AP Euro Units 1-7 Information
queen mary I
"Bloody Mary" - daughter of Catherine of Aragon (Henry's first wife). moved england back towards catholicism executed hundreds of protestants: hence bloody mary married phillip II dies in 1558 before she completes her completion of converting england back to catholicism
what was the answer to the essay written by kant?
"Dare to know" (seek answers for yourself, don't depend on dogma, tradition or established ideas.)
pico mirandola
"Oration on the Dignity of Man", tried to justify humanistic reasoning & pushed idea that man can be whatever he wants. said that god gave us this stuff, so we need to use it
newton's famous quote
"Stood on the shoulders of giants"
popolo grasso
"fat people" - the elite in Italian city states; including nobles, wealthy merchants, and manufacturers. Made up around 5% of the population
laissez faire capitalizm
"let it happen" little or no role for the government in the economy
saint simon
"social engineers" who steer production for the good of the people
robert owen
"villages of cooperation" - New Lanark
vasco de gama
(1498): portuguese: makes first trip to india using new trade route around africa, which connected atlantic to indian ocean.
the 95 theses
(1517) - Were LUther's challenges to the church, which he nailed to his church's door for all to see. His ideas quickly spread around germany/holy roman empire. ?
spanish fury
(1576) **Spanish "sacking of the city of Antwerp
Charles I
(1625-49) - son of james I, becomes king, Key conflict will be over finances/taxes. Charles' government is in need of money (due to war with Scotland: he wants them to be more episcopal (bishops etc) and they want to be presbyterian); but does not want to go to parliament for funds (parliament would require concessions or conditions charles would not want in exchange for money).
peace of alais
(1629) - stripped the huguenots of their military power, political power, and territory. maintained freedom of worship (for now).
Antonie Leeuwenhoek
(1647) Magnification through glass - Forerunner of the microscope
prides purge
(1649) - New Model Army is used to remove and intimidate more moderate members of the house of commons. led by colonel Pride.
Christiaan Huygens
(1656) Developed Pendulum clock - proved the Earth spins and allowed for precise time.
Conflict over Foreign Policy: Treaty of Dover
(1670): Between England and France: at first the Treaty is a secret agreement. In this agreement, Charles II agrees to return England to the Catholic Church, France's Louis XIV provides Charles one and a promise of troops if needed As the Treaty becomes public - causes a split in parliament.-Later evolves into 2 political parties (see below).
declaration of indulgences
(1672): Issued by Charles II Grants some religious freedom to Catholics - creates concerns in Parliament which leads to Test Act
Parliament's response to the declaration of indulgences: THE TEST ACT
(1673): reasserts that the Church of England (Anglican Church) is the official government religion. only Anglicans can hold government office, and teach in universities. Had to take Anglican Communion to serve in office.
battle of narva
(1704) Russian Defeat - Charles XII then invades Poland. This gives Peter time to improve the army.
battle of potalva
(1709) - Russian victory. Peter keeps petrograd. Sweden declines as a major power peter acquired much of the baltic shore, providing him with warm water ports
the bubonic plage
(Black Death) - During the 1300's much of Europe fell victim to plague. It is estimated that nearly 1/3 of Europe's population died during this time (approx. 25 million people).
categorical imperative
(Kant)In deciding whether an action is right or wrong, or desirable or undesirable, a person should evaluate the action in terms of what would happen if everybody else in the same situation, or category, acted the same way.
The consideration of the greatness and declien of rome
(MONTESQUIEU) Compares Rome to Great Britain. Means Britain has the power/ability of "self-correction" - ability to recognize mistakes and make changes. (SHOWS separation of power and checks and balances)
Persian Letters
(MONTESQUIEU) (Satirical criticism of the French Government - satire is used by authors to avoid censorship) - first to be critical of slavery - said it was against natural law, that "all men are born free and independent."
plymouth county
(Massachusetts/Boston): it was also during this time (1620) that english puritans fled the volatile religious environment in england for the new world. many early northeastern us settlements were puritan.
the streltzy
(a Russian military force loyal to the Council of Boyars) had been part of an attempted assassination of Peter during this period. He had most of them executed! Sometimes Peter assisted in the executions.
battle of the nile/abukir
(aug 1798) naval battle France vs. Great Britain-British victory. Admiral Nelson key antagonist
democratic movements
(constitutionalism) - democratic movement begin to emerge (England and Netherlands)
coup d'etat of brumaire
(dec 1799) leads to napoleon becoming the dictator of france as first consul
leviathan
(hobbes) Purpose was to discover the legitimate basis of government. Written in shadow of English Civil War which ended one year earlier. Often compared with The Prince.
henry of navarre
(later Henry IV) - major political leader who supported the huguenots
parlements
(local governments where king had to register laws before they can go into effect). This allowed local areas to ignore national laws. Richelieu wants to undo this
insurrection of vendemiare
(month in new calendar): Food Riot and May of 1795, Royalists try to raid the National Assembly.
entrepreneurs
(private business owners) to fill growing demand. Used the "putting-out system" to circumvent the guilds. used rural people outside of the towns (guilds) to create goods. entrepreneurs would deliver raw materials, workers would then create a finished product in their homes. they would be picked up later and sold for profit, which is also known as cottage industries or the domestic system.
status quo ante
(the state before the war): situation returns to the prewar status meaning any captured land is returned. Louis gains nothing, but also loses nothing.
merchants
(traders, manufacturers, and bankers) grew to be more wealthy and powerful than traditional nobility. Noble families began to marry into wealthy merchant families.
sinking of the spanish armada
(vs. England) 1588- eventually causes Spain to compromise.
Night of August 4 1789
- abolishes feudalism -catholic church agrees to be taxed -catholic church gives up"forced tithe" -women gained rights to property and divorce, financial rights to illegitimate children (child support), etc. but not citizenship or equal rights
why did peter move the capital to st. petersburg
- coastal, for warm water purposes - to get trade source - to make a super european area
deductive reasoning
- deductive - you start with an established premise, and then try to figure out how it's true.
cogito ergo sum
- descartes - i think therefore I am
why does it take so long for governments to begin to address these issues
- industry is new, so when something is brand new it takes a long time to see and understand and fix all of the issues. - rich people own factories, so majority government people are factory owners. so, they don't want to increase pay etc, because theyd lose money
People were afraid to travel because
- it was dangerous - their manor had whatever they needed
military reform under louis
-Army swells to 700,000 - largest in europe at the time -improves training, uses merit for promotion (like today) -improves logistics of moving and supplying an army: develops medics to aid wounded soldiers
blase's options towards the belief towards god
-Bet there is no God and act accordingly - If you're wrong you lose everything. -Bet there is a God and act accordingly - if you're wrong you lose nothing.
contitutionalism
-England, Dutch Netherlands - centralization varies -rule by law -rule over relatively homogenous population -practice mercantilism: later capitalism -power of the king is shared with parliament -recognition of some individual rights -think william and mary of england
American Revolution
-Fought against a mother country -Fought in North America - far from -Europe/Britain -Single goal = independence (liberty) from mother country -No consequential wars
French Revolution
-Fought within France = civil war -Goal was to challenge France's social and political structure; -End absolute monarchy and aristocratic privilege -Multiple goals = "Liberty, equality, fraternity (brotherhood)" -Sparks a larger, European war; also subsequent wars into the 19th century
absolutism
-France, Prussia, Russia, Austria -Highly centralized state (control from one place or person) -Rule by divine right -rule over relatively homogenous populations -practice mercantilism -no sharing of power with a parliament -no recognition of individual right -think louis xiv
western europe traits
-Great Britain, France, Netherlands -Increasingly Secular -Feudalism is dying out (new economic elites) -Government is more modern/efficient (GB is more democratic) -Nobility/peasants system is breaking down
was peter good or bad? what are some things he did?
-He personally killed opponents in some cases -cared deeply about those loyal to him -turned russia into a modern/western nation -personally ripped out boyar beards -ruled and participated personally in state affairs (lived in a cabin in St. petersburg, built ships)
modernizing domestic reforms for peter
-Improved (required) education for sons of nobles - this ensures they "-Westernize" -Created the Russian Academy of -Science (1721) -First newspaper "Pravda" -Switched Russian calendar to the Julian Calendar (even though Western Europe was using the Gregorian Calendar - included leap year). - Gave russia a flag! Needed to identify ships in the navy -will declare russia an empire in 1721 (lasts until 1917)
why did the renaissance start in italy
-Key mediterranean area for trade re establishing during the crusades -trade urbanized much of italy (Genoa and venice grew large, wealthy and diverse from middle east trade prior to the renaissance cultural blending (new ideas exchanged -Roman empire's foundations (literaly and figuratively) were in italy
why were the french in debt?
-Louis XIV and Louis XV's wars -Selling the titles of nobility -Royal expenses -French supporting the american revolution
David Ricardo
-National specialization -comparative advantage -iron law of wages
Humoral Theory
-Old school thought on medicine -Body fluids must be in balance for that individual. Four fluids or "humors" - black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm. Dates back to Galen (Ancient Roman). - includes bloodletting
The roman empire fell because of
-Political issue: Generals and Emperor fight for power -Economy sunk
eastern europe traits
-Russia, Poland, Austria, German States -More Sectarian (divided between religious groups, varying ethnicities, etc.) -Feudalism still firmly in place (Nobles are powerful/Serfdom still in place) -governments are inefficient -old class structure still in place and will be for a while
why did the industrial revolution begin in britain?
-Strong economy -agricultural revolution -abundance of coal -abundance of iron -abundance of cotton -protestant work ethic
cavaliers
-Supporters of King -Nobility/Gentry (Countryside landholders: think Downton Abbey types) -Rural
"ecrasez l'infame"
-Voltaire's motto; 'crush the infamous thing', the 'thing' being bigotry and intolerance of religion
major problems with cromwell
-calvinist views inspire law - censored press, forbade sports, closed theaters (not popular). Remember calvin in Geneva? -But also perceived as too dictatorial for some:
what all did peter do for the military
-creates the first russian navy -drafted serfs: conscription -increased the size of the russian army to 300K (2nd largest in europe) -nobles required to service in officer corp -established a military academy -improved training and discipline -church bells were melted into cannons
african slave trade happened for several reasons:
-decline of mining and movement towards agriculture -mestizos were exempt from service, which led natives to purposely dildute their racial identity. -many natives dying from european diseases shows the unreliable work force
what are some common causes of revolutions?
-depression of 1837 -Hungry 40's -High Inflation and unemployment -varying political demands from each side -nationalism -urbanization and poor urban conditions
Ivan III (1462-1505)
-developed the third rome -believed that russia would be the center of the orthodox christianity as constantinople once had
how do monarchs modernize their armies?
-focus on development of infantry (foot soldiers) -stockpile modern weapons: guns, mobile cannons, etc -construct elaborate fortifications to hold and display their power -scientific research: the monarchs are also investing money in scientific research, which is new for this time period. they can now do it as the church is getting weak. -
two goals of mercantilism
-focused on creating a favorable balance of trade: value of exports is greater than value of imports. this leads to a surplus of government money (gold and silver) -focus was on the economic self sufficiency of a nation
significance of the battle of trafalgar
-makes a direct invasion of a great britain impossible -also signifies complete british naval superiority
In what ways did the IR and factories change our lives?
-mass produced cheap products -fostered consumerism -governed by time -standardized times -schools are modeled on the factory system -led to the minimum wage -workers rights -mechanized warfare
example of louis' reach
-people want to be like the french -france is the lingua franca - countries model palaces after versailles
why is the printing press so heavily important?
-shares information between scientists, and speeds on the process (like the internet today) -limits the duplication of work/study, so you can build upon people's previous works.
why is the english bill of rights important?
-shifts england to a limited or constitutional monarch (From an absolute monarchy) -shifts england to a government based on social contract theory (not divine right of kings -inspires usa to do the same (later of course) -later inspires major events like the frenh revolution
roundheads
-supporters of parliament (House of Commons) -Middle Class (Puritans)- Urban (London)
what are some conditions in the petition of right?
-that martial law (military rule) may not be imposed in time of peace. -that prisoners must be able to challenge the legitimacy of their detentions through the writ of habeas corpus. (must have evidence to charge with a crime or appear before a judge). Due Process! -The Petition's ban on the billeting (housing) of troops is reflected in the Third Amendment to the United States Constitution.
petrarch
-the father of humanism -wrote in vernacular language -from the late late medieval
what is the significance of malthus' theory?
-theres a lot of human misery and starvation through it -government cant help -darwin bases evolution on this -malthusian trap
specific things from the english bill or rights
-they could not raise a standing army -parliament would be called at least every three years -freedom from royal interference with law -freedom from taxation by royal prerogative. parliament became necessary for the implementation of any new taxes -freedom for protestants to have arms for their own defense, as suitable to their class and as allowed by law. - freedom of speech and debates; or proceedings in parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of parliament.
how have factories gotten safer over time?
-they had safety precautions, like the alarms, cautionary tapes etc. -no children working -they have to be ultra clean -workers comp exists -protective clothing -it's a cleaner working environment
.
.
the first estate were approximately
1% of france's population
choices after edict of fontainbleau
1) Convert to catholicism 2)Leave france 3)Die
Catholic reformation
1) Faith and good works = salvation 2) Bible and Catechism - church teachings/traditions 3) Latin only 4) Priests needed for relationship with God (middleman) 5) Transubstantiation - Bread & Wine actually blood/body of Jesus 6)Support power of pope 7)Maintains Celibacy 8)Very ornate churches 9) Maintain 7 sacraments (Baptism, Eucharist, Confirmation, Reconciliation, Anointing of the sick, Marriage, Holy orders)
protestant reformation
1) Justification by faith 2)Bible is the only theology 3) Use of vernacular languages 4) Faithful have a direct relationship with God 5) Consubstantiation - Bread & Wine not actually blood/body of Jesus 6) Reject power of Pope 7) Rejects celibacy of priests (marry) 8)Less ornate churches 9)Reduced # & importance of sacraments You can read the bible for yourself, and disagree to the pastor.
advantages of conscription
1) you always have a large standing army, even in peace time 2) if our army is dying, and we need to bring older people to fight, they already know what they're doing
the council reaffirmed the following
1. Papal Infallibility (pope is needed). 2. Free will/ importance of Good Works (still valid). 3. Kept all 7 sacraments-all vehicles for Grace. 4. Celibacy maintained. 5. Latin only acceptable language. 6. Priest essential to personal salvation. 7. Transubstantiation 8. Bible and church traditions equally important
the treaty of tilsit causes napoleon to gain
1/2 of prussia, as they had just defeated prussia
how much of the earth does britain rule?
1/4
england was divided into ___ military districts
12
the hundred years war time period
1337-1453
henry the navigator
1430's: sponsored portuguese voyages along east africa. created a navigation school (think university) that improved navigation technology.
when was the war of roses?
1455-1485
how long did lorenzo de medici rule
1469-1492
copernicus time period
1473-1543
bartholemew dias
1488 - portuguese nobleman, discovered the southern tip of africa (cape of good hope), thus enabling trade ships to sail around africa and sail to asia.
the treaty of tordesillas
1494 portuguese gets what is east of the line, spain gets what is west of the line
if you were in the working class and were poor, youd die around
15
ivan's not so bad time period
1540-1560 -opens trade with western europe -begins diplimatic relations with france and england -in 1560, his wife anastasia dies
the scientific revolution was from
1543-1720's
phillip reigned from
1556-1598
info card: queen elizabeth
1558 - 1603 - daughter of Anne Boleyn (Henry's second wife). Refused to marry Phillip II, in fact, she never married (Virgin Queen) allowing her to avoid tangled web of alliances that marriage brought. Angered Phillip by aiding Dutch resistance in Netherlands. Elizabeth later murdered Mary, Queen of Scots (a staunch catholic who had fled scotland for elizabeth's protection) for plotting to murder her and for offering her successions rights to PHillipII) when she dies without a child, the tudor dynasty dies with her. this leads to a whole new dynasty: Elizabethan Settlement - reaffirmed british monarch s head of anglican church, demanded public acceptance and loyalty to the church of england and monarch as head of church, but did not worry about private worship. Religious tolerance? Naval Power - Sir Francis Drake - first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. Cultural Revival - Elizabethan England - focus on cultural growth, she wrote poetry and music. This is the era of Shakespeare!
ivan's pretty fricking bad time period
1560 -Begins violence/terror against supposed political threats. Hates the nobles! -centralizes his power -creates the secret police. rebels were captured and often cooked or skinned alive! -royal monopoly -built the st. basils cathedral -killed his son
the french wars of religion time period
1562-1596
galileo time period
1564-1642
council of blood time period
1567-1573
the battle of lepanto
1571 spnaish armada defeats ottomans for control of the mediterranean. this is the peak of spanish power.
johannes kepler time period
1571-1630
st. bartholomew's day massacre time period
1572
Thomas Hobbes Time Period
1588-1679
Rene Descartes time period
1596-1650
edict of nantes time period
1598
the times of trouble
1598-1613 period of instability, where russia lacks a strong central government
when did withcraft start?
16-17 century
James i time period
1603-1625
Bohemian Phase:
1618-1622
Bohemian Phase: Battle of White Mountain time period
1620
Danish Phase lasted from
1625-1629
petition of right
1628 the petition is most notable for its confirmation of the principles that taxes can be levied only by parliament,
blase pascal lived from
1628-62
Swedish Phase time period
1631-1635
John Locke time period
1632-1704
long parlament time period
1640-48/ but really 1660
the english civil war time period
1642-1649
newton time period
1642-1727)
alexis i time period
1645-82
england was a commonwealth from
1649-60
leviathan was written in
1651
navigation act
1651 which prohibited English colonies from trading with foreign ships. Only English ships could be used (mercantilism).
cromwell dies in
1658
act of indemnity
1661 Forgives all of his father's political enemies. Exceptions: Cromwell, Pride, Barebones Parliament members
war of devolution year
1667
peter the great
1682-1725
James II
1685-88 Brother of Charles II, staunch Catholic. HE ultimately antagonized the tories who were very anglican and held monopolies on public office. now Catholicss were allowed to hold office furthering the declaration of indulgences. This pushed the Whigs and Tories together. Things worsened for James when his heir was born and baptized as Catholic... a Catholic bloodline had now been established.
Edict of Fontainebleu
1685. Revoked the Edict of Nantes, provided for the destruction of Huguenot churches and closing of Protestant schools, mass exodus of Huguenots weakened the French economy and strengthened its rivals - major mistake of Louis XIV
The glorious revolution
1688 - Parliament negotiates with Mary (James' protestand daughter) and her husband, William III of Orange (king of the netherlands) to become the new king and queen of england
second treatise on government happened in
1690
Baroque art time period
16th century-mid 18th century
war of spanish succession years
1700-1713
treaty of utretch
1713 Ends the war of spanish succession
the enlightenment time period
1715-1789
adam smith
1723-1790 His philosophy leads to emergence of capitalism
Industrial revolution time period
1760-1840
outcomes of the treaty of paris of 1815
1789 Borders (pre-Napoleon) War Damages (equivalent of 30 million dollars) legit
invasion of the british colony of egypt happened in
1798
dutch golden age
17th century
Treaty of Amiens year
1802
when is napoleon elected as first consul
1802
when is napoleon a emperor?
1804
Battle of Trafalgar was in
1805
congress of vienna year
1814
By what time does the IR spread to America, Belgium, and Netherlands?
1815
when was the new lanark developed? when was it sold? what did they use their earnings for?
1815 1824 Village of Cooperation
from how long to how long did louis xvii rule?
1815-1824
Karl Marx was born in the year ____, in ______, to _____ parents
1818; Germany; middle class
when did the peterloo massacre happen?
1819
Congress of Troppeau was in
1820
greek revolution was in
1821
decembrist revolt was in
1825
when did they abolish slavery in the british empire?
1833
From what years did Queen Victoria rule?
1837-1901
the anti corn law league banded together in the year
1838
when does britain begin to pass legislation against child labor
1840s
when do labor unions start to spring up?
1840s (but they were generally illegal)
when was the corn law repealed?
1846
When was the Meeting at Plombieres? Who is it between? What was the result?
1858; Napoleon III and Cavour; Napoleon agrees to defend Piedmont Sardinia if Austrian Empire attacks them
when did labor unions get legal in europe?
1860s
serfdom is in russia until the
1860s: they're far behind
in what years did the communist international meet?
1864, 1867, and 1870
the seven weeks war happened in
1866
franco prussian war happened in
1870-71
when did the government of germany take control over schools? what did they do to the jesuits?
1871; expelled them
when does karl marx died? what happens to communism?
1883; communism starts to die a little
when does wilhelm II become kaiser?
1888
when does bismarck resign?
1890
peter ruled russia for forty years and was at war for all time except
2 years
the second estate makes up
2% of the population
the reign of terror responded to the ________ facing france
3 fold crisis
if you were in a working class and poor, youd die around
35
if you were wealthy and lived in the city, you would die around
35
if you were wealthy and in a rural area, youd die aroun
50
After the fall of the Roman Empire, much of Europe (mostly western) fell into a Dark Age that lasted from approx.
500 AD - 1350 AD
Napoleon Enters Russia in June of 1812 with _________ troops - leaves in December with __________
500K, 10K
Emergence of Witchcraft: how many women were killed for witchcraft
60,000 people
the dutch netherland's government was made up of
7 provinces that were politically independent
how long did louis reign over france?
72 years
peter created __ russian republics with a _______ each
8, governer (who had some control over local issues)
the dutch golden age lasts for
80ish years
who was in the third estate
95% of the population
LouisXVII is
: is placed on the throne in France, meaning the Revolution has gone full circle, and they are back where they originally started.
English Bill rights
: it was a document William and Mary had to agree to in order to become the King and Queen of England (Social Contract) and it made Parliament the number one power in England.
humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
How are schools modeled after the factory system?
A bell tells you its time to go, you cannot leave any room without the teachers permission or a bell, we work in shifts etc.
absolutism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator
peace of augsburg: info card
A settlement in the Holy Roman Empire to end the religious wars springing up. The conflict was over which Christian faith to follow - Catholic or Protestant (Lutheran). The Peace basically said that each HRE state would follow the religion of their prince. Charles knows that war is on the horizon if he doesn't intervene. However, this was a mere bandaid, and isn't really helping in the long term. In seventy years, it's going to cause the thirty years war
purgatory
A state of final purification or cleansing, which one may need to enter following death and before entering Heaven
What were two major reforms that Alexander II implemented?
Abolished serfs, vows to make a parliament (Duma) (but died before he could)
how is government involved in the scientific revolution? (ACADEMIES ETC.)
Academies of science start to develop, with military and economic advantages.
say's law
Act of producing products creates the ability to buy those products. aka "Supply creates demand"
what did the triennial act abolish?
Also-Abolished the Star Chamber (King's Court started by Henry VII [Tudor]), but became a symbol of tyranny.
Emergence of Witchcraft: This happens in _____ too, at approximately the same time
America (Salem)
why was the disease thing so one sided?
Animals also bring over the diseases, and the old world brought them over. they had already grown immune to the diseases, unlike natives
michelangelo
Another well known Renaissance painter/sculptor. Michelangelo was also an architect. In his lifetime, Michelangelo painted or sculpted some of the best known Renaissance art.
ancient science: crystalline spheres
Aristotle's belief that the stars and other planets were on perfect circles around the earth. This explains why things move around the earth (they did not know the earth moved).
la pieta
Artists of renaissance were revered (individualism), unlike the Dark Ages Glorification of the artist. No longer simple artisans, but artists!
role of coffee houses
As coffee is a stimulant, many historians believe there is a connection to the growing number of coffee houses across Europe and the Enlightenment.
Leader of the Inca
Atahualpa
French Phase
Balance of Power kicks in and France decides they must enter the war. They ally with the Protestants to defeat the Catholic Habsburgs. War is now more political and not as religious. This is now a European War!
What art was used during this time period?
Baroque
the CCotC forces bishops and priests to
Be elected, making them accountable to people
why did the enlightenment begin in france (governmental-wise)
Because French monarchs weren't as restrictive as others in eastern europe, french writers were tolerated. plus, french leaders wanted to be a cultural influence on the world.
Great Fear of 1789
Because the peasantry believed that the nobles were hoarding the grains
social contract theory
Belief that government is formed voluntarily. Individuals voluntarily giving political power to government (Popular Sovereignty - people choose).
science of mechanics
Belief that the physical universe operates like a machine - not random and chaotic.
Information card: The Pope's BS
Between 1378-1417, three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. They were driven by politics. This was ended by the Council of Constance (1414-1418) This dispute (corruption) greatly weakened the power of the Church and Pope as many saw the political dispute as a deviation from the Church's true purpose(religion). Many reformers began to come forward to challenge Catholic corruption. Most reformers of this time were arrested and executed by the church.
Info Card: Castiglione
Book of the Courtier: handbook that instructs how to become the perfect noble gentleman (think well-rounded). The Book of the Courtier also encouraged education for women. (An education designed to help women support men as they rose in power)
Huguenots are in the faction
Bourbons
Edmund Burke is from
Britain
luther
Broad view of salvation - faith = salvation Consubstantiation - mystical presence of Christ in bread and wine Churches slightly ornate
medieval architecture info
By the end of the Dark Age religious emphasis resulted in the construction of some of the most magnificent structures ever built. These religious structures are known as Cathedrals. This Medieval style is known as Gothic. Cathedral trademarks include flying buttresses and gargoyles.
institutes of the christian religon
Calvin's 1536 book. This book was also written in his native French and helped spark French into France's national language. Calvin's teachings in France will lead to the French Religious wars (Huguenots or Calvinists vs Catholics).
parititons of poland
Catherine led the division of Poland between the major Central/Eastern European leaders this is called the Partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, 1796) - wanted better access to the Black Sea and Western Europe. Poland, a longstanding constitutional monarchy, which had been a powerful Kingdom in the 17th century (under the leadership of King Sobieski) began to decline in the 18th century. This happened because of the power of the Polish Nobility in the Sejm (Polish Assembly). Russia, Prussia, and Austria - very strong absolutist nations, take over and divide up Poland. Done in three parts over several years. Poland would not return to the map until after WWI - 1919.
henry is going to be assassinated by a
Catholic
During the Medieval Era, the _________ dominated people's daily lives.
Catholic Church
1633 papal inquisition
Catholic Church tried Galileo in 1633 and found him "gravely suspect of heresy", sentencing him to indefinite imprisonment after he recanted (Galileo was a devout Catholic). Galileo was kept under house arrest until his death in 1642. Pope John Paul II apologized for this in 1992.
alliances TTYW
Catholic League vs. Protestant Union (symbolizes growing division).
Gallicanism
Catholic, but the pope has no political power in france
Battle of White Mountain was when
Catholics defeat the Protestants and gain control of Bohemia.
In the Bohemian Phase, ____ wins
Catholics.
results of the plague
Challenged the authority of the Church and Pope Anti-Semitism - many Jews were blamed for the plague and murdered. SYNTHESIS: Hitler and the Nazis Prices rose New opportunities for those who survived New outlook of life: why?
martin luther
Change Agent! - a monk from Wittenberg, Germany. "Experience in the tower" where he had his revelation that faith was the key to salvation (God's grace through faith). Justification through faith
what sparks the civil war
Charles I responds by sending the army to disband Parliament
when charles II dies, what happened?
Charles II had no legitimate children, so his brother James was next in line. James was VERY Catholic. This led to a split in parliament over supporting James succession.
who was joanna's kid?
Charles V/Charles 1
the edict of worms
Charles declared Luther an outlaw and his books were to be burned, but he was protected by local princes (frederick of saxony) throughout germany and they paid little attention to charles.
Cardinal Fleury
Chief Minister under the early years of Louis XV-died in 1743-Significance: last capable chief minister before the French Revolution.
Legal reforms of frederick
Codify laws, protect private property, improved training for judges, outlawed torture except in murder and cases of treason
what were some early steps to unification taken by Cavour?
Crimean War, meeting at Plombieres
the travel was important because
Cultural diffusion: Europe learns stuff of their culture and they pick up stuff from Europe's culture. At this time, the Middle East was not in the Dark Ages. Though they wanted to, bringing their technology and medication was taboo due to the fact that they were using the other sides things.
How did the Crimean War effect Russia?
Czar Nicholas I died, their relationship with Austria was tarnished, shows that Russia is significantly behind other
tycho brahe
Danish Astronomer who builds observatory
christian humanism: info card
Developed in northern europe (northern humanism) Education in classical Greek & Roman focused on religion: translated older christian texts; led to desire for simpler christianity, unlike catholicism wanted reform and change in church: Led to schools, use of vernacular languages these ideas push europe into the reformation Thomas More & Erasmus' writings are good examples
coup d'etat of fructidor 1797
Directors closest to Napoleon take over the government-most significant- Sieyes. Staged the coup because Royalists were poised to take majority in the directory.
may laws (1873)
Discipline and Training of clergy is done by the government and civil ceremony was required for marriage
renes descartes wrote _______ and ________, and manufactured _________ geometry
Discourses, and Six meditations, analytical
artisans/working class
Disgruntled because they wanted to get inflation (prices) under control (bread prices skyrocket), also high unemployment
cartesian dualism
Divides what people know into the physical & the Spiritual. Concluded what we know through our minds is more accurate than what we know through our senses. Spiritual is more certain than the physical (mind cannot be doubted, but the body/senses can)
berlin decree
Document issued by Napoleon creating the Cont. System (1806)
changes to banking that the bank of amsterdam added
Double entry bookkeeping
erasmus: info card
Dutch humanist - The Praise of Folly (1509) - Social criticism of the Catholic Church (even though he was Catholic). Should the church burn heretics? Where does such power come from? It's not in the Bible, in fact it's the opposite. The Bible says to let people go if they won't turn their lives around! Church leaders should be more lifestyle. the real apostles (poor and humble), not living rich, decadent lifestyle
declaration of the rights of man and the citizens
EQUIVALENT TO THE BILL OF RIGHTS! abolishes titles of nobility and all legal social classes (estates) creates equality under the law establishes a republic (voters elect representatives: much like the usa_ liberty, equality, security (later a big slogan of the french revolution will be liberty, equality, fraternity Establishes a Republic (Voters elect Representatives - like USA) Liberty, Equality, Security (later a big slogan of the French Revolution will be Liberty, Equality, Fraternity)
dontatello info card
Early Renaissance sculptor (1386-1466). Brought back classical sculpting styles. Contrapposto - symmetrical stance, weight shifted to one leg. Inspired Michelangelo.
laissez faire capitalism:
Economies are self-regulating and need little or no government involvement
what two places was napoleon exiled to?
Elba and St. Helena
other outcomes of utrecht
England gains Gibraltar: entrance to mediterranean spain loses spanish netherlands/austrian netherlands: later belgium political leader of prussia gains the title of king in prussia louis xiv dies in 1715: "a very nasty and swollen death"
William Harvey
English physician (1628). He was the first known to describe completely and in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart, argued against the Humoral Theory
anglo dutch naval wars of 1652-74
English ultimately defeat the Dutch-signals the rise of England in International Trade.
age of absolutism
Europe is entering an era of absolute rulers (monarchs with full or absolute control within their countries)
emile
Explains how Education can solve the evil created by society - based on the idea of Tabula Rasa (clean slate)- Education is the solution.
mercantilism: developing coutnries
Exploration (think New World and empire building) motivated by mercantilism. they gain natural resources from colonies and create sheltered markets
donatello's david
First free-standing nude sculpture since classical period (Greece & Rome). Bronze 1430
forced loans
Forcing loans on certain individuals/groups
protestant alliances
France Netherlands Sweden Protestant German States (mostly in the north)
swedish phase
France (Richelieu) pays Sweden to enter the war
treaty of pressburg
France and Austrian Empire - Marries the Daughter of the Austrian Emperor
french phase of 30 years war
France directly aided Protestants against the Habsburgs
treaty of frankfurt
France is forced to pay war damages and Germany gets Alsace-Lorraine back
Swedish phase of 30 years war
France paid Sweden (Lutheran) to fight the Habsburgs (Catholic).
war of devolution
France vs. Spain (Spanish Netherlands)-French victory/gains ½ of the Spanish Netherlands.
where does the revolutions o f1848 begin?
France, in february
who did piedmont ally with in the crimean war? how does this help them?
France; Now napoleon III owes Cavour a Favor
new sparta
Fred Wilhelm I wanted to model prussia after ancient sparta by making it a powerful military state. in other words, life revolved around the military.
prussia gets worried about france, and assembles their armies on the __________, causing _________
French border; napoleon III to abandon Cavour
siege of la rochelle
French navy and troops surrounded (siege) the port city which had grown to be a stronghold for the Huguenots. 14 months later the Huguenots surrendered, losing its mayor and religious privileges. Big victory for Louis XIII and the Catholics.
emigres
French nobility who fled country to escape the Revolution (they were scared of the peasantry)
Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
French noble = Bordeaux Parlement, He is part of the Noble Resurgence / Feudal revival (Refers to the nobility reestablishing its power after Louis XIV).
darwin's theories seem to leave out _____. However, Darwin would ______ and say that ________
God; would disagree; god made all of this (LIKE NEWTON)
according to locke, the social contract is
Government protects natural rights
second treatise of government includes
Governments form to protect the natural rights of man (Locke's social contract). Only valid government is the one based on the consent of the governed. people have rights to dissolve any government that denies them their rights (think american revolution!!) supports limited (constitutional) monarchy greatest evil is violation of natural rights
progressive income tax
Graduated tax rate goes up as income rises
war vs the league of augsburg included these countries
Great Britain, Dutch Netherlands, Sweden, Spain, Austrian Empire, and Protestant German States
in his blood and iron speech, what is bismarck saying?
Great moments of history are decided through warfare and conflict (power), thus stressing the need for military funds in Prussia. Historically, it can also be talking about industrialization with iron, as that is what france and britain did.
Galen
Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance (circa 130-200)
why did the reign of terror occur
Growing economic crisis (inflation), losing war effort, counter-revolution (aristocracy)
where did the thirty years war begin?
HRE
weakness caused by the thirty years war for prussia
Had lost ⅓ of its population Had limited mineral resources (especially coal/iron) poor farmland: "The sandbox of europe" divided geographically and politically
Thomas Malthus
He believes the population grows exponentially, while food supply grows arithmetically
david lloyd george
He is the head of the secretary of treasury, and later becomes the prime minister during WW1
thomas more: info card
Henry VIII's Chancellor (England), Classical Scholar, Catholic Martyr. Beheaded by Henry VIII Author of Utopia ("No Place") - 1516, inspired by Plato's Republic. Utopia is about the ideal state/society. How do we get rid of poverty? Social Reform!!! How does hanging someone for stealing food help solve the poverty issue? Lose class distinctions and work together. Is from England. Talks about what perfect society looks like. He wants social reform. He is way ahead of his time, as they finally force socialislm later in the eighteenhundred
Who is the first bourbon ruler of france?
Henry of Navarre
Bohemian Phase: 1618
Holy Roman Emperor puts his son (Ferdinand) on the throne in Bohemia. He did this to try to limit protestant influence in bohemia.
Edict of Restitution (1629)
Holy Roman Emperor states he will reclaim all Catholic lands lost since 1552.
hre
Holy Roman Empire
catholic alliances
Holy Roman Empire (HRE) SPain Catholic German States (mainly in the south)
civic humanism: info card
Humanism should be applied to everyday life deemphasize the role of the church in people's lives Admired political institutions of Ancient Greece & Rome Favored a secular government: not controlled by the church be a model citizen de medici's: being patrons in florence Castiglione's - The Courtier - promotes civic humanism SYNTHESIS - Nobles for centuries to come will follow Castiglione's ideas Machiavelli's the prince how to be a leader or prince
What is the significance of the comparative advantage?
IT is the basis of the global free trade, and now every nation specializes and trades with each other
No Bishop, No king
If my bishops can't dictate religion, I (the king) cannot dictate laws." He favored Anglicanism over Puritanism.
What factors made the Church and the popes so powerful during the time?
Illiteracy and lack of education Peasants believed their reward was the afterlife
Info Card: The fall of constantinople
In 1453, the Bosporus trading city of Constantinople finally fell to the Turks/Ottomans/Muslims. When this happened, many Greek scholars fled and brought with them many Latin and Greek texts. This led to Plato and other ancient philosophers having their works translated into Latin and brought to Italy/Western Europe. This fueled the humanist and secular movements
Info Card: Francisco Pizarro
In 1531, Pizarro led 200 men into south america to take on the Inca. SImilar to Cortes, Pizarro was invited to meet with Atahualppa the Inca emperor. Atahulpa was easily captured and imprisoned. In exchange for rooms filled of gold, he was promised his life. After getting their gold, he was promised his life. After getting their gold, the spaniards killed Atahualpa. HE was baptized as a Christian first, though.
The Magna Carta
In England, the nobles tire of King Geogre charging them. SO, they hold him at gunpoint and cause him to sign away his power to tax. the power goes to the parliament (nobles) Great Charter was signed by England's King John in 1215. This signaled the re-emergence of democracy in Western Europe, limiting the power of a king and guaranteeing certain rights to all. Still, it would be centuries before this concept would spread into other European countries.
things marat did
In his newspaper he argued for the radical revolution He openly called out the "enemies" of the revolution Incited violence against counter-revolutionaries Responsible for thousands of deaths via his rabblerousing
Why were the poor not interested in changing their stature?
In the dark ages, the Roman Catholic church believed that God wanted you to be a peasant. During the time, they were devout Catholics and believed that if they changed (and techincally went against God) they would go to Hell.
join stock company
Investors (shareholders) pool money together to form a business. if business fails, only lose initial investment. if successful, the investors share profits (Britain and other nations will have these)
Mary, Queen of Scot's son
James I
who starts the Stuart Dynasty
James I
Frederick has religious tolderation, but there were limitmations. For example,
Jews have some tolerance, but not all. (Prussia later becomes Germany, and at the time there was a little anti semetic. Hitler will later use Frederick to his advantage)
Maria Theresa
Joseph's mother, ruled from 1740-1780. Raised Joseph to be an enlightened ruler. She used her kids as pawns in political games, and was verbally abusive to her kid.
the reign of terror
June 1793-July 1794
Danish Phase Info Card
King Christian of Denmark organizes German Protestant leaders against CAtholic forces in the HRE. HRE responds with mercenaries (30K-100K strong) under Albert of Wallenstein. Fought as long as he and his troops were allowed to plunder. Catholics defeat Protestants Edict of Restitution (1629) - Holy Roman Emperor states he will reclaim all Catholic lands lost since 1552.
Swedish Phase
King Gustavus Adolphus - Swedish leader who sees himself as the defender of Protestantism. THis is when the thirty years war becomes an international war. people are now joining for different reasons. Military Innovation - adolphus was a military innovator. Used infantry and mobile cannons to control the battlefield Sack of Magdeburg - (1631) wallenstein (Catholic) sacks Madgeburg, unnecessarily violent - killed 20K inhabitants, burns the town. Wallenstein dismissed Battle of Breitenfield - (1632) - Protestant victory, Wallenstein returns! Battle of Lutzen - (1632) - Adolphus is killed. Protestants are defeated (lost leader)
Information Card: King Philip
King Philip was fighting a war against Britain. To get more money, he decides to tax the churches. After the pope telling him, no, he decides to make Unam Sanctam. In it, he says that the one and only Church there is one body and one head: Christ, and the Vicar of Christ, Peter and the successor of Peter (one of jesus' disciple, and technically the first pope) he is saying that people have to be their subjects to get into Heaven. He is attempting to justify this through Peter. He is saying this to the Kings and leaders in Europe. This way he'll stay in power.
Hugo Grotius
Law of War and Peace - written during 30 Years War, outlined concept of international law for first time. Focused on protecting civilians (Magdeburg, Spanish Fury in Netherlands).
The Great Stink
London's River Thames: it was so filthy, most people saw it as a river of death. The only reason people decided to change it was because parliament were right next to it, and it smelled so bad. They soon changed laws to regulate pollution.
Louis XVII is the brother of
Louis XVI
In France, post napoleon, who was placed on the throne?
Louis XVII; who's a bourbon.
economic policies of louis
Louis loved to spend money - Expansion of his government, building Versailles, and modernizing his military proved expensive.
jean baptistse colvert
Louis' chief finance minister. He was a mercantilist and is often viewed as the definitive and most famous of all mercantilists.
1685
Louis' military power peaks (actually helps defend the HRE vs. Turks at the Siege of Vienna in 1689).
pietism
Lutheranism where focus on frugality, humility, restraint, sense of duty and order. Concept did spread into other protestant faiths.
Battle of Trafalgar
MAJOR naval battle France vs. Great Britain - MAJOR British victory. Admiral Nelson key antagonist (dies in battle)
why did Joseph II's reforms fail? (ON TEST)
Mainly because Joseph was.... an impatient ruler who simply acted without seeking advice or input from those who would be most impacted by his reforms. Peasants (who joseph tried to help) did not understand his reforms and often questioned or doubted his motives.It also didn't help that Austria was made up of at least 10 different ethnicities (many languages/customs).
congress of vienna
Major international conference to deal with the problesm created by the Napoleonic wars. in other words, they had to decide what to do with Napoleon and France.
how did jjr view man in the state of nature
Man is unhappy because he does not belong to something larger than self. Humans (in the state of nature) feel extreme alienation: intense loneliness
The Industrial Revolution began in _____ in the late ____ century
Manchester, 18th
sacraments that luther follows
Martin Luther only successfully finds three sacraments: communion, baptism, and marriage.
revolutionary socialism
Marx and Engels' idea that the working class should rise up and create a "dictatorship of the proletariat (working class)". This is also remembered as Marxist Socialism or Leninist Socialism.
donatello's penitent mary
Mary Magdalene 1455 Portrays Mary in a realistic, non-ideal, way. Made of wood.
newton's major work
Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy or Principia Mathematica.
republic of virtue
Maxmilian's book that said to care more about the nation than about yourself
people in the bourgeoisie were
Merchants and Professionals- doctors/lawyers/journalists
gold florin
Money used in the netherlands and internationally. It was always weighted and pure. this made it a preferred form of money across europe
northern renaissance
More Christian (Christian Humanism), more emphasis on ancient christian texts Humanisms is less self absorbed and more about helping others social reform The Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th Centuries had a bigger impact on the Northern Renaissance. "Emphasized man's ability to control the environment. Development of universities across Europe (liberal arts). (we're all in this together mentality)
Gian Lorenzo Berini
Most well known of baroque sculptors and architects, who completed interior of st. peter' s basillica
triennial act (1640)
Mostly addressed the king trying to rule for an extended period of time without parliament: required the parliament be brought into session at least once every three years.
Napoleon's 100 Days
Napoleon's escape from Elba and return to control France (March - May 1815)
calvin
Narrow view of salvation - elect only Bread and wine purely symbolic Churches very plain No Separation of Church & State - theocracy, religious leaders are political leaders.
Baruch Spinoza
Natural law and Pantheism
pantheism
Naturalistic Religion - "God in nature". Forerunner of Deism, scientific observation merging with religion.
Agricultural modernization by frederick the great
New farming techniques crop rotation swamp reclamation introduced potatoes
st. bartholomew's day massacre
Night before the wedding of Catherine's daughter and to the leader of the Bourbon ( Protestants ). many Huguenot guests/leaders were murdered by Guise family agents and the French royal guards. Over the next month, 10-15,000 Huguenots were murdered across France.
what things can government not do, according to smith
No tariffs No forced labor No colonization No gov monopolies
social goals of frederick wilhelm I
Nobility & Serfdom/peasantry were still firmly in place. almost all noble males served as officers in the army noble lands could not be sold to non nobles. preserved noble power no culture: music, literature etc
what was the religious split
North: Lutheran South: Catholic
what do german states gain from the thirty years war?
North: sovereignty South: nothing (they're still under the rule of the habsburgs)
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Officially ends the thirty Years war: reinstates the peace of augsburg: local prince chooses religion. adds calvinism as a choice
alberti
On the Family: Handbook that instructs fathers how to set up perfect Christian family. (Alberti, like Petrarch, was also in large part responsible for a renewed interest in Classical literature)
leonardo da vinci
One of the best known Renaissance painters. Best known for the Mona Lisa (1503-1519). Portraiture was popular during the Renaissance.
Why does Marx need the industrial revolution?
One of the goals of communism is that we are all the same. However, without the industrial revolution, the goal is unachievable. For people to be the same, mass production is necessary etc.
what were the four northern states of Italy?
Parma, Modena, Tuscany, Romagna
razins rebellion of 1670
Peasant Rebellion, led by Stephen Razin who used fugitive serfs and others to terrorize and murder Russian nobles, priests, and others. Finally captured and killed, result was harsher stances on serfs by nobles, which is a recurring theme in Russia. This will last a while! Bitterness and divide is growing between classes!
according to hobbes, the social contract is
People hand over rights to the government for protection from themselves.
according to rosseau, the social contract is
People rule themselves (contract with each other) according to the "general will."
how did the literacy rate lead to the enlightenment?
People were reading enlightenment ideologies of other people.
religious reform
Peter met a lot of early opposition from the Russian Orthodox Church. Attempted to put the church under government control. Peter was somewhat religious, but lived a mostly secular life.
beard tax
Peter ordered the boyars (nobles) to dress like Europeans. Their traditional dress of bearskin capes and beards had to go. Men who did not shave their beards were publically shaved, Peter was known to participate. Those who paid a penalty or tax, got to keep their beards (had to carry a special coin).
Charles Fourier made
Phalanxes and Phalansteries
spanish throne because of the treaty of utrecht
Phillip of anjoy becomes the king of spain, but louis xiv agrees to not unify thrones. in other words, anjou cannot claim the french throne Ends spanish habsburg dynasty: begins spanish bourbon dynasty (still in place today)
how did charles divide his land
Phillip received spain, netherlands, and the new world Ferdinand received the hre
What were the four major regions of Italy?
Piedmont, The Four Northern States, Papal States, Kingdom of Naples
boulanger affair
Plot to have General lead a Coup d'état against the Republican led government
north german confederation of 1867
Political union of the Northern German States under leadership of Prussia- Eventually leads to the formation of the German Empire.
bishop bossuet
Preacher in Louis' court and tutor to his son. Bossuet was a major supporter of divine right, even bashing his support from scripture.
Das Kapital (1864)
Premise of the book is that there are inherent problems in capitalism, which will bring about its undoing
what all a government do in economy, according to smith
Printing money national defense law enforcement infrastructure(also important in mercantilism) Public education
emergence of commercial capitalism
Private ownership of property and businesses that produce goods to be bought and sold on the free market. Producing products outside of the guild for sale at a future date.
Bohemian Phase: Defenestration of Prague
Protestant Bohemians throw Ferdinand's advisors (catholics) out of a window. This triggers the war.
Edict of 1864
Public jury trials, rights to a lawyer, better trained judges, gave judges lifetime tenure
Battle of Waterloo
Quadruple Alliance (Duke of Wellington) vs. France, where a Rainstorm delays the battle and gives Prussian army time to get to Waterloo
vitruvian man
Represents the ideal human form (humanism?). Da Vinci's study of human anatomy.
redistribution act of 1885
Requires election districts to be equal in population
legitimacy
Restoration of legitimate rulers of Europe
major issues of congress of troppeau
Revolutions in Spain and Naples, threatening conservatism and balance
The Huguenots and Richelieu
Richelieu wanted to weaken the Huguenots, but the Edict of Nantes had granted them religious freedom and the military protection of armies and fortifications. After a series of Huguenot rebellions, Richelieu went after La Rochelle the Huguenot stronghold in France.
natural rights
Rights people are born (state of nature) with/can't be taken away by government because they are given to us by God (the Creator). -Life -Liberty -Property
milan
Ruled by the Sforza family. Militaristic control, little patronage.
jjr's ideologies on school
Rural Setting for schools: get away from evil of modern urban life (worship nature). One on one teaching - Emile = the student - Rousseau = the teacher Education should be hands on vs. book learning Student Centered - Trial and error- self-paced Emphasizes the Importance of education : Influences us today - Montessori method Goal of this education to create citizes vs selfish individuals and love of others vs love of self did this apply to women? Nope. they should be focused on cleaning, cooking, child bearing. he said that women do not belong in the public sphere. so , they don't really have a place outside of the household.
western dress/manner
Russian women traditionally wore veils over their faces (a Byzantine custom). He allowed women into his court (previous czars courts were all male), but they had to be unveiled - like European women.
what led to the enlightenment?
Scientific Revolution
Cromwell vs. ireland: penal code for ireland
Set of laws that discriminated against the native Irish population in favor of English migrants. Took away the Irish right to own land, to hold government offices, and to teach in universities. Cromwell also against Catholicism, which Ireland predominantly was. This begins English Persecution of the Irish... hatred and mistrust that persists in Ireland to this day.
emilie du chatelet
She helped stimulate interest in science in France by translating Newton's Principia Latin to French. This helped her boyfriend, Voltaire, too.
Why explore: God
Spread Christianity (Roman Catholicism - Jesuits), later protestant explorations/settlements. This is in direct competition with the Ottomans who are spreading Islam throughout the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and North Africa
what does richelieu do?
Strengthen the monarchy from internal threats, Strengthen france against external
vesalius
Structure of the Human Body- (1543) - Used sketches from Da Vinci to outline the circulatory system (argued against the Humoral Theory).
age of louis xiv
Supported Enlightened Despotism (absolute monarchy): belief that best form of government in one controlled by a well educated, well trained, well intentioned, all powerful monarch . Based on the idea of Tabula Rasa
King Gustavus Adolphus
Swedish leader who sees himself as the defender of Protestantism
parliament bill of 1911
Takes away the House of Lords' vote on Budget issues. Now, any law can go into effect if the House of Commons passes It 3 times.
Information Card: The Crusades
The Crusades or "holy wars" took place beginning in 1096 and lasted until the 15th century. In these conflicts, Christian warriors were called on by the pope (originally Urban II) to retake the Holy Land of Jerusalem from the Muslim Turks. The First Crusade would prove to be the only successful Christian success in Jerusalem. The pope is sending christians to jersulem to reclaim their holy land from the muslims. However the land also belongs to the Muslims, who own it.
external threats to france
The Habsburgs
Who did Britain and France side with during the Crimean War?
The Ottomons
machiavelli: info card
The Prince - more on this later! Based on his time as a Florentine diplomat and Cesare Borgia's tactics as a "prince" and commander of papal armies. better to be feared than loved learn from success and failures of the past leaders the end justify the means
flight to varrennes
The Royal family's escape to run away- but they were captured and placed under house arrest.
who else got loans from the medici's?
The catholic church also came to them for money. This meant that the Medici family got more power than the church
utilitarianism
The doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.
enlightened Greed
The driving force of a economic history is self interest
info card: printing press: info card
The humanist movement spread rapidly due to development of the printing press. Invented by Johann Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany in 1450. This often considered the most important invention in the modern era (possibly history). Why? Impacts of the Printing Press: Widespread availability of books (Bibles!!!!!) Renaissance ideas, like humanism, spread across europe books more affordable encouraged reading/literacy promotes commanality of vernacular over latin eventually leads to challenges of the catholic church's authority
Candide (1758)
The idea that God would allow so many to suffer and the fact that the Pope was arguing that the suffering was good-is what drove Voltaire away from the Catholic Church and towards his belief in Deism.
renaissance
The period known as the Renaissance or "rebirth" was a time of great change across Europe. Cultural, technological, political, and religious reforms were on the horizon. At the epicenter of this change was Italy.
The ____ was the most influential/powerful religious and political figure in Western Europe
The pope
Info card: the pope and spain and portugal
The pope sees that portugal and spain are about to have conflict over the new world and the new trade route. as they are both good catholic nations, and he feels as though they need to intervene. the two are the only ones with the tech to do it rn. the pope sees the possible conflict and chooses to settle it. he takes a map and draws a line of demarcation. he gives spain anything left of the line and gives portugal the right of the line.
result of questioning of catholic church
The result would be a deunification of Catholic Europe and the formation of new Christian denominations or protestant faiths.
how did the strong economy help the industrial revolution?
There was a strong merchant class to invest in new businesses, with lots of capital
how did the abundance of coal help the industrial revolution?
There was cheap coal and it was available for power
house of lords
These were the people who made it to parliament through past family being there
Municipal Act of 1825
They provide sanitation to carry sewageway, trash pickup, police force, and city governments evolve.
how is government involved in the scientific revolution? (WAR/CONFLICT)
They want to have cannon fire distance increase with angles. This uses math.
why is the levee important?
This kept nobles from becoming involved in governmental affairs and/or plotting against Louis. In other words, he kept them distracted by making them fight for his attention.
Writer of Theory of Population
Thomas Malthus
what would happen to those who didn't follow the fashion laws?
Those in non-compliance had their clothes burned.
recant
To formally withdraw
Louisiana purchase
US paid $50 million Francs ($11,250,000) for the Louisiana Territory, a territory they just got from spain. this doubled American size
pugachev's rebellion
Unsuccessful Peasant Revolt (wanted to end taxes, military draft, peasant's right to own land) - Pugachev captured and killed - rebellion ends Catherine Reforms (REACTIONARY)
During Post Industrial Europe, the society is _____ based, and the social issue is ____ vs _____
Urban Factory; bourgeoisie and proletariat
Maupeou Parlements
Used to bypass the local and provincial parlements (that had been reestablishing their power after the death of Louis XIV) and tried to impose taxation on nobles (who were exempt)
During the 1400's the ________ Dynasty was threatened both externally (England) and internally (Duke of Burgundy).
Valios
who was the king of piedmont-sardinia?
Victor Emmanuel II
what were things that the art of the renaissance did differently from medieval times
Vivid, Bright colors Perspective: depth and realism Balance Classical Themes Greek, Roman, & Biblical figures predominate
Feudalism
Western Europe's social and political structure revolved around Feudalism, a political system of landholding kings and nobles. Everyone knew their place and role to fulfill. NO social mobility!
invisible hand
When a person does what is best for themselves they automatically do what is best for society as a whole.
how does kaiser's assertiveness and loss of bismarck alter alliances through europe
While bismarck had maintained peace with russia and austria, kaiser wilhelm ruined it
why was louis the sun king?
Why? We're in the midst of the scientific rev. we have just learned that everything revolves around the sun. He acted as though europe and the world revolved around him.
Info card: Art of the renaissance
With the Renaissance came a great revival of classical art. Artists sought to make their paintings more real and lifelike. Naturalism : working to achieve lifelike accuracy perspective drawing was re-introduced. Wealthy class' interest in art fueled a quick gain in style and technique (like computers today)
cervantes
Wrote Don Quixote (1605)-first publicly popular book other than the Bible. Most literate people owned a Bible and this book.
who is the greek leader?
Ypsilanti
Catherine the great of russia
a German who had married Peter the Great's grandson. Less of a reformer, more of a supported/patron of philosophes.
napoleonic code
a comprehensive written code of law by napoleon
because of the glorious revolution, we get
a constitutional monarchy
what did the germans want governmentally in 1848?
a constitutional monarchy and a two house legislature, like america. frederick william iv of prussia (kaiser of prussia) is offered the crown, but he won't accept it
the directory makes napoleon
a general head of the french invasion of italy
dutch east india company
a joint stock company that pushed Portugal out of the Asian spice trade. Helped make the Netherlands rich and powerful, for a time.
before he was a monk, luther was studying to be
a lawyer
what was candide written after
a major natural disaster in portugal. many died.
Liberalism
a middle class ideology
zionism
a movement to create a jewish state in israel: this almost happened after WWI, will happen after WWII.
plebiscite
a nationwide vote: usually yes or no
garibaldi
a professional revolutionary (also sometimes called a superpatriot)
what does the peoples budge make?
a progressive income tax, estate tax etc.
The Great Awakening
a religious revival that challenged established authority and incited resentment and division between traditional Protestants
john knox
a scottish from geneva who learned from calvin. he started the presbyterian church
themes
a. Naturalism: everyday life/natural world b. commerce c.exploration/science/advancement
eminent property rights
ability to charge peasants rents for land, fees for inheriting land, and the right to hunt on land.
what all do the communists want to do?
abolish private property, graduate income tax, abolish all rights of inheritance, adn free public education
chapelier law
abolished guilds/made it illegal for workers to organize to gain hgiher wages etc.
specific reforms by josesph ii
abolished serfdom religious tolerance confides law abolishes death penalty and limits use of torture made german the official language of the empire
origin of species
about evolution of plants and animals
peter is an ______ ruler
absolute
skepticism
absolute certainty is not possible. in other words, the truth of things is never known. this influences the scientific method. this influences the scientific method.
what types of government were the english people considering?
absolute monarchy and constitutional monarch
under hobbes' contract, the ruler is granted
absolute power in order to maintain order
why explore: gold
acquire riches (as much as possible) through bullion and other material means (spices, slaves, other resources)
government reform done by frederick wilhelm I
adopted cabinet model (like Louis XIV) and all government departments were geared toward the military.
encomienda gives way to the
african slave trade
why did louis think he was so special
after a lot of trying, his parents had him 20 years later. he is told all the time that he is a god given ruler to france.
england's war with spain
after elizabeth executed mary, queen of scots, the pope and phillip II decided to take on england
apres moi le deluge
after me, the flood (LOUIS XV)
"Swearing priests"
agreed to the civil constitution
What caused the industrial revolution?
agricultural revolution
During Early Modern Europe, the society is _____ based, and the social issue is ____ vs _____
agricultural; aristocracy v peasants
sir francis bacon helped spark the _________ revolution with his strong belief of the benefits of science
agriculture
great london dock strike
all dock workers went on strike for four weeks
the formation of labor unions helps
allieviate the problems faced by industrial workers.
what action was taken to stop austria's revolution
allowed to invade naples to restore the monarch
levee en masse
allows government to take anything or anybody for the good of the nation, fighting the war, and to deal with the economic crisis (Inspired by rousseau)
what does france gain after the thirty years war
alsace-lorraine, border area with germany
spanish armada is where phillip
amplified spain's naval fleet
James I wanted to rule as
an absolute monarch (No parliament)
concordat of 1801
an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and the Pope. The Pope recognized napoleon's government as legitimate in return napoleon recognized catholicism as the "majority religion in france"
principalities
an area controlled by a hereditary signori
Syllogism
an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions, each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion.
constitution
an instruction manual for a government: if you write down what the government can do, you also know what the government cannot do.
conscription
an ongoing military draft
newton was a devout
anglican
james I is
anglicanist
queen elizabeth I is the daughter of
anne boleyn and henry vii
a lot of philosophes are
anti slavery
the supporters of social darwinism are
anti welfare state- they say that the poor must find their way or die off
social darwinism tries to
apply concepts of evolution to society
spain was divided between ______________ in 1469
aragon and castile
true law of free monarchs
argues for divine right of kings, by james I
who supported the corn laws? who was against them?
aristocracy and landed gentry; bourgeoisie and working class
who favored conservatism?
aristocracy/gentry
what was ancient science based on? what time period was it?
aristotle 300 bc - 1500 ad
milan is wealthy from
armament manufacture and textiles
i accidentally put this in and can't find delete just type asdf
asdf
what was science made of in this time?
astrology, astronomy, alchemy and magic
what does e=mc^2 leads to
atomic energy and weapons
john dalton discovered
atomic weights
what did spain do against protestant europe
attempted to steer netherlands and england back towards catholics.
where is hitler from
austria
where is theodore herzl from
austria
After the congress of vienna, who was the most powerful german states?
austria (think of metternich and conservatism)
why did prussia want to leave out austria?
austria had grown weaker since 1815, austria was too multi ethnic, and austria was catholic, while the other germanic states were protestant
what does the treaty of prague entail
austria stays out of german affairs, venetia is given to italy, and prussia gets nassau, hesse, adn hanover
the seven weeks war is also known as
austro-prussian war
who made the scientific method?
bacon
edmund burke thought the revoluton was
bad
frederick wilhelm I had a ___ relationship with his son
bad (Frederick II was more interested in French culture (illegal), reading, and music. He was often beaten by his father and humiliated in public. He attempted to run away to England with his tutor, but was captured. Frederick Wilhelm had the tutor executed in front of his son. It was said by Voltaire that the king wanted his son executed, but the HRE intervened, so Frederick was imprisoned. The relationship improved in time, but remained hostile. )
who was in the working class
bakers, blacksmiths, cobblers, small business owners
after 1685, what begins forming against france?
balance of power
italy often tried to preserve a
balance of power
escorial is in the______ art style
baroque
dominant art form of the sixteenth century
baroque art
how did jjr view man in the social contract
based on the idea that man is desperate to join something larger than themselves.
copernicus developed the
basic telescope
pope julius II
became known as the "Warrior Pope". Popes of this time were also great patrons, i.e. The Vatican/St. Peter's Basilica.
assignat
became the major paper currency during the french rev after the inflation
why does bismarck dislike the doctrine of papal infallibility?
because bismarck thought the unity of germany was threatened, and was scared how the south would react (they're catholic)
why did england tolerate marx?
because england is a tolerant country, which is important because the industrial revolution has been happening there
why did germany need the support of the workers
because germany was looking to industrialize rapidly, so they needed support from the working class- so they bought their support
why did people say earth was in the center
because god made us in his image, so we were special
why does marx hate capitalism?
because it began the industrial revolution
why is france so eager to defeat and declare war on germany during ww1?
because of how they became a country- where it all happened and the war
how did cavour defeat austria? why austria?
because they are holding a lot of their territories; helped france against them in the crimean war
why did napoleon marry into the hapsburgs?
because they are one of the oldest ruling famlies in the european area. and he's just a guy. but this marriage becomes very important to him as he now is legally 100% a king
why do the peasantry storm bastille?
because they believed the french national army was there to kill them
what was prussia's main goal after the tyw?
becoming a military state
frederick wilhelm (1640-1688)
began unifying prussia: gained support of the junkers/nobles; brought the huguenots into prussia
rhetoric
being able to speak in public
empiricism
belief that all knowledge is learned or observed (senses).
deism
belief that god created the universe based on natural law, but doesn't control/ impact the daily lives of humans.
Marx's Belief
believed that revolution is inevitable and necessary to improve the conditions of the working class, ending capitalism.
who was the conservative prime minister in british politics?
benjamin disraeli
evolution changes the way we read the
bible
two models of german unification that emerged were
big germany and small germany
what is the difference between grossdeutschland and kleindeutschland?
big germany included austria and small germany didn't include austria. small germany wins.
Bismarck vs. Prussian Parliament issue
bismarck collects taxes to increase the size of the army like he wanted
why does bismarck want to strengthen the army?
bismarck sees france as a threat as France and German may share a border and he wants safety.
the thirty years war consists of four phases:
bohemian (HRE), Danish, Swedish, and French
vindication of the rights of women
book on women's rights by mary wollstonecraft
how are mary and phillip related?
both descendants of ferdinand and isabella
info: to compare peter and louis
both were threatened by people when younger, which dictates some of their laws
the thirty years war eventually turned into a political war, between the
bourbons and the habsburgs
Marx's partner Frederick Engels comes from the
bourgeoisie
who dominates life during this time?
bourgeoisie
who was the middle class for liberalism
bourgeoisie
what are the parts of the third estate?
bourgeoisie, artisans/working class, peasants
Jeremy Bentham is from
britain
who disagrees with the collective action? who agrees?
britain and france; autrian empire, russia and prussia
in 1848, the two countries that were not involved in any revolutions were
britain and russia
luddites
british artisans who sabotaged factories and factory equipment
what was the first successful labor movement?
british labor union movement
orders in council
british response: "all nations adhering to the cont. system are at war with great britain (1807)
Robert Owen wanted to
build a model industrial community (which will ultimately fail)
palace of versailles
built by louis, showing his power and wealth. others copy this idea.
holy roman empire
bunch of little states ruled by charles the fifth. there were princes in the north who protected luther and didn't turn him in. they did this because they want power. they see that luther is weakening the power of the church. if luther dies, they go back to doing nothing. if he doesn't the pope gets weaker, and the kings get more powerful.
consumerism
buying non essential items
consumerism
buying nonessential goods for leisure purpose
newton invented ______- which helped him prove gravitational theory
calculus
revolutionary calendar
calendar starts dating frm aug 10 1792 (start of rev)
michel d'montaigne (skepticism)
called 1800 years of accepted knowledge in called into question
because the king feels threatened by the tennis court oath, he
calls in the french national army
puritans
calvinists who saw themselves as the elect of god
most popular/important writing of the enlightenment
candide (1758)
In feudalism, your social stuts
cannot change
richelieu used ______ to destroy noble castle walls
canons
das kapital said that
capitalism will bring about its own destruction.
characteristics of commercial capitalism
capitalist families, entrepreneurs emerge
new ship design
caravel
who acted as louis' regents until he was old enough to rule
cardinal mazarin
enlightened despotism
caring, educated, well intentioned monarch
who are isabella and ferdinand's kids?
catherine and joanna
mary I parents
catherine of aragon and henry vii
enlightened rulers
catherine of russia, joesph II of austria, and frederick of prussia
who lead russia at the time?
catherine the great
mary is raised
catholic
most who believe in divine right are
catholic
the first estate
catholic church clergy
baroque art style is found in many
catholic churches
in 1480's, spain turned into a _____ nation and got papal permission to control spanish bishop etc.
catholic nation
henry the 8 strongly supports ___, despite making his own version called ___
catholic, anglican
after the thirty years wars, europe is no longer unified under
catholicism
what religion was dominant at this time?
catholicism
spain's decline: inflation
caused by vast amounts of gold and silver from new world. mines were also drying up.
who was the foreign minister of piedmont-sardinia?
cavour- a highly skilled diplomat
what did austria use to fight nationalism?
censorship: they censored books and universities
Spain: With goverment reform wanted to
centralize control
background of the war of spanish succession
charles II of spain is dying. there is no heir to the throne. He is horribly inbred, he has many disabilities. nobody seemed to take him super seriously. He could not have children either. So, he's not able to have a heir. Knowing he's going to die, he named Phllip of Anjou the king. This man was a bourbon, and is related to Louis XIV.
phillip of anjou
charles named as his succesor: his sixteen year old grand nephew, phillip, duke of anjoy, grandson of charles half sister maria theresa of spain the first wife of louis iv. in other words, a bourbon.
charles the fifth is the same as
charles the first
who did the peace of augsburg
charles the v
who is the last great hre?
charles v
who did louis phillipe replace?
charles x
stadtholders
chief executives of each Dutch province, much like US governers. in times of crisis, one stadtholder would be elected to govern the entire Netherlands.
why did child labor suck so much during this time?
children were paid approximately 10% if an adult's pay
compass was originally invented by the
chinese
Most of the early scientists were devout
christians (they were trying to reconcile new knowledge with religion)
theocracy
church law is also governmental law
scholasticism
church theories dictate scientific study: try to merge science and religion. it uses logic with religious teaching.
petrarch saved and preserved many ancient texts, particularly those of
cicero
secular subjects included
civic duty, love, and pride
single biggest mistake of the leaders of the french revolution
civil constitution of the clergy
Marx believes that history was all about
class struggle
tabula rasa
clean slate: the mind is blank at birth -john locke
ways napoleon is good
cocordat, napoleonic code, military wins, abolished guilds and serfdom in conquered territories, "careers opened to the talented", plebicities, promoted education, left revolutionary reforms in place, sold louisiana territory to the usa, did not allow tax exemptions by birth, created the bank of france, ends traditional practices and noble privileges in conquered territories
catherine began the process of
codifying laws (religious toleration, improved education for nobles
mercantilism
colonization protective tariffs forced labor Government monopolies
columbian exchange vs triangular trade route
columbian exchange is the goods we trade, while the triangular terade is the trade route
structor of new government included
committee of public safety, committee of general security, revolutionary tribunals
how did nationalism take hold in greece?
common language, history, and orthodox christianity
during the reformation time, the catholic church wanted to use to arts to
communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement
what are some effects of urbanization?
concentration of poverty in urban areas (Ghettos and slums), overcrowding, pollution, disease and sanitation issues, public drunkness and prostitution increases, increase in crime
thompson and lorentz discovered teh
concept of electrons
what was the hre replaced by with napoleon
confederation of rhine
levee en masse let the government
confiscate rural area food, ration food, nationalize, control wage, draft, etc.
what did the congress of vienna lead to?
congress system
the congress sytem still follows
conservatism
the essence of the 1848 revolution is ___ vs everyone else
conservatism
realpolitik differs from the idealized views of ________ and __________
conservatism and romanticism
decembrist revolut was ____ in _____
conservatism; russia
Edmund burke was a
conservative
bismarck is politically identified as a
conservative
What political party was the congress of vienna following?
conservative because they wanted to prevent revolution/change
what were the two major political parties in britain during the late 1800s
conservative party and liberals
in april 1848, _____ win the elections
conservatives and moderates
renaissance period: da vinci:
considered the first scientist-especially interested in human anatomy and invention.
second treatise of governments supports
constitutional monarchy
ways napoleon was bad
continental system, nepotism, invaded countries without provocation and was responsible for many deaths, napoleonic code was authoritarian, established secret police, pillaged cultural artifacts and art in conquered areas, married a habsburg, restored catholic church to a priveleged position, self glorification
three major mistakes of louis
continental system, peninsular war with spain, invasion of russia
asiento
control of the african slave trade. spain allows other countries to sell african slaves to their colonies. england is a big part of this.
Eugenics
controlled breeding of humans- idea that certain people are fit to rule the world or over others or phase them out
why do the aristocrats like the corn laws?
controlling prices and keeping htem high
the church used the emotion of the art to
convey messages and meaning (looking toward heaven) during the crisis of the reofrmation
who came up with heliocentrism?
copernicus
where was napoleon born?
corsica in 1769 (french colony)
lorenzo de medici
cosimo's grandson, remembered as lorenzo the magnificent. known for being a patron, ;using the family wealth to beautify florence. sponsored many artists including michelangelo
passive citizens
could not vote
active citizens
could vote
how did phillip try to regain control and make netherlands catholic?
council of blood
what are the major types of unions?
craft and industrial unions
the catholic church asked copernicus to
create a more accurate calendar
what were the three parts of Cavour's plan for italian unification?
create a strong, stable state (piedmont), find allies and unify the northern area of italy, and finish the unification
what is the goal of evolutionary socialism?
create the welfare state and improve the working conditions for workers
ventose laws of 1794
created a system for distributing land confiscated from nobles to the peasants.
what is the significance of the reform bills of 67 and 84
created universal manhood suffrage in britain
bismarck tries to gain the support of the working class by
creating the welfare state
cottage industry
creation of things in the home
political law
criminal law
immanuel kant wrote
critique of pure reason and critique of practical reason, and the essay "what is enlightenment"
Vasco nunes de balboa
crossed the isthmus of panama in 1513, becoming the first european to see or discover the pacific ocean
Peterloo Massacre
crowds gathered in Manchester to protest the Corn Laws and demand parliamentary reforms.
voltaire believed that religion
crushed the human spirit to be free
kulturkampf
culture war of struggle
why is the battle of the nile/abukir relevant?
cuts french arm off former supply; creates an important bitterness between napoleon and britain
bohemia is modern
czech republic
three phases of the german unification
danish war, seven weeks war, franco prussian war
who was huxley for in the public debate?
darwin
peoples budget was made by
david lloyd george
the domestic economic crisis occurred because assignat
declined in value
what happens to spain due to the thirty years war?
declines
because voltaire hated the catholic church and organized religion, he favored
deism
what was the compromise between robespierre and the people mad about the dechristianization?
deism usage
commonwealth
democratic republic
the great awakening had a
democratizing effect in stressing individual worth and spiritual consciousness independently of religious authorities
what was the issue of the danish war?
denmark controls two german states
what book did charles darwin release in 1871?
descent of man
mercator projection
designed for sailing by providing lines of constant source. important for long distance exploration.
signori
despot- ruler with total authority
what is the significance of freud's work
determined that human behavior isn't always rational
fostering mercantilism includes
developing colonies, fully utilize workforce, infrastructure improvement, government monopolies, protective tariffs, lower internal tariffs,
louis was a (religion) ______
devout catholic
galileo wrote
dialogue of two chief systems of the world (1632), which compares ptoelmaic to copernicus' theory
table of ranks
did not inherit titles/positions like nobles, which fosters loyalty to peter among new bureaucrats
"refractory clergy"
did not take the oath- became a kind of underground catholic church: tended to turn peasants in some areas against the revolution
saint simon wanted to use social engineers to
direct production more towards the needs of society, thus eliminating profit motive.
the national assembly abolishes the committees of public safety and general security. this creates the
directory
what did freemasons encourage?
discussion of self improvement and improvement of others in the enlightenment
during the protestant reformation, many scientific ideas were _____ by the catholic church
disproved
according to the second treatise on government, people have right to
dissolve any government that denies them their rightss
spirit of the laws (1748)
divides laws (Montesquieu)
absolutism is tied to
divine right
separation of power
division of government power into different branches of government: keeps one person or part from becoming too powerful.
annulment
divorce
cottage industries are also known as
domestic system or putting out system
House of Commons
dominated by Puritans who wanted to eliminate remnants of the catholic church from england (essentially anglicanism)
international shipping
dominated by the Dutch for some time, eventually replaced by the British.
results of the war of austrian succession
doubled population: significant gain more soldiers, workers, consumers Silesia has much better farmland good mineral resources: especially coal and iron prussia emerged as a major european power
what is systematic doubt
doubting any knowledge that can be doubted.. The only thing we know for sure is that we are thinking (even if what we are thinking is wrong). Led him to new theories.
what are some tools for unlocking the subconscious
dream interpretation, word association, ink blot tests, hypnosis
why does the universal labor union fail?
due to lack of common interest across trades
Oliver Cromwell
during most of the 1650s-rules as a military dictator = "Lord Protector";
what happens to the hre due to the thirty years war?
dying
alchemy
early chemistry
giotto
early renaissance one of the best known medieval artists his many religious paintings best reflect the medieval art style
new world exploration caused an
economic boom
manorialism
economic system of the middle ages based on mutual obligations between lords and serfs (peasants). peasants who lived on a noble's land were required to give them labor and certain fees (which were often "inkind" payments or taxes)
zollverein
economic union of german states which placed high tariffs on imports from non member nations, but none of items traded within the zollverein
free market
economy without regulation, where natural law guides the economy
Diderot
editor of the encyclopedia
the scientific revolution ended witchcraft because
education made it easier to dismiss superstition, and new science explained a lot of the strange phenomena
secular humanism: info card
education should focus on non religious or secular subjects. basically, the classical education. These would be the humanities - history, politics, grammar, rhetoric, ethics, etc. Examples: Bruni - revived classical texts ignored by medieval scholars (non-Christian texts) Alberti - also revived classical literature
henry vii's son
edward vi
rotten boroughs
election districts that had become unpopulation
what are three major differences between teh two industrial revolutions?
electricity's presence, the second one has leisure activity, and while the first one's main industry was textile, the second one's was steel, dynamite was made
who would run society in a communist society?
elite communists
example of politique
elizabeth 1
how do mary and elizabeth I challenge the traditional roles of women during this era?
elizabeth leads them to a cultural high point. all good things started with elizabeth. she defeated the spanish armada.
the commercial revolution
emergence of new trade across europe due to new world explorations and trade goods. think commerce.
who proves that dreyfus was framed? what did he publish to prove his point?
emile zola; j'accuse (one of the first major examples of investigative journalism)
baroque art
emotional ornate dynamic activity dramatic asymmetric
the donation of constantine
emperor constantine, (first christian emperor of rome) gave political power to the pope, saying that anytime any king or queen would question them, they would pull out this thing. However, the document was fake as the latin was from thousands of years ago, in which constantine would not write
labor unions
enabled workers to "collectively bargain" with their employers, that is negotiate as a whole rather than as individuals for higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions,etc.
versailles
encompassed 17 acres, housed over 15,000 people in Louis' court. Would cost approx. $3 billion in today's money. No bathrooms!!
how did primogeniture help the ir?
encouraged other male children to seek wealth/opportunities on their own
goals of the peasants
end feudal obligations (rents, banalities, and eminent property rights0
the war of roses happened in
england
where did the agricultural revolution begin?
england
thomas hobbes lived in
england (before the english civil war)
gentry
england's rural middle class
why does the dutch golden age end?
england: they steal their trade routes and they have a war
mary wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
english, women's rights, viewed as founder of western feminism
herertists
enrages militants
Erasmus vs. Luther
erasmus thinks the church is able to be fixed, and can reform. he used satire to criticize the church luther says its too far gone, and thinks they should let the catholic church die. luther openly calls the church out.
louis changes _____ because of his rule. historically, we call the time period _____
europe, age of louis the fourteenth
many philosophers spent time with
european kings
gift tax
every five years, the first estate pays this tax
what does phillip ensure?
everybody under his rule is catholic
according to Abbe Sieyes, what is the third estate?
everything
hobbes believes that humans are naturally
evil and selfish
what is another name for revisionist socialism?
evolutionary socialism
emergence of commercial capitalism was stimulated by
expanding markets and increased demand
what did de gouges want to do with her book?
expose the failures of the french revolution in the recognition of sex equality, but failed to create any lasting impact on the direction of the revolution.
reactionary
extreme form of conservatism where old regime is restored. Fighting to rebuild the past as it was.
what is the group and the individual of revolutionary socialism?
fabian society and edward bernstein
what things does the legislative reform include?
factory acts, disability insurance, old age pension, unemployment insurance, minimum wage
what are the policies of early welfare state
factory acts, disability insurance, unemployment insurance, setting a minimum wage, old age pension, public education
bourgeoisie
factory owners
what did the factory acts ask for?
factory safety, better working conditions, shorter hours
peace of augsburd (TTYW)
failed to truly end the conflict. remember this gave religious preference to the local prince in the HRE. when the prince changed, the religion might change. the PofA was a band aid on a gaping wound: temporary healing.
phillip attempts to use this military power to retake Netherlands and conquer England and
fails
english poor laws
families of unemployed men were forced into segregated work houses, really bad conditions. More or less like prison. these laws existed until the early 20th century.
ulrich zwingli
father of the swiss reformation
nepotism
favoritism to relatives
banalties
fees they charged peasants for services such as ovens and grain mills
olympe de gouges
feminist, playwright, and supporter of the girondins beheaded during the reign of terror
who is the leader of the spd
ferdinand lasalle
in the new world, ___ animals had been domesticated
few
significance of the battle of waterloo
final defeat of napoleon
privileged estates
first and second
who did catherine marry?
first henry the eighths brother, then henry the eighth
frederick referred to himself as the
first servant of the state
Frederick the great II
first servant of the state violated the pragmatic sanction invaded silesia
significance of the peninsula war
first sign of weakness of napoleon gave the rest of europe hope that napoleon can be defeated
Louis became king at the age of
five
the directory
five member executive where most power is. however, theyre hella weak
why do the people of france choose to kill louis?
flight of varrennes
papal states included
florence, venice, naples, milan rome
infrastructure improvement
focus on improving roads, canals, bridges, etc. this encourages trade and helps commerce thrive.
Manchesters school of economics
followers of Adam Smith
Domestic economic crisis included
food hosrtages, rise in violence, and unemployment
sheltered markets
force colonies to buy from the mother country. think Britain forcing american colonists to purchase british goods like tea from colonial India.
spain's religious policy
forced Catholicism, wanted everyone in Spain and other landholdings to be Catholic.
how did peter implement his economic modernization
forced manufacturing, took from people, and taxation of everything
spain's decline: government debt
forced to borrow money to maintain colonies and armada (they're doing too much)
baroque art is characterized by
forceful and dynamic displays of passion or other theatrical displays of emotion
when napoleon III is gone, the french chose to
form a new government
best example of keeping money in the country?
france
best example of mercantilism
france
bourbons
france
where did the enlightenment begin?
france
who allied with piedmont sardinia?
france
the franco-prussian war creates a lasting bitterness between
france and germany
after bismarck, who becomes allies?
france and russia
treaty of tilsit was between
france and russia
treaty of campo formio
france gains control of territory northern italy
from 1805 - 1810, what was going on in france?
france was at war with the rest of europe, defeats prussia early early, makes peace with russisa, adn defeats austria
the hundred year wars
france would emerge victorious thanks to the joan of arc at the battle of orleans. secured charles VII as France's monarch.
who negotiates over the new king after the bourbon is kicked out?
france, spain and prussia
winners of the thirty years war
france, sweden, brandenburg-prussia, northern netherlands, all german states
which war was the battle of sedan a part of
franco prussian war
what is voltaire's real name
francois maria arouet
who ruled austria and hungary?
franz josef
best example of a successful enlightened ruler
frederick the great of prussia
who are two of voltaire's famous friends
fredrick the great and catherine the great, who are both enlightened monarchs.
secret organizations included
freemasons, and the illuminati
what was the lingua franca from the mid seventeenth century to the mid eighteenth century
french
montaigne
french skepticism becomes an important tool in the Scientific Revolution as it breaks down 1800 years of accepted knowledge.
how did the enlightenment start in france (social reform wise)
french enlightenment writers didn't just talk about social issues, they actually did something about them.
henry's policy includes
french exploration in the new world, infrastructure, royal corvee, etc.
nobles of the robe
french nobles who held important administrative/judicial positions
why did the enlightenment begin in france (language-wise)
french was the lingua franca of the time, so most educated men and women spoke french.
capitalist families
fuggers (germany) and medicis (italy): merchant bankers and venture capitalists.
the more eastward we go in europe, the ______ they are
further behind
joesph
future hre emperor, named after saint joesph, whom she prayed to for a male heir
what happens to the netherlands because of the thirty years war?
gain independence and becomes a major banking center
what does sweden gain after the thirty years war
gains some northern german areas (pomerania)
what are some disease and sanitation issues?
garbage water human waste spillage
red shirts
garibaldis army who started taking over territory
edict of nantes
gave huguenots freedom to worship. also allowed them to develop armies and fortify (build walls) their cities
encomienda
gave spanish settlers the right to force natives to work their lands. they were requried to look after the natives well being too, yet most natives were treated harshly
reform bill of 1867 (conservatives)
gave the right to vote to well off workers and farm workers
what influenced maximilian's book the republic of virtue
general will by rousseau
whats another way to say ptolemaic theory?
geocentric theory
who is the leader of the radical republicans
george clemenceau
einstein's origins are
german and jewish (but moves to america)
what is the end result of the kulturkampf?
german catholics form the center party and they become rather popular, threatening bismarck's hold on power
immanuel kant is from
germany
luther was from
germany
where is edward bernstein from?
germany
who was the first welfare state?
germany
the hre eventually becomes
germany and the austrian empire
why is eastern europe moving slower than western europe
germany is completely destroyed, so they have to catch up etc. therefore, nothing is getting past them, and it's a barrier. not only this, but eastern europe does't really get to go to america.
how does the franco prussian war set the stage for WW1's outcome?
germany loses, they sign the treaty at versailles, france gets back alsace-lorraine, and france forces germany to pay reparation
the hohenzolern dynasty ruled another area: which is it?
germany: from the mid 1800s to world war 1 in 1918
england controls gibraltar, which means that they
get a trade source
what are some tactics of revisionary socialism
get workers the right to vote, and form political parties
charlotte corday
girondin who murdered jean paul marat on july 13,j 1793
the social contract according to hobbes has subjects ________________________ to a ____________ for ________________
giving power to a ruler for protection
who was bishop wilberforce for in the public debate?
god
divine right
god chose this to happen
divine right of kings
god gives king power
why did people explore?
god, glory, gold
medieval style
gothic
peter made a series of _____ like cabinets
government departmentes
emergence of mercantilism
government economic policy that spawned alongside capitalism. Build the wealth of the nation (accumulation of money - gold & silver).associated moe with absolutist kings (france is the best example)
how is government involved in the scientific revolution? (EXPLORATION)
government involvement in exploration and colonization, and lots of new science related to it.
government monopolies
government provides necessary products that a country may not naturally produce (goods acquired from colonies or trade. salt, gunpowder, mining, etc.
nationalization
government taking control of private businesses
escorial
grand palance which has part palace and part monastery.
what is a violation of natural rights?
greatest evil
classical culture
greece and rome influence
big germany is also known as
grossdeutschland
consistory
group of elderse/ pastoer s who investigate and punish those with improper conduct. leaders (calvin) made law, locals (consistory)( upheld the law.
levellers
group that supported increased democracy in the english political system. (increasing the right ot vote to all men (universal male suffrage), expanding those who could serve in parliament, written constitution, etc.)
the industrial revolution caused a
growing discontent among the working class (socialism) and a power grab for bourgeoisie (liberals)
subsistence agriculture
growing just enough food to feed the population limited or no surpluses for trade
how did the french attack the spanish
guerilla warfare
increased demand
guilds could not keep up with demand for certain goods. population increase and national armies (needed uniforms) spurred this demand
the catholics are in the faction
guise
who ws the chief minister during louis philippe's time?
guizot
joseph is a
habsburg (not the inbred spanish)
who lost the thirty years war
habsburgs/hre/spain
spain's decline: military failures: netherlands
had been part of Charles V/I's empire. Netherlands became Calvinist. Phillip tried to regain control:
which family was incestuous?
hagsburgs
who dominated the hre and other territories after charles?
hapsburgs
what does garibaldi do that shocks everyone?
he agrees to let emanuel have southern italy- unifying italy
what shows us that napoleon is enlightened?
he brings scientists, archaeologists, etc. with him when he invades british colony of egypt
why did charles divide his land the way he did
he didn't want his successors to have the same challenges he had
richelieu rules in a machiavellian style, showing
he does whatever is necessary to achieve his goals.
how did the pope respond to stage 2 of the revolution
he excommunicated the italian republic
because the school of athens painting was in vatican, what do we know about the pope?
he is becoming more secular
why di dthe people choose mikail I to start the romanov dynasty despite him being 17?
he is easily influenced
why does the pope say no to henry
he is friends and close to catherine. he is the nephew of henry's wife catherine. charles the 5, a few years before, rode down to rome and destroyed things. he imprisoned their pope for a while. when the pope gets the letter requesting the annulment, he cannot do it, as it will anger charles v
How did Cavour find allies and unify the Northern area of italy?
he joined france in the crimean war, helped "defeat" austria, and other allies fell into place
henry let the protestants create armies because
he knows he won't be king forever: this way, with the army, they have fortifications and can fight back.
how does napoleon help get the unification of germany?
he lessens the cultural differences in the area, so its easier to combine
florence
he new athens that became the center of the renaissance. all the major artists and moments more or less flowed out florence
what does bismarck do with catholicism and marriage? what happens after?
he outlaws marriages in catholic churches. now you get married in a government office.
charles the fifth is super powerful because
he owns a lot of the land
how does cavour provoke the austrian empire?
he stages military drills near them, on their border
why did ivan have his pretty fricking bad time period?
he suspected the nobles poisoned his wife
how did luther get to roman and what did he see: info card
he walked all the way to rome. he firsthand sees all the corruption of the priesta nd sees it. when luther went up the catholic stairs on his knees like the other people. when he got up he questioned why he did it, as he sees so much corruption. luther had a lot of issues with salvation. he's a monk. he doesn't feel like he's going to go to heaven, so how does everybody else feel? the church offered goodworks, in which you would pay them to go to heaven? however, poor people could not pay for this. poor people feel quite left out, like luther. he believes that god thinks differently. He read the bible, and saw that "if you want salvation, you only need faith." This causes a lot of change. He wrote the ninety five things he hates about the catholic church. He nailed it onto the church doors. If luther did this fifty years ago, the church could have contained it. they could have murdered him, like they did to Joan of Arc. He also would have written it in Latin, meaning that nobody would be able to read it. Though, he wrote it in the vernacular, and a lot of people will be able to read it. What happens is, somebody got it, and they took it to the printer. then there were hundreds of copies floating around. it's going ALL over europe, and they're translating it into their language. HE happened to be at the right place at the right time. the church asked him to show up to something. he showed up and was asked to recant. Instead, Luther says that he has read the bible, the content the bible tells him. he asks them to correct him if he's wrong. they cannot. the church let him go, which was a fatal mistake
why must the nobles live at the versailles
he wants to control them and ensure that they aren't plotting against him
why is versailles fifteen miles off of paris?
he wants to get away from mob action. he doesn't want anything like the fronde to happen to him again.
how do we know bismarck is a conservative?
he was junker
how was louis xviii as a ruler?
he was weak and kept most revolutionary reforms like the napoleon code?
why did louis xviii keep the napoleonic code?
he was weak anyway, and was scared of a possible revolution
how did ivan kill his son?
he whacked him with a pointed staff
what were the two elements of aristotle?
heavy (rocks, lands, etc.) and light (Free, air, etc.)
astrolabe
helped determine latitude
the levee
helping louis get ready in the morning and follow his steps in routine. being a part of this is an honor
how does the english civil war end?
henry married a york, and brought the two families together.
the assassination of henry III (valois) led to the rule of
henry of navarre
leading huguenots
henry of navarre and admiral coligny
the tudor dynasty started with
henry the seventh
Emergence of Witchcraft: Women were also known to develop to
herbal remedies
who maid social darwinism
herbert spencer
who came to power in paris
herbertists
the boyars
highest noble class and the czar's advisor
mercenaries
hired soldiers
louis' successor was
his great grandon, who started ruling at five as well
why does louis napoleon bonaparte win the presidential election of december 1848?
his name is napoleon, so people thought he was just that good
pope alexander VI
his son was Cesare Borgia, a great military leader, who inspired Machiavelli's The Prince.
Frederick Engels realizes that his main motive and caring should go towards
his workers
dialectic
history continues through struggles and opposing ideas. those ideas clash, and humans work it out. the cycle continues.
frederick
hohenzollern
who ruled the bradenburg prussia area
hohenzollern dynasty
what two states does denmark controls
holstein and schleswig
where would james I often lecture on the true law of free monarchy?
house of commons
who made up the british parliament?
house of lords and house of commons
who dominated the stadtholders?
house of orange, thanks to William the Silent of Orange during the thirty years war
habsburgs
hre/spain/new world
admiral coligny
huguenot military leader who will later be murdered
richelieu wanted to weaken the
huguenots
what are some things freud believes in?
human behavior is caused by the subconscious memory
during the scientific revolution, people began to rely on ______ to understand scientific phenomena
human reason
classicism
humanism in art
john calvin: info card
hunted by the monarchy due to his wish to reform to a theocracy. In geneva, he sets it up. this threatens the monarchs in europe, as they are catholic. They aren't going to want to switch to calvinism. his rules included -no public drinking, swearing, dancing or gambling -strict dress code for men and women -strict family regulations (names, types of furnishings, etc.) when people realized that he was gone, things were out of order. they brought him back and gave order.
upon his death, louis said
i am leaving you, but the state remains forever.
l'etat c'est moi
i am the state
when does napoleon defeat the army of hte austrian empire?
i1796
utopian socialism
idea that perfect communities/societies can be engineered
what were some of the rules which castiglione support
ideal renaissance man liberal arts education physical/military.political skills social skills
in general, revolutionaries felt that the leaders of 1848 were to
idealist (they weren't as pragmatic as they should be)
nature vs. nurture says that
if blank state is true, then society is responsible for good and evil
queen elizabeth I's reason to not marry
if she marries phillip, and he starts a war with someone, she has to support him if she marries him
Workers compensation
if someone in a company was hurt while working for them, the employer would have to pay. if they choose not to pay, you could sue.
humanism: td
if you can think it you can do it talks about human potential -also supports the influences from greece and rome
declaration of pillnitz
if you hurt the french king adn queen, austria would attack french
what would happen to those who left versailles?
if you'd ask him for a favor he would look at you and say he doesn't know you. you would then be dismissed from court. you would then spend the rest of your life trying to get back in his favor.
parliament ____ chartists, leading to ____. but this never became revolution
ignored: violence
miasma
illness and disease were to come from bad air
what does the public debate of huxly and wilberforce reveal?
immediate religious conflict over evolution theory
governmental reforms of frederick
improved accounting, merit based bureaucracy (gain position b/c you're qualified)developed public education for nobility, attempted elementary education for all classes (through never realized)
what do socialists want during the revolutions of 1848
improved working conditions and worker ownership of production
galileo ______ the telescope, found ______ on other planets, and _______
improved, moons, milky way
factory act of the 1830s
improves safety and working conditions in factories
classical conditioning
impulses that occur naturally can be caused by an unnatural stimulus
why is italy so important for nmost of the fourteen hundreds and then become irrelevant?
in 1492, christopher columbus discovered the americas. Then, people were more interested in trade over there
the peasant revolt
in 1524-1525, German peasants revolted (inspired by Luther's defiance of the church) over poor economic conditions (tired of unjust noble and church taxes).
when did the second french revolution happen? how long did it last?
in 1830; 3 days
carlsbad decrees
in austria, metternich's government said any revolutionary writing would get censored. universities (traditionally progressive) would also get attacked with censorship because teachers who were generally progressive would teach that to their kids.
why are there two name for charles the fifth
in england there were many charles, so he was the fifth. however, in spain and the new world, he was the first.
royal corvee
in france, forced labor (peasants) to build roads, bridges, etc. essentially slavery
merchant bankers
in towns
what do the northern netherlands gain after the thirty year war?
independence and are the netherlands
the dutch netherlands recently got
independence from spain through the peace of westphalia.
entrepreneurship
individuals who take considerable risk to start their own business.
Frederick promotes new
industries (iron manufacturing)
marx believes tha thte proletarian revolution is
inevitable
why did spain decline
inflation, government debt, little to no production, military failure
whats some other stuff about new lanark?
initially, it was profitable with 800-1200 people. Kids were separated from parents with self sustaining agrdens.
the church, using this art, want people to think they feel they are
insignificant
specialization
instead of trying to only be self sufficient, you should only produce what you produce best
law of nations
internation law
expanding markets
international and national made it difficult to predict demand
the communist international
international organization dominated by Revolutionary Socialists that met every three years
how did spain achieve government reform?
introduce use of bureaucracy- helped the king administer laws rule by pen and paper: written law, not through military power
phillip chose to_________, which screwed up his plans.
invade england
hernan cortes; info cards
invaded mexico (1519) and marched to the aztec capital of tenochtitlan with 600 conquistadors. spaniards were invited in by moctezuma II, the azrwtec leader. it is thought that he believed cortes to be quetzalcoatl (an qztec god: feathered serpent), although this is sometimes disputed by historians. the spaniards had beard and the aztec had never seen men with hair on their faces/ beards before. in the end, moctezuma was killed and the spaniards gained control over the aztec.
where elizabeth kills mary, phillip II
invades england
what was napoleon's biggest mistake?
invasion of russia
metallurgy
iron/steel; led to a new and cheaper construction materials. new machines too.
in the first phase, the church's land is taken from them. this is because france. . .
is in hella debt, so they choose to pay the money back to other people, by selling the land
Charles II
is new King of England. He is Catholic, but reserved about it. Although this will cause religious problems/concerns in England! Major Conflict with Parliament (house of commons) was over religion. Charles appoints catholic advisors.
the church uses baroque art to show that the church
is powerful, and if you want to go to heaven, here's how you get there
according to beccaria, the purpose of punishment
is to make an impression but not harm the human body. he's anti torture
what is another name for constantinple
istanbul
why does marx hate the industrial revolution?
it brought upon the main issue: bourgeoisie and proletariat.
why was the decembrist revolt significant?
it causes russia to fall behind europe as nicholas I resists the industrial revolution
what happens to france due to the thirty years war?
it emerges as a major power
how does the less labor in farming help the ir?
it frees up labor for industrial factories
why is the star chamber soon cut out?
it gave the king way too much power
significance of the death of the paris commune?
it gives communists a bad name and governments in europe start to restrict communist activity
what happened to the government because of the peterloo massacre?
it grew even more conservative, and cracked down on reform
why did napoleon have a plebiscite
it legitimized his rule as he has people supports
how did the ir change warfare?
it mechanized it, so deadlier weapons were made in mass production. this makes wars more deadly
what is the significance of the repeal of the corn laws?
it signals great britain's commitment to free trade and reform
why is the church against nationalism?
it threatened church and papal power, as it was anti conservative
WHy did europeans pay a lot for imported goods from asia
it took a long time to get the items, and there were many obstacles
why was guillotine used
it was democratic (everyone died the same way) and humane (arguably, you died extremely fast)
what later happened in the plot?
it was discovered thanks to an anonymous letter. the conspirators were captured and executed.
how did louix xv tax people?
it was unequal. peasants/third estate paid most of the taxes, while nobles and catholic church paid nothing.
medieval art
it wasn't very good it was very religious
why is the storming event significant?
it's considered day one of the french revolution
Mazzini
italian nationalist who formed young italian revolution
peter paul rubens
italian trained painter who lived in the spanish netherlands
cesare beccaria is from
italy
why does christopher columbus go to spain?
italy won't invest in him
Ivan IV (1540-1589)
ivan the terrible
napoleon was a (which french side was he on)
jacobin
the stuart burger
james I charles I Chromwell Charles II James II
dreyfus affair of (1894)
jewish captain (alfred) dreyfus is accused of selling secrets to the germans. he was found guilty and sent to devils island (penal colony french guiana)
most influential writer of the enlightenment?
jjr
social contract is a book written by
jjr
discourse of inequality
jjr "The Noble Savage" - positive view of man in the state of nature. (Based in large part on the pro-American Indian feelings of the Enlightenment)
best example of enlightened monarchy and its limitations
joesph II
children of maria theresa
joesph, leopold, marie antoinette
who wanted theocracy
john calvin (From france)
who does napoleon marry?
josephine
marat and des moulin
journalists/propogandists
louis philippe is known as the
july monarch
prussian leaders in germany called themselves
kaiser
marx continually gets ________ of countries
kicked out
small germany is also known as
kleindeutschland
what does bismarck use to hurt the church?
kulturkampf
worldly pleasures that even popes got
lack of celibacy among priests *even the pope fathered many children like B O R G I A) gambling, drunkness, extravagant lifestyles, etc.
the economic state in france
laissez faire
classical economics
laissez faire capitalism
smith's beliefs led to
laissez faire capitalism
what is liberalism favoring economically?
laissez faire economics
European trade had mostly been dominated by
land and sea trade routes with asia
service nobility
land in return for government service
who made up the house of commons?
landowners
spanish armada
large ships: difficult to maneuver older cannons (less accurate) sailors/commanders weak
leopole
later hre emperor
what is the significance of dual monarchy?
later, after ww1, it leads to a permanent, independant hungary
natural law
law is above government, governments can be judged for their actions. **This contrasts with divine right where kings have final authority.
Galileo's pisa experiment
law of free fall, same for all objects, no matter their mass.
newton developed the ________
law of gravity, brings the heliocentric theory together (always in motion)
spirit of the laws entails
law of nations, political law, and civil law
Fashion laws.
laws that required noble clothing to be made only in France
Marx and Engels linked widespread popular distrubances of the late 1840s with the idea that the seizure of political power by the workers would
lead to the replacement of competitive capitalism by collective ownership and cooperation
czar
leaders (sometimes spelled tsar)
pope paul III
led the council of trent (1545 - 1563) where many reforms were created. This created the modern Catholic Church. For many, the reforms stabilized the church and Catholicism continued to flourish.
john calvin
led the reformation in geneva
what is the first phase of the welfare state?
legislative reform
what is the root word of liberalism?
liberty
why did the nobles want to be at versailles?
life was a party for them, and Louis paid for everything
caravel
light, maneuverable ships that could sail in the ocean. use lateen sails for speed and traveling windward
baroque art was created with
light, motion, and color
according to malthus, farmland is always
limited
mine act of 1842
limited women and children from working in mines
ten hours act
limits the worksday of women and children to ten hours: eventually leading to a ten hour day for men (1850s)
cahiers de doleances
list of grievances
what four things led to the enlightenment?
literacy, reason, birth of social sciences, and belief in progress
Louis XVI had ______ to do with politics
little
according to smith, government has very
little involvement in the economy
popolo minuto
little people: italy's largest group consisting of laborers and artisans
the old world had many ____
livestock
what did the natives domesticate?
llama
In the dark ages, people rather _____ ______ than traded with the rest.
locally bartered
transportation changes in the industrial revolution
locomotive or train, steam boats
how were working conditions terrible during the ir?
long hours, unsafe working conditions, low wages, few breaks, possibility of beatings/whiggings, no workers compensation during this time
the time period where the monarchs are summoning parliament into session is called the
long parliament
when he replaces the hre, napoleon makes himself the
lord protector
spain, after they invade,
lose their power
who else used a merit based bureaucracy?
louis and napolean
who becomes king after charles x?
louis phillipe, who's more liberal
what is an example of baroque helping absolutism?
louis the 14 palace of versailles
best example of an absolute ruler
louis the fourteenth
an example of an absolute ruler
louis xiv
why didn france adopt enlighted despotism
louix xv didn seem to care what happened after he was no longer king
who is the king of netherlands, italy, and spain at this time?
lucien joseph joseph (all of which are napoleons siblings)
steam power in the industry powered the
machines of industry
the declaration of pillnitz made the french
mad, because of their past
louis blanc
made social workshops to produce for trade and not progress
committe of public safety
made the laws (during the reign of terror) - robespierre dominates
peasants
made up about 90 percent of the french population, but only owned 30-50 percent of the land
what does the brandenburg-prussia area gain?
madgeburg
major battles of the austro sardinian war?
magenta and solferino (both piedmont wins)
background of dual monarchy:
magyars (hungary nobility) create a temporary revolution- which ultimately fails. the compromise of 1867 gives hungary control over its domestic affairs.
what is the only reason for government in marxist interpretation
maintain class distinctions (if this goes away, government goes with it)
Britain emerges as Europe's _________ during the 19th century
major and global power
Maxilmilian robespierre
major leader who wrote the republic of virtue
who controlled large amounts of territory during the middle ages?
major noble families
the commercial revolution reveals a
major shift from mediterranean trade dominated by italy
what is a move that bismarck did that helped lead to unification?
make a larger army
as a result of _________ and ______, major noble families already controlled large territories and populations and provided some services we normally associate with modern governments such as defense and law enforcement
manorialism and feudalism
who caused the deunification?
martin luther
when edward died, who took the throne?
mary I
wollstonecraft 's daughter
mary shelley
johannes kepler ______ proved that earth orbits the sun
mathematically
leadership of the reign of terror included
maximilian robespierre
Mountain was led by
maximilien robespierre
In the industrial revolution, we move to producing
mechanically
who controlled florence
medici family
st. thomas aquinas
medieval monk who wrote on scholasticism. heavily influenced by aristotle, and used church teachings with natural reason.
congress system
meetings to discuss and prevent crises from escalating into wars
who was in the freemason organization?
men from all social classes
Henry's Economic Policies has his financial minister (Duke of Sully) who favored
mercantilism
smith is opposed to
mercantilistic definition of wealth
how did industry spread during this time?
metallurgy steam power transportation interchangeable parts cement gas lighting paper machines agriculture mining glass infrastructure
the great awakening led to
methodism
who is an example of an old conservative
metternich
metternich conservative v. new conservative:
metternich said you HAVE to be conservative, or else you'll die. a new conservative, like bismarck, finds that the world has changed and that he must work with that.
when was germ theory discovered?
mid 1800's (and was believed way later)
voltair was in the
middle class (he hates aristocracy)
The bourgeoise
middle class people who were wealthy, Educated class that did not have political power or privilege
who did venice trade with
middle east
mediocri
middle group of smaller merchants and master artisans. famous artists
council of blood
military force led by the Duke of Alba, this inquisition would see the deaths of many protestant leaders, causing even more resentment and resistance towards spain. kills about 20000 people over six years. alba also taxed the netherlands to pay for suppression of their own revolt.
napoleon went to france for
military school for the male children of the nobility
girondins
moderate jacobins; revolutionaries who want to spread revolution to neighbors
double entry bookkeeping
modern accounting that reduced errors
napoleon _____ french agriculture
modernized
stadtholders evolves into
monarchy with Will of Orange in 1673, he becomes the First King of the Netherlands (this is William and Mary, later king and queen of England).
copernicus sketched the _______, which had _______
moon, an irregular surface which violates the idea of crystalline spheres (ancient idea that heavenly bodies are perfect)
according to john locke, humans can be
moral and rational
what is the significance of the boulanger affair
more conservative forces and reinforced more Radical Republican views about fearing Monarchists/Catholic Church
italian renaissance
more secular and humanist (more pagan - think Botticelli's birth of venus or raphael's lady with unicorn) more emphasis on greek and roman writings Humanism - focused solely on the individual
muscovite russia
moscow
mountain
most extreme jacobins; supported sans-culottes
lorenzo valla
most famous use of textual criticism, which he used to prove that the donation of constantine was not authentic
how did the protestant work ethic help the industrial revolution?
most people in england at this time are protestant. the ethic pushes people to continue to work hard, pushing society.
main idea of joseph II
most radical reformer (makes the most changes) , least effective (everything gets overturned when he is gone)
reform bill of 1884
most working males get the right to vote
Where were most papal states?
mostly central italy
foreign policy of frederick wilhelm I
mostly isolationist: kept to themselves and stayed out of the affairs of other nations did ally with russia in the great northern war (against sweden), gains port city of stettin
who led the radical phase?
mountain
who took over the national assembly
mountain and sans coulottes
why was long distance trade risky?
mountains, sailing ships had to stay near land, bandits and robbers, going around africa, water, long time it took,
was freud right in his beliefs?
much of his work has been disproven
baroque spread in other art forms like
music and literature
natural selection
mutations that aid survival are passed on
new model army
name given to the military forces created by the puritan leaders of the house of commons leader is oliver cromwell. infused the army with protestant (puritan = calvinist) beliefs to foster morale, discipline, and the will to fight.
frederick 1 (1688-1713)
named king of prussia for helping defeat louis xiv, now sits at the table with other monarchs as he is now king
continental system
napoelon imposed an economic boycott of great britain by 1807, will include most of europe vs. great britain
who destroys the hre
napolean
france's youngest general
napoleon
why does cavour resign in protest?
napoleon III negotiated with austria and abandoned piedmont
the idea of a german nation began to form after
napoleon and the hre shrinking
milan decree
napoleon's response: all nations not adhering to the cont. system are at war with france. (1808)
peninsular war continues until the end of the
napoleonic time period
comparative advantages
nation's ability to produce what they produce better (cheaper) than other countries. (During, this time Classical Economists believed that nation's should only produce the products in which they had a comparative advantage).
the new government by the third estate will be caleld the
national assembly
napoleon stirred a sense of _____ with other european dcountries
nationalism
the pope of this era hates
nationalism
how was religious policy forced in the new world
natives had to convert, spanish jesuits helped with this. latin america is primarily catholic today
locke believes in _______ rights
natural
in the old world view, the universe is based on
natural law
none of the major scientists called themselves so. they called themselves
natural philosophers
Malthusian trap
nature or negative checks that control population: war, disease, famine etc
during the renaissance period, interest in _____ increases. we see it in the arts.
nature/naturalism
dutch republic
netherlands
where did the idea of a free market begin
netherlands and britain
st. petersburg
new capital city conquered from Sweden
because all reformers do not agree all the time,
new protestant faiths/churches began springing up
what led to spain's rise
new world exploration, government reform, military might
the second scientific revolution was calle dthe
new world view
who heavily supported deism?
newton
who is the patriarch?
nikon
best example of natural law in america?
nixon ( resigned before he was impeached )
Were the people of the cities prepared (infrastructure wise) for the population increase?
no
according to hobbes, can a government's power be limited
no
did bismarck support the revolution of 1848
no
did brahe use a telescope?
no
did the 1848 revolution of italian states succeed?
no
does martin luther support the peasant revolt?
no
does napoleon support the rights of women?
no
is there any civil war when james is ruling?
no
was there any women's rights prior to the french revolution?
no, because not all men could vote/participate in politics
do very many people support the luddites movement?
no, because they want cheaper price
ws the boulanger affair used?
no, but became public in 1888
does frederick reform serfdom?
no, he didbn't want to disrupt the social structure and upset the nobles.
was thomas malthus correct in his theory?
no, he didn't account for technology
was napoleon a part of the upper class?
no, moreso the lower middle class
were western and eastern europe similar
no, they had clearly defined differences
did the dutch have an absolute ruler at their time?
no, unlike most european areas.
during this time, could women get maternity leave?
no. in fact, a few days after having the child, they'd go back to work
is england is involved in the thirty years war? why?
no: they have their own Civil War (1642-1649)
are protestants truly trying to stamp out all the catholics during the french wars of religion?
no; catholics want to stamp them out, though.
did the edict of nantes end the war?
no; it created a cold war
AFter the resistence from the ________, Louis XV gave up on the concept of Maupeou Parlements
nobility
the most powerful person in the dark ages are the
nobles
the fronde
nobles of france attempt to take back the power they've lost. they're upset over taxation, and rebel. they attack the louvre, and louis was there. the rebellion, by the nobles, impacts him and he realizes that the nobles are too powerful. this is where he chooses to strip the nobles of any power they have.
The third estate
non privileged estates
did isabella and ferdinand have any male heirs?
nope
did the people of spain know they got the better deal?
nope
was marx right about the proletariat revolution?
nope
the art ideas spread
north to italy
calvinism TTYW
not included in the choices of religion. lutheran and catholicism
how long was edward vi king? why?
not long; he died young
how often does baroque art show nudity?
not often, as they realize it's wrong
how much does england affect the thirty years war?
not that much, as they have a lot going on in their own country
according to Abbe Sieyes, what has the third estate been until now in the political order?
nothing
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) wrote
novum organum and advancement of learning
what does i am the state mean?
nything good about france is because of louis. not saying that france is the people.
empirical evidence
observation
where does catherine get her warm water port?
odesa (warm water port on the black sea)
intendant system
officials appointed by the king registered laws in local areas and provinces
merit-based bureaucracy
officials won posts because of intellectual ability, gov't officials recruited were well educated, loyal, and efficient
french social classes are known as the
old regime
who is the author of the declaration of the rights of women and the female citizen
olympe de gouges
beccaria wrote an essay called
on crime and punishment
copernicus wrote
on the revolution of heavenly spheres
un roi, une loi, une foi
one king (Louis), one law (the code louis: attempted to standardize laws in france), one faith (everybody was to be catholic)
Leonardo Bruni
one of the first humanists
primogeniture
only the eldest son gets inheritance
westernization of russia was accomplished by
opens up trade with western europe brings in western european experts
whigs
opponents of the king (Charles II/James)
rousseau
opposes women's education and says woman are in the home (emile)
what was the view of human nature in the old world view?
optimistic: based on human reason and we can learn and improve (john locke)
renaissance art
order reason nature symmetry
unions
organized labor
pogroms
organized massacre
who was the foreign minister/prime minister of prussia?
otto von bismarck
though he tried to ally with the socialists, bismarck also happened to
outlaw socialisma dn prevent them from getting in the government
by the 1900s over ____ of the European population lives in cities. This trend follows across to the US
over 1/2
catherine the great came to power by
overthinking/killing her husband
bureaucacy
paid officials to manage money or business from the middle class. loyal to the king not to nobility.
rome referred to a lot of the
papal states
what does paris call itself when they try to become their own country?
paris commune
what is the first time women majorly participate in social movement?
parisian salons
john locke was pro
parliament
who is the head of the orthodox church?
patriarch
disability insurance
payments to those injured on the job
unemployment insurance
payments to those who lose jobs
causes of the thirty years war
peace of augsburg, calvinism, alliance
republic
people are being elected
rousseau favored direct democracy:
people completely rule over themselves (general will)
social contract theory
people form government voluntarily
the joint stock companies encouraged
people to begin investing in the new world
old believers
people who don't like the changes of the orthodox church
who got to vote in dutch republic?
people who owned land and were rich
during the ancient times, people believed stuff outside the earth was
perfect
Dimitir Mendeleev found the
periodic table (1886)
at the time, war was often viewed as a ______ to restore balance
periodical necessary
between 1530-1540, the official french policy was to
persecute huguenots
what was reintroduced during the art of the renaissance?
perspective drawing
in general, the new view of human nature is
pessimistic (human nature is not rational)
By 1628, Charles was forced to call parliament again. this time it refused to grant him any money until he signed a document known as the _____ of rights
petition
louis is a lot like
phillip II
how was religious policy forced in spain?
phillip continued harsher policies similar to his grandparents (Ferdinand and Isabella)
who was joanna married to?
phillip the first, or the HRE
what were two conflicts with english monarchs?
philosophy of government and type of government
Galileo's law of intertia
physical bodies are constantly in motion acted upon by an outside force. . This idea opposed Aristotle - bodies at rest until acted upon.
generally, new physics is the belief that the
physical world is very complicated and constantly changing
in france, economic reformers were known as
physiocrats
why did people turn from mercantilism
physiocrats believed that government regulation hampered. They realize expansion of trade is impossible within mercantilism, as you aren't trading with others. we limit ourself in manufacturing, as we don't produce a lot. we also cannot grow an abundance of food
treaty of villa franca (1859)
piedmont sardinia is allowed to annex lombardy (part of northern italy)
who led the unification movement?
piedmont-sardinia
holy synod
placed a personal rep (procurator) in this committee of bishops to ensure they did not displease peter.
1690s
plague breaks out in france
tycho brahe acculates the most accurate data of the movement of the
planets and stars
johannes kepler made the laws of planetary movement. this said
planets have elliptical orbits
Ptolemaic theory
planets revolve around earth (believed the earth is special!)
committee of general security
police force that enforced the laws. (violent/brutal)
when france enters the thirty years war, the war is now
political and not as religious
jacobins
political club of revolutionaries after the second rrench revolution
conservatism
political ideology that favored the older way of doing things
politique
political leaders who place their country's interests above all else (religion)
what did the bourgeoisie want?
political power and prestige
feudalism
political system of the middle ages based on mutual obligations between lords (nobles) and vassals (knights). land in exchange for military government like service
what did rome control
politics and religon
richelieu is an example of a
politique
you dont' see many universities in italy due to the fact that the
pope is located there. the church control is there.
danton
popular politician
because of the agricultural revolution,
population increases food prices decrease theres less labor in farming
what painting type is super popular during the renaissance
portraiture
Louis developed a cabinet system, which is
positions for people with specializations: war, economics, diplomacy, etc. he improved government accounting: more revenue
items from north america to eurasia
potato, turkey, pumpkin, squash, pineapple, tomato, corn, bean, vanilla, syphilis
Why explore: Glory
power, prestige, and empire building. Becoming bigger and better than other european nations. western european countries heading to the new world, cause rivalries and competition to develop. soon, countries commence war.
duke of burgundy
powerful French royal house that expanded its land holdings in the Netherlands, built their own armies, etc. Had loyalty of their own subjects
newton built on ___________
previous achievments (thanks to printing press)
religion in the netherlands
primarily calvinists
what is one of the most important discoveries during this time?
printing press
what did bastille have
prisoners and weaponry
the cahiers e doleances outlined
problems caused by the national debt blame the inability to tax nobles: but the estates general could not agree on a new tax plan
national specialization
produce only what a country produces best-import the rest: vs. Mercantilism
inherent contradiction
profit is essential to capitalism, but to maintain profit will bring about the end of capitalism
what was the working class called during this time?
proletariat
careers open to the talented
promotion within the government and in the military based on merit rather than birth.
according to locke, the most important right was
property
according to beccaria, punishment should be
proportionate to the crime
john locke believes the purpose of government is to
protect the people, and protect their natural rights
hobbes believes the purpose of government is to
protect us from ourselves
corn laws of 1815
protective tariff against imported foods (Grain)
queen elizabeth was raised as a
protestant
where do you see most capitalism emerging?
protestant nations (england or netherlands)
what revolution starts during the time of the
protestant reformation
in the thirty years war, france sides with the
protestants
As the industrial revolution spread, who began to emerge as the major power via industry?
prussia
who dominates the german confederation?
prussia
who goes to war against denmark during the danish war? why? what is the outcome?
prussia and austria; over denmark's control of these german states, where they claim teh liberation of ethnic germans will happen; denmark loses adn prussia gets schleswig and austria gets holstein
what sparks the seven weeks war
prussia cut off austria's access to holstein
batle of sedan
prussia defeats france (napoleon III is captured_
war of austria info card
prussia wishes to contest austria. austria has the pragmatic sanction, where when the austrian, habsburg emperor was going to die, he had a daughter who was gonna get the throne (maria theresa) which was odd. he was stressed that people would take her power and her land, so he got the hre to call it her land. in the austria succession, frederick challenges the region's legitimacy. his attempt to take this region, which causes the following things. this helps prussia grow as a major european power. as they grow as a military and have a good one, there's really nothing austria could do against their power.
battle of sadawa had a ______ victory
prussian
siege of paris
prussian bombs the crap out of paris, and this goes on and on. their goal is to make them surrender. people aren't getting food etc and are straight up not vibin anymore.
men were in the ____ sphere, unlike women who were in the ______ sphere
public private
lycees
public education system: still the basis of the public system today
social services provided by ventose laws
public education, medical care for everyone, job creation, and abolition of slavery inthe colonies
simony
purchasing privileges in the church
cromwell's religion is
puritan
how did spain strengthen their power in 1492?
pushing out the muslims in granada, which united spain in roman catholicism. this is remembered as reconquista
politique
putting the nation over one's religion.
max planck discovered
quantum theory
montaigne and descartes
question knowledge and skeptic
herbert
radical member of the paris commune
rousseau was consdiered the most
radical or extreme of the philosophes
what are the results of the new trial of dreyfus?
radical republicans are proven correct again, so their leader is elected prime minister
herberists or enrages are a specific name of the most
radical sans culottes
sans culottes
radical working class/artisans of paris
What did the political spectrum look like?
radicals, liberals, moderates, conservatives, reactionaries
marie and pierre curie discovered
radium (radioactivity)
evolution
random mutations or physical adjustments
what kind of political ideology did charles x follow?
reactionary
People of the catholic church could ________
read
ELIZABETHAN SETTLEMENT
reaffirmed british monarch s head of anglican church, demanded public acceptance and loyalty to the church of england and monarch as head of church, but did not worry about private worship.
count cavour was a follower of
realpolitik
according to hobbes, ______ is never justified
rebellion
new conservatives
recognize the other side and is willing to work with other political groups, like bismarck
what did blase pascal try to do?
reconcile religion and science, made the modern probability theory, and wrote a major book: pensees
lancasters' heraldic symbol
red rose
Thermidorian reaction
refers to the conservative reaction to the reign of terror, which ended it and saw the execution of Robespierre
edmund burke wrote the response
reflections on teh revolution in france: 1790
what led to the factory act?
reform bill
civil law
regulates relationships between people
albert einstein made the theory of
relativity (1905)
indulgence
release from sin
most other major works of voltaire are revolving around
religion
women are kept of out positions of power for a long time. what does the catholic church use to justify this?
religion, or christianity, is used as the justification for this. their reason was because women make bad choices, like Eve's fault (she cast us out of Eden). they're going to say that women are more susceptible to temptations
why did the puritans come to america
religious freedom
france's king henry II had begun to stabilize the____;but____.
religious tension; died efore the peace could take hold.
what did philosophers want from absolute rulers?
religious toleration, freedom of speech/press, right to private property, patronage of the philosophes, and ending torture, codification of laws, limitations of serfdom, improving bureaucracy, improvements of infrastructure, and modernizing agriculture, well educated, well trained, well intentioned, and all powerful
blase pascal introduced the idea of
religious wager (betted on gods existence)
artists in this time period
rembrandt frans hais vermeer
the scientific revolution built on
renaissance ideas and further weakened the power of the roman catholic church.
the last supper is a good example of
renaissance painting
cromwell shifts england from a ______ to a ______, where he becomes the ___________
republic, protectorate, the lord protector
italy was broken into city states consisting of
republics and principalities not true republics, rather oligarchies controlled by a few merchant aristocrats
military goals of frederick wilhelm I
required all young men to register for military service. each regiment recruited a specific region from which to conscript soldiers created a military reserve (first in europe) where soldiers drilled for two months each year. this ensured prussian men had military experience.
in 1830, what did charles x try to do?
restore absolute power, power to the nobles and catholic church
the congress of vienna aimed to
return Europe to the past by restoring old regimes.
baroque and kings of europe also used baroque art to
reveal their power and wealth
info card: society of jesus
reveals the CC's desire to reestablish itself. This new order was founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540. This movement focused on education (think Catholic indoctrination), and missionary work - major impact in the New World converting (or trying) Native Americans and also in Japan.
The Scientific revolution began as a
revision of classical science (greek and roman theories) shifted to an era of observation and mathematics.
phase three of the socialism was called
revisionist socialism
what do the people do when the conservatives when?
revolt
decembrist revolt
revolt in russian army against the new czar nicholas I. army supported nicholas' younger brother, even though he didn't want to overthrow his brother.
according to revolutionary socialism, what is a necessity and is inevitable?
revolution
what is the only avenue to stem change?
revolution of the working class
phase two of socialism is called
revolutionary socialism
socialism phase 2 names
revolutionary socialism marxism scientific socialism
how does the formation of labor unions undermine the idea of revolutionary socialism?
revolutionary socialism calls for no revolts, but that is what labor unions do
Battle of Bosworth Field (1485)
richard the third died and the lancaster's won.
The Habsburgs v. France
richelieu saw this royal family as the biggest threat to France. AT the time, the Habsburgs completely surrounded France. He wanted to do everything he could to weaken their power. His chance would come during the Thirty Years War (more on this later) when he would side with the Protestants.
causes of the scientific revolution
rise in the number of universities, science began to be taught as a separate subject
marx's end game goal is that the proletariat would
rise up in revolution and create a communal society, meaning there would be a dictatorship for the proletariat
Background causes of the french revolution
rising french debt, weak leadership, french social classes
how did cavour make piedmont the strongest, most stable state?
road building and infrastructure was improved, united behind one powerful ruler (Victor Emmanuel), thriving economy
catherine the great
romanov (through marriage)
nationalism is
romantic
garibaldi's action of conquering sicily and mainland italy threatens
rome and the pope
napoleon was a student of
rousseau
terror-death-fear
rousseau's idea which called for guillotine, mass drownings etc. it's goal was to foster unity and support for the revolution
revolutionary tribunals
roving street courts - punish those accused of being against the revolution.
cardinal richeliue
ruled in a Machiavellian style
the third republic
rules from 1871-1940, a very unstable, multiparty, coalition government
the reform bill of 1832 shifts representation in parliament from _____ to ______
rural southeast; new industrial northwest
The advanced society that had been built by the Romans rapidly regressed into a
rural-based society that was largely illiterate.
great nothern war vs. sweden is sparked by
russia's taking of petrograd
ferdinand magellan
sails westward with the goal of finding a way around the Americas. No one knew how big the continents were. Magellan would die along the way (spear through the heart in the Philippines), but one of his ships made it back. They were first to circumnavigate the globe.
who are two people that were a part of phase one of socialism?
saint simon and robert owen
the same reasons why spain rose up and became a global power are the _____ reasons they fall
same
quadruple alliance
same as the fourth coalition where each nation agrees to contribute 150,000 troops to defeat Napoleon and impose a peace on Europe.
why would people want to go back to civic cultures?
scholars would find documents and would read them. they realized that the old cultures were good and clean, people had rights, there was no catholic church that told people how to live. You were free to think how you wanted to an extent
main idea of bacon
scientific method and its practical benefits to society
the opposition to the catholic church indirectly supported the
scientific revolution
where is adam smit from
scotland
baroque style was also seen in
sculpture, architecture, and music
treaty of paris of 1815
second treaty of napoleon which is much more harsh
types of humanism
secular (italian) humanism civic humanism, christian humanism
another way to say worldly pleasure
secular pleasures
How did louis gain wealth?
selling titles to up and coming noble families and tax exemption
charters
series of petitions
There were ____ crusades. The christians only wone ____.
seven one
coalition
seven republicans and three socialists working together to run government
what ended up happening to corday?
she was guillotined
What forms of revenue did Charles form?
ship money, forced loans
window on the west
shores of st. petersburg opened up russia to trade with the west
ivan pavlov's experiment: pavlov's dog
shows the concept of conditioned response, and implies that human action isn't always rational but conditioned
did napoleon end primogeniture
si
is napoleon a supporter of the french revolution?
si
major results of englands victory
signals england's emergence as a world power most powerful navy for next 300 years signals beginning of spains' decline spain fails to reconquer netherlands and conquer england
father of psychoanalysis
signmund freud
well known routes for trade before 1492
silk road and spice trade
bullion
silver/gold
newton revealed a ______ universe.
single; challenged Medieval thought of heavens and Earth as separate.
natural law
size/climate determines government. Governments that don't match their size and climate-won't work.
rene descartes was also a
skeptic
what were some different goals of robert owen?
small villages supported by a factory, higher wages, shorter hours, mandatory bible study, public schools, no child labor, and safer and cleaner factories
england
smaller ships - more maneuverable modern cannons better commanders/sailor protestant wind: massive storm that sank much of the spanish armada.
When Napoleon takes over the HRE, he made it _________ and calls it the _______________
smaller; confederation of the rhine
items from eurasia to the new world
smallpox, influenza, typhus, whooping cough, pear, olives, citrus, honeybees, sugar cane, onion, grapes
why might kings use baroque?
so they show they have the divine right
because of the commercial revolution, new ____ begin to form? they are ____, but not _____
social classes; wealthy; nobility
most important political work
social contract
basis of democracy
social contract theory
what are the political parties of germany, great britain, and france
social democrats, labor party, and united socialists
Use of the scientific method in society allows discovery of the forces that govern nature and human interaction - like gravity governing the universe, lets ________ start
social sciences
the new napoleon is a
socialist
marx was a _____, but because of his work ____ came
socialist communist
Because utopian socialism failed to really take hold and change society, who began to grow more revolutionary to achieve their goals
socialists
the jesuits
society of jesus
frederick wilhelm I (1713-1740) is also known as the
soldier king
how did the country of france respond to the dreyfus affair?
some supported anti-semitism and others stood against it.
according to Abbe Sieyes,what does the third estate ask to become?
something
Louis XII
son of Henry and Margaret. His mom helped him rule, but got frustrated with her and sent her to a convent (nunnery). Ruled independently by 1614, but France was truly led by Louis' Chief Minister, Cardinal Richelieu.
spd
sozialdemokratische partei deutschlands
cosmos
space/universe
in the line of demarcation, who got the better deal?
spain
spain's decline: little to no production
spain had run out jews and muslims, jews had mainly been the merchant class, muslims had primarily been the farmers
price revolution
spain had way too much silver which weakened their economy. this influx devalued the currency amount.
info card: conquistadors
spain would sponsor many journeys across the atlantic. spanish troops, conquistadors, were hardened and experienced fighter after years of war with the moors/muslins. they ventured to the new world with confidence and weapons unmatched in the world. every single on that shows up has probably fought in a battle and has killed someone before. they aren't really afraid of what lies ahead. they have experience. the experience comes from the muslims. they got the moors out of spain in 1492, the same year columbus sailed the ocean.
spanish armada
spain's strong navy
in 1870, there is a revolution in ______. what family was the kicked out ruler from?
spain; bourbon
info card: atahulapa and his knowlege
spaniards aren't gods, and are just normal people. he meets pizarro and shows up to meet pizarro with almost seven thousand soldiers. pizarro only has 200. They were scared due to the high amount of people. Atualpa only makes one mistake: THey underestimated the spaniards. WHat makes it worse is that he sends his seven thousand men into the city, completely unarmed. he does this to show they aren't scared and that he knows some of his people that spaniards are living gods. if atualpha defeats all of the men without weapons, he's the real god. the 200 conquistadors slaughter all of the warriors. they only did it with guns, horses, and swords. not small pox or the diseases. the deal was that athualpa gets to continue to run his government, yet he is held captive. he also must give up his gold. he then learned to speak spanish and played chess. he soon died by strangling him by tying him to a pole, putting a leather strap around his neck and twisted around.
the inquisition forced who to convert to christianity?
spanish jews and muslims
what are some important concepts that darwin came up with?
species aren't permanent, evolution, natural selection, survival of the fittest etc
smith encourages
spending and only producing the products you produce best
richelieu used _____ against nobles
spies
volksgeist
spirit of the people
Beginning in 1492, many European nations began
sponsoring vast missions of exploration
the northern renaissance
spread of Renaissance humanism outside of Italy and into the rest of Europe.
what is a building in baroque style?
st. peter's basicalla
marx believes that england would be the _________ _______ of the revolution. why?
starting point; because the workers would come to this conclusion here first as they were first to everything
papal states
states ruled by the pope
because the greek revolution being in europe, what is the concert of europe supposed to do? what do they do instead and why?
stop it; they don't, and actually support it and help them, because the ottomons are islamic, and not christian. they are outside invaders, from the middle east, so europe is rallying behind greece to push out ottomons
domestic policies of louis are to
strengthen his power and that of France in Europe/world
survival of the fittest
struggles (competition) for existence - strongest survive (important in imperialism too)
quantum theory
subset of physics explaining the physical behaviors at the molecular, atomic and sub-atomic levels
manorialism is based on
subsistence agriculture
what are some of the implications of social darwinism
successful people are the most fit, poor are unfit and deserve poverty (and death), and whoever won the inevitable conflict is the natural winner
patient optimism says that
suffering of some is necessary for the benefit of mankind.
what did the agriculture work with first?
sugar
how does economy regulate itself through competition?
supply and demand
liberal
supported moderate reform
patron
supporters of the arts
Tories
supporters of the king
what did napoleon do to politically manipulate the people?
switched to conservatism
balance of power
system of temporary and constantly shifting military alliances designed to prevent any one state from becoming too powerful
what were the british government's reponses to the great london strike?
taff-vale decision, osborne judgement
what law was the labor party a result of? what does the labor party do?
taff-vale; they create their own party, and they're still a major party today
the CCotC forces clergy to
take an oath of loyalty
potsdam giants
tall soldiers frederick wilhelm used as personal guards
taille
tax
the commercial revolution creates a new
tax base for the new monarchs, more money - more power
privileges the second estate had
tax exemption, banalties, eminent property rights
ship money
tax on coastal towns for defense: gradually: become a tax on all cities/towns. Led to discontent among any english property owners who feared new taxes.
in the magna carta, in 1215, the people threatened John 1. With this, the king's right to ____ was gone and _____ was made
tax; parliament
lower internal tariffs
taxes on goods from other cities and towns within a country. supports the self sufficiency goal of mercantilism.
protective tariffs
taxes on imported goods encouraged people to buy products made within their country.
estate tax
taxes on inherited wealth
provisional government
temporary gov't used until new election
Treaty of Amiens
temporary peace treaty between France and Great Britain. By 1805 they are back at war with each other.
napoleon was to be the first consul for
ten years
first industry to utilize new factory system
textile
what is cavour scared of when garibaldi threatens to take rome? what does he do?
that france will enter the conflict because they are predominantly catholic and support the pope- so, he sens troops to cut off Garibaldi and stop him taking rome
in 1871, bismarck abolishes
the Catholic ministry in the Prussian Ministry of Culture
Where was most of the thirty years war fought?
the HRE
what demand of the chartist doesn't go through? why?
the annual elections of parliament; members would get too busy trying to get elected for the next year
the secnod estate entails
the aristocracy/nobles
this image was adolf's favorite painting. he always considered himself more knowledgeable about art. he stole this when he conquered parts of europe. we got it back tho
the astronomers
the commercial revolution fosters competition in
the atlantic trade routes: war/conflicts
what book does James I quote in the true law of free monarchs?
the bible
marx believes that the final struggle is between
the bourgeoisie and the proteleriat
service nobility lead to
the boyars
the popularity and success of the baroque style was encouraged by
the catholic church
who was bernini's biggest patron? what does that show about them?
the catholic church they are getting more and more secular.
philip is nicknamed
the catholic crusader
the thirty years war was against
the catholics and protestants
chartism
the chartist make demands for change in parliament
guns: who came up with gunpowder?
the chinese
the number one patron from medieval times were
the church
Dual Monarchy
the combination of the austrian and hungarian empire in 1867
two major events during this time period that limited and pushed political ideologies are
the congress of vienna and the industrial revolution
locke says the only valid government is one based on
the consent of the governed
royal monopoly
the czar owns everything and everyone in russia
louis death signals
the decline of france as the dominant european power, adn the rise of great britain as the dominant european power.
in great britain, the leaders were
the duke of wellington (prime minister) and castlereagh (foreign minister)
bank of amsterdam
the dutch bank that dominates international banking until 1815
predestination
the elect have already been chosen for salvation (god already knows) spiritual purity was within these people
why does Marx's version of revolutionary socialism fail and never truly happen?
the emergence of labor unions and people's willingness to reform (evolutionary socialism)
napoleon held a plebiscite, resulting in him becoming
the emperor of the french
social sciences are sciences applied to society. it helped lead to
the enlightenment
why did the ventose laws abolish slavery
the enlightenment said that we should be equal
What were the new political ideas caused by?
the enlightenment, french revolution, napoleon, conservative reaction and the industrial revolution
who perfected the gun?
the europeans (made it more accurate and less dangerous to the operator)
what was the descent of man about
the evolution of man- stirs controversy with the church and christianity
textual criticism
the examination of historical documents in an attempt to prove or disprove their authenticity. This reveals inconsistencies in the catholic church's teachings, ultimately weakening their power.
what fueled the humanist and secular movement?
the fall of constantinople.
old world view
the first scientific revolution or mechanical view of the universe
how does the paris comune die?
the french army removes the paris commune, killing 30k supporters
john locke lived and wrote during/post
the glorious revolution
Urbanization
the gradual movement of the population to urban areas (cities)
frederick wilhelm I
the great: many wars, enlightened despot (cared about his people) most well known of the prussian kings. conquers silesia.
What impacts Marx heavily to do what he does?
the growing division between the bourgeoisie and the working class
why does france side with the protestant?
the habsburgs are catholic, meaning that defeating them gives them more power.
family in the netherlands that are the stadtholders
the house of orange
heliocentric theory
the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.
encomienda's justification was
the inca already had a mit'a system where inca were forced to do public service, like building roads. however, the inca never abused their people
why do the revolutions during this time fail because?
the isms cant agree on any ideologies, other than the fact that they hate conservatism
who fled spain during 1480s
the jews (150,000)
who won the war of the roses?
the lancaster's
what was the war of the roses
the lancasters (henry vi) versus the yorks (richard or the current king) fought over the english crown.
jean jacques rousseau (1712-78) was from
the lower class orphan. he was adopted by an aristocratic woman.
according to hobbes, who has sovereignty?
the monarch
how did global exploration push the scientific revolution?
the new people brought new ideas and contemplations. the government sponsored exploration , and began to star chart, make compasses, and pendulum clocks
another word for war vs. the league of augsburg
the nine years war
internal threats of france
the nobility, the huguenots, parlements
monarchs relied on who during the dark ages?
the nobles
stage 2
the north wants to unite, cavour and napoleon III agree to hold plebescites, they all agree to join a new Italy, and Victor Emmanuel II is king
scholasticism
the old medieval way of being scientific: trying to reconcile beliefs of christianity with logical reasoning of greek philosophy
in 1859, charles darwin wrote
the origin of species
who was greece against in their revolution
the ottomons: they had been ruled by them since the 1400s
after germany is made, the germans declare themselves as a german empire in
the palace of versailles, france
why were the communist international things held?
the paris commune (this is why they stopped too)
according to locke, who has sovereignty
the people
who owns the papal states?
the pope
vatican council of 1870's doctrine of papal infallibility
the pope cannot be wrong on matters of religious doctrine, as he speaks from God
what happened to the pope because of the failure of the italian revolution?
the pope turned against nationalism, so catholic support was lost
machiavelli's: info card
the prince, based on his time as a florentine diplomat and cesare borgia's tactics as a prince and commander of papal armies advice from him: -better to be feared than loved -learn from success and failures of the past leaders -the end justify the means
why is the time of the second industrial revolution called la belle epoque?
the quality of life for most people has improved, consumerism, because people were incredibly optimistic during this time period (the last one is most important)
who could afford the imported goods?
the really really rich people, like medici
Rump Parliament
the remaining members of Parliament, about fifty to sixty of them, are called "The Rump" Parliament. The Rump voted to execute Charles I for Treason.
who is the power base of europe?
the roman catholic church
witchcraft ends with
the scientific revolution
what leads to the paris commune?
the siege of paris (lasts four months)
frederick wilhelm I is known as
the soldier king: turned prussia into a military state; few wars though
why does phillip II fail?
the spanish armada has powerful ships. but in naval combat, size and power aren't the only important things. manuverability is also way important. when the battle begins, spanish ships cannot turn the canon in time. the british, smaller ships can get the ships destroyed MUCH faster. the spanish didin't know what to do with this. they move to the eastern coast of british. the protestant wind comes in. it pushes the spanish armada into the water.
specific things made with the factory system:
the spinning jenny, steam engine, and cotton gin
what did freud focus on?
the subconscious and its effect on human behavior
what's another name for louis the fourteenth?
the sun king
how was bismarck a realpolitik?
the taxes
after the paris commune government, what is the governmental system?
the third republic
what treaty ended the battle of sadawa
the treaty of prague (1866)
adam smith wrote
the wealth of nations (1776)
what is the altar of the fatherland also known as
the wedding cake
as we get into the mid 1800s, both political parties begin to realize the importance of
the working class
what do bismarck and the catholic church have in common?
their political ideologies: they're both conservatism
prior to this period, science was taught as a part of
theology
how does the population increase help the ir?
there are more consumers and more labor/workers
why does the hre not centralize like spain?
there are too many things to unify.
how does the decreasing of food prices help the ir?
there is more money to spend on consumer goods, leading to new industries
how did the abundance of cotton help the industrial revolution?
there was cheap cotton and it was available for experimentation, as cloth was in high demand.
how did the abundance of iron help the industrial revolution?
there was cheap iron and it was available for building machines
social changes during the world war
there were factory changes, class changes
how did the agricultural revolution help the industrial revolution?
there were more urban workers and there was a rising population
why did conquistadors want to have kids with native women?
there weren't many women emigrating from spain, so they would be with native women instead
paris commune
these are parisian elected municipal government which is very progressive- they had workshops for jobs, very feministic
house of commons
these people were elected in through limited suffrage
why does england need the best navy?
they are an island and people will try to invade.
why does france and great britain not agree to the protocol of troppeau
they are competitive nations
why doesn't the dutch force people to be another religion
they are still unhappy about what spain did to them
how did germany try to unify in 1848?
they attempted to create a parliament (Frankfurt Parliament), who drafted a constitution to unify Germany
world war one causes a realization of the people. this was that-
they became less positive and people realized how to use things like dynamite and the railroads: for war
why does the netherlands accept the jews?
they bring money, ideas, work ethics. this makes the netherlands stronger and better
by what means do kings take control?
they centralize their power through many ways: build armies modernize armies develop revenue sources reduce the influence of the catholic church create their own judicial systems.
what did charles do to be beheaded?
they charge them with treason. they do this by not following the petition of right by not acknowledging the power of parliament.
why did the rich get to vote?
they could be educated and could afford to go to school. to vote, you must be educated to know what they're voting for/against
how did prussia provoke austria?
they cut off their austria's access to holstein
why are the first and second privileged?
they don't have to pay taxes
what happens to germany due to the thirty years war?
they get sovereignty which leads to the rise of prussia (NOT RUSSIA); is devastated because 1/3 of the population dies due to starvation from the war
why is england able to self correct?
they have a strong government and strong democratic reforms. they are also an island, meaning it is easier to detach from continental issues
how do the bourgeoisie's wealth dominates economic and politics
they have education and culture
why do the catholics put all of the cool stuff on the ceiling?
they have to look up to see it, towards God.
what just happened in italy in 1861? who helped them?
they have united; france
how did new writers help with science?
they helped make it popular with the non scientific public.
what is the laissez faire attitude towards the working class?
they need to help themselves, not be helped.
why did the romantics support greece?
they saw greek freedom as beautiful and necessary
international shipping: dutch
they snatch the portuegese's west african port (then the british take over that)
why is france and russia's alliance bad for germany?
they surround germany and can easaly invande
what was the proceeds of labor used for?
they take from people what was an economic necessity for expansion of production and insurance funds. He also believed that the state should take enough to cover administrative costs etc. Once enough was taken, marx believed that what was left should be shared out amongst the workers, each individual getting goods to the equivalent value of how much labor they had invested.
why are chartists called chartists?
they use charters to express their demands.
why would the dutch republic be making a republic
they want to be separate from spain and want to be different.
why do the first estate not want the french revolution
they want to keep their privileges
why did the great london dock strike happen
they wanted higher wages, better hours, and working conditions
why do the bourgeoisie hate the corn laws of 1815?
they wanted to pay the workers lower wages, but knew the workers couldn't afford high prices
what action was taken to stop france's revolution
they were allowed to invade spain to restore the monarch
witchcraft was associated mostly with women. this is because
they were believed to be more vulnerable to the devi's temptations. this is why they weren't allowed in any public/politic area because "she would easily be peRsuadEd By sAtAn"
why does france have an issue with leopold?
they will be surrounded with the hohenzollerns, like they would've been after the thirty years war with the habsburgs. they would be surrounded, leading to tension between france and prussia
why does Portugal lead the way?
they're on the coast
why did the germans declare themselves in versailles?
they're petty and are rubbing it in france's face
why did phillip want to invade england?
they're protestant
why did bismarck not want to take over austria
they're weak and his goal is to unify germany, not to take over austria. all he wants is for austria to stay out of the way of german unification.
novum organum truly says to
think for yourself
a lot of the nobles who stayed after the great fear sided with the
third estate
fabian society
this is in great britain and includes HG Wells and George B Shaw
what is the significance of the dreyfus affair
this is primarily responsible for the harsh terms of the treaty of versailles (after WWI), which will stir germany and cause wwII/rise of hitler, and foreshadows growing anti-Semitism across europe.
Phalanxes and Phalansteries
this is similar to the villages of cooperation but is more rural (like a a commune) and groups like skilled workers
what is the victorian age
this is the age of British Prosperity, and the rise of British culture. They were the Number 1 Global Power
what are the six acts?
this is the english government's response to the peterloo massacre. it censored and restricted public meetings
the gunpower plot
this memorable event occured in 1605 (november 5). a group of catholic sypmpathizers planned to blow up the house of lords (parliament), along with james.
july ordinances
this was charles' attempt to stop revolt by censoring press and dissolving the representative assembly, starting the next french revolution
economic theory of this time
this was classical economy: laissez faire capitalism
what is the protocol of troppeau
this was made by metternich, basically saying to take collective action to resist all revolution.
new lanark
this was where they put robert owen's ideologies in practice
treaty of paris of 1814
this will be the first of two treaties. Relatively mild treatment of France. Napoleon is exiled to the island of elba, and is the king of elba
the old regime is made up of
three estates
theory of relativity
time, motion, and space aren't absolute but relative: meaning that objects not only have three dimensions of length, width, and depth, but also the dimension of time- challenging newton's long established physics models
stadtholder
title of chief executives for the various provinces in the netherlands. during times of crisis each province (stadt) selects the same Stadtholder, which makes him a kind of chief executive of the entire netherlands. then, the netherlands becomes an independent nations.
how was the compass improved by europeans?
to be more accurate and not distracted by the iron on the ships
what was the basic idea communism?
to create a classless society (abolish the distinction between rich adn poor)
what did the pope say to the major earthquake in portugal
to follow patient optimism
what are the progressive income tax funds and estate tax fund used for?
to fund the welfare state via taxing the wealthy
why did louis avoid calling the estates-general into session?
to get more money via taxes
why would people say that pope alexander's children were incestuous
to kick him out of power
why does the US need steel?
to make taller buildings, steel leads to the railroad expansion, steel improves weaponary
according to locke, what is the purpose of government?
to protect natural rights
what is the goal of changing the calendar
to rid france of anything associated with the old regime
why did phillip send all of his ships out to the muslims?
to show his power
what was the main focus for the levee en masse?
to supply the army, food to paris, and ease unemployment
what do nationalists want during the revolutions of 1848
to unite behind common language, religion, and culture
the luddites sabotaged factories because the industrial revolution
took their jobs
another reason that the villages of cooperation fails is that it is a
top/down thing. it is coming from bourgeoisie owners- who are not willing to give up a lot of their profits- so there are hardly any utopian social workers anyway
beccaria is against
torture and death penalty
venice
trade hub
economic modernization purposes with peter
trade with the west, and bring in new technology and science
Franco Prussian war ws solved by the
treaty of frankfurt
1697
treaty of ryswick
by venturing into the absurd, we sometimes find
truth
baroque came definite an age of religious
uncertanity and conflict
mercantilism: fully utilize workforce
unemployment is not allowed (leads to forced labor)
when cavour and garibaldi meet in Naples, they agree to
unify north italy and south italy without Rome.
who formed the labor party? when?
union leaders; 1905;
the harsh work conditions would soon result in
unions and revolutions
osborne judgement (1902)
unions couldn't pay members of parliament
craft unions
unions made up of workers who have the same skill, like carpenters union
taff-vale decision (1901)
unions would be held financially responsible for any business loss caused by a strike (effectively took away the power of unions)
newtonian synthesis
universal gravitation; physical laws apply equally to terrestrial (earth) and celestial realms
earliest unions were the
universal labor unions
what are some demands of the chartists?
universal male suffrage equal sized electoral districts voting by secret ballot no property qualification to be in parliament pay for members of parliament annual elections of parliament
what do republicans want during the revolutions of 1848
universal manhood suffrage (voting rights)
policies of the new provisional government
universal manhood suffrage, freedom of speech, national workshops
The Industrial Revolution brought about
unprecedented social, economic and political changes.
two adjective to describe the new world view
unstable and changing
who made up the bourgeoisie during this time?
urban industrialists and professionals
freemasons
use architecture metaphors for God (Deists). Began in England and spread.
during the revolutions of 1848, there are national workshops, which
use government to implement socialist ideas: this is different from marx
inductive reasoning
use observation (empiracal evidence): no accepted truth to start, find truth at end after many observations: bottom up approach
economic goals of frederick wilhelm I
used his economy to serve the military. he cut out luxurious industries so workshops could make uniforms, left surplus of wealth to his successor, encouraged farming, stored grain during good times, and sold it during bad times, and invited the jews and huguenots into the country who brought wealth with them
cosimo de medici
used money to gain influence in 1434. his control was tolerated because he brought much needed stability to florence
realpolitik
using practical methods to achieve one's goals (relates to machiavelli's idea that the end justifies the means)
how did reason lead to the enlightenment
using scientific methods (observation) to examine and understand many aspects of life. This includes not accepting things on faith or due to tradition (challenging the church, and the established ideas of the absolutism/divine right)
how do european countries get materials without help from neighboring countries?
using the new world's resources
jeremy bentham came up with
utilitarianism
phase one of socialism was called
utopian socialism
where was the school of athens painting located?
vatican city
galileo wrote in
vernacular italian
where and when do the french surrender? what happens as a result?
versailles in 1871; german empire is founded
great chartist meetings
very large peaceful demonstration (unlike rest of europe)
classical economics leads to a belief in
very limited government-economic policy
who was the first king of italy? who is the foreign minister?
victor emmanuel II; cavour
who was the altar of the fatherland in rome made for? why?
victor emmanuel II; he became the king of italy
Battle of Leipzig
victory for the Fourth Coalition-first real/major defeat of Napoleon on the battlefield. Ultimately causes Napoleon to agree to abdicate the throne in return for peace. Napoleon's army is largely green (new)
utopians (early socialism)
view the profit motive as the root of worker problems; desire to steer politics/economies away from profit motive. Want to create an ideal or perfect society.
richelieu supported
violence and assassination against nobles
reactionary
violently opposed to change past
art of the renaissance had _________ colors
vivid and bright
two friends of frederick the great
voltaire and mozart
what are the two main issues in england during the 1830s?
voting rights with parliamentary representation and
the reform bill of 1832 increased _______ to the _____
voting rights; industrial middle class (liberals)
according to das kapital, what must be done to maintain profit?
wages have to go down and machines replace workers. people must constantly lower the cost of productions and cycles downward
conservative
wanted to maintain the status quo
political goals of frederick wilhelm I
wanted to use military power to show/threaten power: respect from other nations and within prussia. Uses ficals (officials) to ensure that his representatives served him well
radical
wanting extreme change
the puritan led parliament ____ to get involved in thirty years war. James _____ to get in.
wants; doesn't want
what is something different that peter is trying to get?
warm water ports
catherine is looking for
warm water ports and is an expansionist
who led resistance against the council of blood by phillip?
was led by William the Silent of House of Orange (more on these folks later).
newton said that God was like a
watchmaker (he hasn't given up on god. he says god takes all the pieces of the universe, and puts them in place, winds it up, and then watches)
Louis XVI and Louix XV were _____ leaders
weak
what is the goal of capitalism?
wealth
smith's view
wealth is defined as how much a nation can produce and consume.
who were the medici family
wealthy bankers who used their money to gain influence and power.
parisian salons
wealthy urban women held social gatherings that included philosophers, writers, artists, scientists.
why did the new lanark fail?
welfare programs cut into profits
illuminati goals
were to oppose superstition, obscurantism (dogmatism), religious influence over public life and abuses of state power.
what does peter the great try to do?
westernize russia this makes russia a great power, but puts him at odds with the orthodox church
general will
what a majority of the people would do if they knew what was best for themselves.
why does the french revolution fail
when they changed everything ion the night of august fourth, complete chaos followed. nobody knew what to do with it.
parliament splits over support of the king into these groups:
whigs and tories
york' heraldic symbol
white rose
succession
who is the next ruler
economic determinism
whoever dominates an economic system will dominate every other aspect of society
catherine de medici
wife of the former king, Henry II. Acted as regent to her young sons (boy kings). She recognized the need to end the wars, which were destroying France. Catherine was Catholic, but wanted to tolerate the Huguenots.
ems dispatch (THIS CARD IS REALLY LONG IT IS LITERALLY JUST A STORY)
wilhelm 1 is vacationing in germany called bad ems. while there, the french ambassador finds him adn meets with him. he says "can the german people give us a guarantee that we won't fight each other'. (they have tension because of the crown of spain) they have a cordial discussion, where the kaiser sends a message back to prussia, telling bismarck about their discussion. bismarck reads it and says that the people of europe should know about it, and publishes it. before, he twists the meaning of some of the words- in the end, it seems as though france has their honor challenged, and declare war on prussia. this is what bismarck wanted
who was the king of germany?
wilhelm I
who were the rulers of germany from 1871 to 1890?
wilhelm I, wilhelm II
who is the crown offered to? Where is he from?
wilhelm's cousin, leopole. he is a hohenzollern
who was the liberal prime minister in british politics?
william gladstone
who is the father of psychology
william wundt
progressive
willing to change
nickname for st petersburg
window on the west
who else worked with george on the peoples budget
winston churchill
treaty of dover
with Charles II of England - Louis promises financial and military support if Charles imposed Catholicism on England again.
information card
with the exception of the renaissance, beginning in Italy, every other major game changing thing starts from england to an eastward fashion across europe. If everything is coming eastwardly, russia is usually behind europe.
why did people stay in the cities, despite life being so bad?
without the city, they'd lack a job.
mary wollstonecraft argued that a
woman should not have to obey a man, viewed this as contradictory of enlightenment ideas that a ruler cannot be arbitrary.
what is the main idea of revisionist socialism
work with and within existing governments to promote socialist reforms
universal labor unions
workers of all types of work were members
division of labor
workers perform one stage in the production of a product, creating efficiency
industrial unions
workers regardless of their skill who work in the same industry, like steel workers working with dock workers
iron law of wages
workers will always be poor because even if they make more money, they will only have more children and be no better off. income will always remain at a subsistence level
proletariat
working class
who made up the anti corn law league? what did they accomplish?
working class and bourgeoisie/ changed the law
naturalism
working to achieve lifelike accuracy
secular
worldly outside of religion, not anti religion
marie antoinette
would marry france's Louis XVI, both would be beheaded in the french revolution
luther and calvin similarities
write books in vernacular reform things
what do liberals want during the revolutions of 1848
written constitutions, civil liberties, economic freedom, limit church influence on state
coditication of laws
written, which makes them fairer to the people. Also easier for people to follow/obey the law,
Abbe Sieyes
wrote "What is the Third Estate?"
Edward Bernstein
wrote Evolutionary socialism and is credited for creating the idea of revisionist socialism
marat
wrote a pro revolution newspaper called friend of the people
hasburgs rule ends after
ww1
what did roentgen discover
x-rays
are ferdinand and isabella successful in reconquering spain from the grenada thing?
yeah
according to locke, can a government's power be limited?
yes
according to locke, is there a right to rebel against government?
yes
did elizabeth expect the fight with spain?
yes
did luther believe in the separation of church and state?
yes
did luther support the power of the stae
yes
did voltaire believed in enlightened despotism?
yes
did voltaire support free speech?
yes
does louis the fourteenth believe in divine right?
yes
does voltaire support toleration?
yes
moscow is very far into russia. is this a problem?
yes, as people don't want to go there as it is super far. at this time, the city is quite introverted and aren't looking outwards
was jjr educated?
yes.
is the bishop bossuet biased or not?
yes. he is saying that divine right is real to continue to gain things from louis. however, it is said that he claims to have actually believed it.
was thomas pro king?
yes; he tutored charles II when he was younger
was the great london dock strike successful? what did that show? what did it cause governments to do?
yes; showed unions the power of strike; caused british governments to crack down on them out of fear
was victoria a strong ruler? was she progressive?
yes; yes
anabaptist
you need to baptize when older so that you can choose to do it
theodore herzl founded
zionism
