AP Euro: Unit 3 Absolutism Review
Law of Inertia
A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
Rationalism
A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
Questioned and doubted
In Historical Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that "all knowledge can be ______________________________"
House of Orange
In the Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supports of the:
Nobles and Peasants
Joseph II's conversion of peasant labor obligations to cash payments was opposed by both _____________________
Puritans
Members of a 16th-17th century reform movement within the church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements, such as bishops, elaborate ceremonies, and wedding rings.
Law of Universal Gravitation
Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square if the distance between them.
Spanish Throne
Peace of Utrecht resolved the problem of the succession to the ________________________ by placing Louis VIX's grandson Philip in the French throne, agreeing that French and Spanish thrones were never to be united.
Oligarchy of Wealthy Businessmen
Political power in the Dutch Republic was controlled by an ____________________
Catholic reformation
The Baroque style flourished in the context of the
John Locke
The Glorious revolution and the concept of representative government found its best defense in the Second Treatise of Civil government, written by:
nature, purpose, universe
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on fundamental questions about the _______________, _______________ and function of the __________________.
Enlightenment
"The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life" is a core concept of the _______________
Constitutionalism
A form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government on one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subject or citizen on the other. This could include constitutional monarchies or republics.
Republicanism
A form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through elected representatives.
Philosophes
A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
Mercantilism
A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the state's power; it was based on the belief that a nation's wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver, determined its international power.
Millet System
A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities with each nation enjoying autonomous self0government under it's religious leaders.
change the general way of thinking
According to the editor of the Encyclopedia, it's fundamental goal was to: "_______________________________"
Boyars
The highest-ranking members of the Russian nobility.
Millets
The ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or:
Catholic Absolutism
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was a fear of the establishment of _______________________ by James II
Discover, speculate
The primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method was to ______________ what actually occurred in nature rather that to _____________________ on what should occur.
Mongol Khans
The princes of Moscow sought to legitimize their authority as rulers of an independent state by modeling their rule after ________________________________
Voltaire
This man believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government when it came to government.
Catholic Church
Who largely overlooked Copernicus's theory of the Earth moving around the sun, and later declared his theory false in the 17th century?
Protestants
Who rejected Copernicus's idea that the Earth moved around the sun?
Pierre Bayle
Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary in 1697?
Republic of Letters
A cosmopolitan network involving Western Europe and its colonies as well as Eastern Europe and Russia.
Peace of Utrecht
A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire.
Fronde
A series of violent uprisings during the early reign go Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and oppressive taxation.
Reading Revolution
A shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.
non-noble origin
A social consequence of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system was that people of _________________ were able to ruse to high positions.
St. Petersburg
After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city on the Baltic called:
Military coup
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1772 through a _______________
Imperial Tradition
Count-Duke of Olivares held the mistaken belief that Spain must return to the _____________________ of the 16th century in order to solve it's economic and political difficulties, which ultimately brought disaster to Spain.
Thomas Hobbes
English political philosopher who believed the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war.
Antiquity, human progress
Enlightenment thinkers differed from those of the Middle Age and Renaissance that they believed their era had surpassed ____________, which demonstrated the possibility of ________________.
Jean-Baptise Colbert
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of:
serverists
Frederick William I, king of Prussia sustained agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army by ordering all Prussian men to undergo military training after which they could return home and serve as army reservists.
Consolidation of serfdom
In Eastern Europe between 1500 and 1650, the growth of commercial agriculture was accompanied by the ________________________________.
Education and society
In his essay, Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that human development is determined by _____________________________
Johann Sebastian Bach
In music, the baroque style reached its culmination in the work of:
Eased, Re-catholicized
In return for financial support, Charles II of England secretly promised to Louis XIV France that English Laws against Catholics would be _________________ and England gradually (re)_________________________.
armies, martyrs
In the 17th century, rulers hesitated to crush rebellions because _____________ were expensive to deploy, and rulers feared creating _____________
Obedient to monarchs
In the later half of the 17th century, armed forces became _______________________ instead of serving their own interests
mathematics, physics, astronomy
Issac Newton's law of universal gravitation brought the Scientific Revolution to maturity by synthesizing _____________________ with _______________ and ________________- to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.
Passive role
Jean-Jacques Rosseau believed that women were best suited to a ___________________________ in social relations.
Musical harmony of heavenly bodies
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets produced a ____________________________________
Test Act
Legislation, passed by the English Parliament in 1673, to secure the position of the Anglican Church by stripping Puritans, Catholics and other dissenters of the right to vote, preach, assemble, hold public office, and teach at or attend universities.
ennobled, middle
Louis XIV sought councilors from the newly __________________ or upper ____________ class.
Junkers
Prussian nobles who reluctantly worked with Frederick William to consolidate the Prussian state.
Democratic revolution, sovereignty, upper class
The English Revolution of 1688 did not constitute a ________________________ because _________________ was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the _______________.
imposed unwelcome laws, reform
The English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640 due to Charles I who ____________________ and ___________________ on the country.
Protectorate
The English military dictatorship (1653-58) established by Oliver Cromwell following the execution of Charles I
Haskalah
The Jewish Enlightenment of the scone half of the 18th century, led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
increased, decreased
The Jewish community during the Haskalah Enlightenment resulted in _____________ interactions between Jews and Christians and ______________ rabbinic controls over Jews.
Experimental Method
The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation.
Cesare Beccaria
The author of On Crimes and Punishments, who game a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system.
subordination
The building force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was the ______________ of all institutes to the monarchy.
Janissary Corps
The core of the sultans army, composed of slave conscripts from non-Muslim parts of the empire; after 1683 it became a volunteer force.
Simplifying Prussian's Laws
The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included:
Stadholder
The executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange.
Copernican Hypothesis
The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe, a sun-centered view of the universe.
Enlightenment
The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th century that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.
Peace of Westphalia
The name of a series of treaties that concluded the 3o years's war in 1648, and marked the end of a large scale religious violence in Europe. This peace treaty marked a turning point for European History due to the end of large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith.
French Classicism
This classicism presented subject matter associated with classical antiquity.
The English Revolution of 1688
This revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper class.
The Persian Letter
What book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?
Scientific Racism
What helped to justify the growth of slavery in the 18th century?
Growth in armed forces
What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?
Moral Economy
When speaking of "________________" Historians refer to a vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit.
Prussia Russia and Austria
Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late 18th century.
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Who was Denis Diderot's co-editor of the Encyclopedia
Presbyterian Scotland.
William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, created conflict in Britain in the 1630's by imposing a new prayer book modeled on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on ___________________________
Sultan Slave corps
Within the Ottoman government, the ____________________ staffed the top of the bureaucracy.
Governments
_______________ responded to the new science by establishing academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
Public Sphere
An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics.
Rebellion
Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition due to the ______________ led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773.
Habsburgs
French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the prevention of the __________________ from unifying the territories surrounding France.
restore order
Leopold II canceled his brother, Joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790's in order to __________________- in Austria.
Military dictatorship
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a:
Stenka Rzain
One of the largest rebellions in 17th century Russia that was led by:
mechanistic fashion
René Descartes theorized that nature and the universe functioned in a _______________________, which was his most influential aspect of himself.
majority
Rousseau's concept of the general will assets that, the general will is not necessarily the will of the ______________________.
Rococo
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits, and starry eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids are all characteristics of the popular style in 18th century Europe is know as:
Enlightened Absolutism
Terom coined by historians to describe the rule of 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress and tolerance.
(The )Pyrenees
The final collapse of Spain as a great military power was symbolized by the defeat at the battle of Rocroi and the resulting Treaty of:________________
Sultan
The ruler of the Ottoman Empire; he owned all of the agricultural land of the empire and was served by an army and bureaucracy composed of highly trained slaves.
English Glorious Revolution
This revolution was mainly caused by the fear of the establishment of Catholic Absolutism by James II
Mercantilist Theory
This theory stated, Ecomonic activity should be regulated by and for the state.
Reduced
To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria ___________ nobles' power over their serfs
Cameralism
View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good.
Clockmaker
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a __________________________ who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.
Madame du Châtelet
Voltaire's longtime companion _________________________ believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education.
Spain
What country spearheaded the trench in scientific expeditions?
Disease, reduced
Famines in the 17th century affected the European population by malnutrition, which made people susceptible to _________________ and the population ______________________ significantly.
Junker's privileges
Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuaded the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund his army by confirming ______________, including their authority over the serfs
Cossacks
Free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders Russian territory form the fourteenth century onward. By the end of the 16th century, they had formed an alliance with the Russian state.
Newton's Principia
Gabriel-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise de Châtelet, published the first translation of _____________________ into French.
Dialogue on The Two Chief Systems of the World.
Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing publication to the work:_____________________
Empiricism
A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation. Tycho Brahe and Galileo's research methods were formalized by Francis Bacon to create this theory.
Poltava
After a defeat at Narva, Peter the Great constructed a new army and eventually beat the Swedish in 1709 at _____________________
Natural Philosophy
An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
Crisis situation
Because of Charles I imposing unwelcome laws and reform in the country, the English government arrived at a __________________ by 1640
Levée en Masse
Cardinal Jules Mazarin's struggle to increase royal revenues to meet the cost of the war led to the uprisings of 1648-53, known as the
Centralized French State
Cardinal Richelieu extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's 32 districts in order to increase the power of the ___________________________
intendents, commissioners
Cardinal Richelieu increased the power of the centralized state French state by extending the use of _______________________ for each of France's 32 districts.
Absolute Habsburg State
Due to Prince Francis Rákóczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule, Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, _________________________________.
Salon
Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Anglical Book of Common Prayer
William Laud, the archbishop of Canterbury, created conflict in Britain in the 1630's by imposing a new prayer book modeled on the ____________________________ on Presbyterian Scotland.
