AP Euro: Unit 3 Absolutism Review

Law of Inertia

A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.

Rationalism

A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.

Questioned and doubted

In Historical Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that "all knowledge can be ______________________________"

House of Orange

In the Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supports of the:

Nobles and Peasants

Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments was opposed by both _____________________

Puritans

Members of a 16th-17th century reform movement within the church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements, such as bishops, elaborate ceremonies, and wedding rings.

Law of Universal Gravitation

Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square if the distance between them.

Spanish Throne

Peace of Utrecht resolved the problem of the succession to the ________________________ by placing Louis VIX's grandson Philip in the French throne, agreeing that French and Spanish thrones were never to be united.

Oligarchy of Wealthy Businessmen

Political power in the Dutch Republic was controlled by an ____________________

Catholic reformation

The Baroque style flourished in the context of the

John Locke

The Glorious revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil government, written by:

nature, purpose, universe

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on fundamental questions about the _______________, _______________ and function of the __________________.

Enlightenment

"The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life" is a core concept of the _______________

Constitutionalism

A form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government on one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subject or citizen on the other. This could include constitutional monarchies or republics.

Republicanism

A form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through elected representatives.

Philosophes

A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.

Mercantilism

A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the state's power; it was based on the belief that a nation's wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver, determined its international power.

Millet System

A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities with each nation enjoying autonomous self0government under it's religious leaders.

change the general way of thinking

According to the editor of the Encyclopedia, it's fundamental goal was to: "_______________________________"

Boyars

The highest-ranking members of the Russian nobility.

Millets

The ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or:

Catholic Absolutism

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was a fear of the establishment of _______________________ by James II

Discover, speculate

The primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method was to ______________ what actually occurred in nature rather that to _____________________ on what should occur.

Mongol Khans

The princes of Moscow sought to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state by modeling their rule after ________________________________

Voltaire

This man believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government when it came to government.

Catholic Church

Who largely overlooked Copernicus's theory of the Earth moving around the sun, and later declared his theory false in the 17th century?

Protestants

Who rejected Copernicus's idea that the Earth moved around the sun?

Pierre Bayle

Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary in 1697?

Republic of Letters

A cosmopolitan network involving Western Europe and its colonies as well as Eastern Europe and Russia.

Peace of Utrecht

A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire.

Fronde

A series of violent uprisings during the early reign go Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and oppressive taxation.

Reading Revolution

A shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.

non-noble origin

A social consequence of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system was that people of _________________ were able to ruse to high positions.

St. Petersburg

After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called:

Military coup

Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1772 through a _______________

Imperial Tradition

Count-Duke of Olivares held the mistaken belief that Spain must return to the _____________________ of the 16th century in order to solve it's economic and political difficulties, which ultimately brought disaster to Spain.

Thomas Hobbes

English political philosopher who believed the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war.

Antiquity, human progress

Enlightenment thinkers differed from those of the Middle Age and Renaissance that they believed their era had surpassed ____________, which demonstrated the possibility of ________________.

Jean-Baptise Colbert

France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of:

serverists

Frederick William I, king of Prussia sustained agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army by ordering all Prussian men to undergo military training after which they could return home and serve as army reservists.

Consolidation of serfdom

In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the ________________________________.

Education and society

In his essay, Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that human development is determined by _____________________________

Johann Sebastian Bach

In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of:

Eased, Re-catholicized

In return for financial support, Charles II of England secretly promised to Louis XIV France that English Laws against Catholics would be _________________ and England gradually (re)_________________________.

armies, martyrs

In the 17th century, rulers hesitated to crush rebellions because _____________ were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating _____________

Obedient to monarchs

In the later half of the 17th century, armed forces became _______________________ instead of serving their own interests

mathematics, physics, astronomy

Issac Newton's law of universal gravitation brought the Scientific Revolution to maturity by synthesizing _____________________ with _______________ and ________________- to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.

Passive role

Jean-Jacques Rosseau believed that women were best suited to a ___________________________ in social relations.

Musical harmony of heavenly bodies

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets produced a ____________________________________

Test Act

Legislation, passed by the English Parliament in 1673, to secure the position of the Anglican Church by stripping Puritans, Catholics and other dissenters of the right to vote, preach, assemble, hold public office, and teach at or attend universities.

ennobled, middle

Louis XIV sought councilors from the newly __________________ or upper ____________ class.

Junkers

Prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state.

Democratic revolution, sovereignty, upper class

The English Revolution of 1688 did not constitute a ________________________ because _________________ was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the _______________.

imposed unwelcome laws, reform

The English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640 due to Charles I who ____________________ and ___________________ on the country.

Protectorate

The English military dictatorship (1653-58) established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I

Haskalah

The Jewish Enlightenment of the scone half of the 18th century, led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.

increased, decreased

The Jewish community during the Haskalah Enlightenment resulted in _____________ interactions between Jews and Christians and ______________ rabbinic controls over Jews.

Experimental Method

The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation.

Cesare Beccaria

The author of On Crimes and Punishments, who game a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system.

subordination

The building force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was the ______________ of all institutes to the monarchy.

Janissary Corps

The core of the sultans army, composed of slave conscripts from non-Muslim parts of the empire; after 1683 it became a volunteer force.

Simplifying Prussian's Laws

The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included:

Stadholder

The executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange.

Copernican Hypothesis

The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe, a sun-centered view of the universe.

Enlightenment

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th century that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Peace of Westphalia

The name of a series of treaties that concluded the 3o years's war in 1648, and marked the end of a large scale religious violence in Europe. This peace treaty marked a turning point for European History due to the end of large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith.

French Classicism

This classicism presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity.

The English Revolution of 1688

This revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper class.

The Persian Letter

What book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?

Scientific Racism

What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the 18th century?

Growth in armed forces

What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?

Moral Economy

When speaking of "________________" Historians refer to a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit.

Prussia Russia and Austria

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late 18th century.

Jean le Rond d'Alembert

Who was Denis Diderot's co-editor of the Encyclopedia

Presbyterian Scotland.

William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, created conflict in Britain in the 1630's by imposing a new prayer book modeled on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on ___________________________

Sultan Slave corps

Within the Ottoman government, the ____________________ staffed the top of the bureaucracy.

Governments

_______________ responded to the new science by establishing academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.

Public Sphere

An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.

Rebellion

Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition due to the ______________ led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773.

Habsburgs

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the prevention of the __________________ from unifying the territories surrounding France.

restore order

Leopold II canceled his brother, Joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790's in order to __________________- in Austria.

Military dictatorship

Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a:

Stenka Rzain

One of the largest rebellions in 17th century Russia that was led by:

mechanistic fashion

René Descartes theorized that nature and the universe functioned in a _______________________, which was his most influential aspect of himself.

majority

Rousseau's concept of the general will assets that, the general will is not necessarily the will of the ______________________.

Rococo

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits, and starry eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids are all characteristics of the popular style in 18th century Europe is know as:

Enlightened Absolutism

Terom coined by historians to describe the rule of 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress and tolerance.

(The )Pyrenees

The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of:________________

Sultan

The ruler of the Ottoman Empire; he owned all of the agricultural land of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained slaves.

English Glorious Revolution

This revolution was mainly caused by the fear of the establishment of Catholic Absolutism by James II

Mercantilist Theory

This theory stated, Ecomonic activity should be regulated by and for the state.

Reduced

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria ___________ nobles' power over their serfs

Cameralism

View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.

Clockmaker

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a __________________________ who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.

Madame du Châtelet

Voltaire's longtime companion _________________________ believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education.

Spain

What country spearheaded the trench in scientific expeditions?

Disease, reduced

Famines in the 17th century affected the European population by malnutrition, which made people susceptible to _________________ and the population ______________________ significantly.

Junker's privileges

Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuaded the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund his army by confirming ______________, including their authority over the serfs

Cossacks

Free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders Russian territory form the fourteenth century onward. By the end of the 16th century, they had formed an alliance with the Russian state.

Newton's Principia

Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise de Châtelet, published the first translation of _____________________ into French.

Dialogue on The Two Chief Systems of the World.

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing publication to the work:_____________________

Empiricism

A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation. Tycho Brahe and Galileo's research methods were formalized by Francis Bacon to create this theory.

Poltava

After a defeat at Narva, Peter the Great constructed a new army and eventually beat the Swedish in 1709 at _____________________

Natural Philosophy

An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.

Crisis situation

Because of Charles I imposing unwelcome laws and reform in the country, the English government arrived at a __________________ by 1640

Levée en Masse

Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of the war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the

Centralized French State

Cardinal Richelieu extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's 32 districts in order to increase the power of the ___________________________

intendents, commissioners

Cardinal Richelieu increased the power of the centralized state French state by extending the use of _______________________ for each of France's 32 districts.

Absolute Habsburg State

Due to Prince Francis Rákóczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule, Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, _________________________________.

Salon

Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Anglical Book of Common Prayer

William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, created conflict in Britain in the 1630's by imposing a new prayer book modeled on the ____________________________ on Presbyterian Scotland.