salvation. This was a common method of the church to gain power and money
Charles II Foreign policy
Treaty of Dover states France and GBr versus Netherland and France helped England become Catholic again
Spanish Inquisition
Tribunal of Holy Office. Established by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, tried to identify heretics to bring them to justice
edward VI
(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.
Teresa of Avila
(1515-1582) Spanish Carmelite nun and one of the principal saints of the Roman Catholic Church; she reformed the Carmelite order. Her fervor for the Catholic Church proved inspiring for many people during the Reformation period. began an order of nuns, reformed Spanish convents and monasteries
Philip II
(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.
philip II
(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.
Elizabeth I
(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.
catherine de medici
(1547-1589) The wife of Henry II (1547-1559) of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons.
john wycliffe
(c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope. English scholar who argued that the Bible was the final authority for Christian life -translated bible into english
absenteeism
(n) staying away from work, especially often and without good reasons
french civil wars
9 wars in last half of 16th century-power struggle between 3 noble families for Crown after death of Henry II after Henry II died there was a power struggle between three noble families for the Crown. Many nobles who had converted to Calvinism wanted to gain independence from the crown, resulting in feudal disorder. At least nine wars occured in the late 1500s as a result. (1562-1594)
Luther beliefs
Bible is the central source of religious authority and salvation is through faith and not deeds
Ulrich Zwingli, Zurich
Bible was sole authority, but in contrast to Luther, he saw the Eucharist as only symbolic, and that Luther's view of Real Presence was too Catholic in its foundation
James I beliefs
Absolute power and alienates parliament who fears his claims of divine power. Defends Anglican church (alienates Puritans).
stuart dynasty
After Queen Elizabeth Tudor's death in 1603, the Stuart Line of rulers came. Started with James I, King of Scotland. (Cousin of Elizabeth.) Then came Charles I, his son. Charles II. Then James II. Then William of Orange.
william tyndale
An English professor who believed that everyone should be able to interpret the Bible. He translated the Bible to English which led for his arrest. However, he escaped and continued to translate the Bible. He was eventually executed.
spanish inquisition
An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.
tragedy at munster
Anabaptist extremists took power over Münster; Anabaptists in the city forced the Catholics and Lutherans to either convert or emigrate; Münster was blockaded by besieging armies and under pressure transformed into an Old Testament theocracy
What was the cause of warfare after The Peace of Westphalia?
BOP
italian inquisition
Rome, Venice, Sicily, 16th century. Dealt w/ protestantism initially then offenses against ecclesiastical discipline (people w/in the church).
institutes of the christian religion
Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism
Religious conflicts promote political and economic interests in...
Catholic Spain, Protestant England, France, Sweden, Denmark in the 30 ys war
War of the Three Henrys
Catholic league convinces King Henry III to outlaw Protestantism and annul Henry of Navarre's right to the throne. Navarre defeats the royal army and Henry IV wins. Says "Paris is worth a mass" and becomes a Roman Catholic.
Problems with James I
Royal debt. Wasn't English. Catholic sympathies. Raises money w/out par. Consent. King James Bible
Efforts of Habsburg rulers fail to restore Catholic unity, examples of these kings
Charles I/V, Philip II, Philip III, Philip IV
english civil war
Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king
Cromwell's political acts
Constitution called Instrument of Government. No monarch and annually elected committee of Parliament. Constitutional Republic. Dissolved "Rump" Parliament in 1653, tears up Constitution and forms The Protectorate
Pride's Purge
Cromwell purges House of Commons of moderates, mostly Presbyterians (anyone not anti-monarchy). Leads to the Rump Parliament
Lollards
Followers of John Wycliffe
huguenots
French Protestants influenced by John Calvin
Huguenots
French protestants who were largely Calvinist in the 16th and 17th centuries. Emigrated from france. Opposed monopoly of power of Guise family.
Sweden was under ____ with France
Gustavus Adolphus
anne boleyn
Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.
charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preocuppied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preocuppied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany. -called the Diet of Worms
Philip IV
Philip IV was King of Spain and Portugal. He ascended the thrones in 1621 and reigned in Portugal until 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the arts, including such artists as Diego Velázquez, and his rule over Spain during the Thirty Years' War. -During his reign Spanish foreign power declined; he failed to regain control of the north Netherlands and lost wars against France. But at home he proved to be an important patron of the arts.
Gianlorenzo Bernini, David
Italian Baroque
Catherine de Medici
Italian noblewoman queen consort of France. Involved in St. Bartholomew's day and worked during a financially unstable and chaotic period with her three sons. Plotted st barthomolew's day by Roman Catholic nobles who massacred French Huguenots.
pope paul III
Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent.
baroque art
art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit
william of orange
King of England and Scotland and Ireland, he married the daughter of James II and was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; when James fled, William III and Mary II were declared joint monarchs (1650-1702) (1672-1702) Dutch prince and foe of Louis XIV who became king of England in 1689.
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649
Priesthood of all believers
Luther said/realized that everyone should follow their calling and find their own faith through scripture, which meant that no one could achieve a higher level of spirituality because of a church position.
Katherine von Bora
Luther's wife, raised to be a nun but ran away to Luthur's teachings. Had 6 children, supported Luthur but argued about women's equality in mariage.
The Glorious Revolution
Mary and William of Orange offered the throne by Whig and Tory leaders. They are brought in and Establish Bill of Rights
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572.
Struggle for sovereignty
New monarchies for centralized modern state and established a monopoly on tax collection, military force, the dispensing of justice, and gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects.
What are some changes socially/in society
New secular laws regulating private life, Stricter codes on prostitution and begging, Abolishing or restricting Carnival, Calvin's Geneva
Oliver Cromwell
Officer of Parliamentary army, New Model Army. They win and take over after interregnum
Who allowed religious pluralism for domestic peace?
Poland and the netherlands
Henry IV
Raised a Protestant, he became heir to the French throne through his marriage to Margaret of Valois, but was challenged during a time of religious strife. Despite converting to Catholicism after becoming king of France in 1589, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes to foster religious tolerance.
St. Teresa of Avila
Reformed monastic life in her own community of followers, the Carmelites. simplicity Carmelite nun who believed nuns should return to a simple life of poverty and humility
Sir Thomas More
Renaissance humanist who was Chancellor to Henry VIII. Book Utopia and refuses to acknowledge Henry as head of the church.
Religious reforms by monarchy
Spanish Inquisition, Concordat of Bologna in 1516, Book of Common Prayer, Peace of Augsburg
el greco
Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)
Philip III
Spanish ruler who agreed to a truce with England in 1609 that recognized the independence of the United Provinces (the Netherlands). interested in court luxury and relics, he allowed his first minister to run his country.
Acts of the Council of Trent/Jesuit Order
St. Teresa of Avila, Ursuline, Roman Inquisition, Index of Prohibited Books
geneva
Swiss city-state which became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s; today a major city in Switzerland
Nobles in poland
Szlachta were legally privileged and magnates (part of nobility, szlachta) held the most wealth and political power
michael servetus
a Spaniard who was among the chief thinkers for the Anti-Trinitarians. He was executed in 1553 in Geneva for "blasphemies against the Holy Trinity." This thinker was among the strongest opponents of Calvinism, especially its belief in original sin and predestination and has a deserved reputation of defending religious tolerance.
presbyterianism
a branch of the Protestant reformation that grew in Scotland, many of their ideas are rooted in Calvinism. They believed in a method of church governance where there were no bishops
mannerism
an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation
confessions of augsburg
an attempted compromise of religous faith between Lutheran and Catholic princes of the HRE. The statement was rejected by the Catholic princes, but became traditional statement of the Lutheran Church. The statement included the ideas of salvation through faith alone, the bible as the sole authority and priesthood of all believers.
