AP Government Midterm Review Chapter 7-10

The quintessential summary of retrospective voting, according to Ronald Reagan, was,

"are you better off than you were four years ago"

Concerned about the shortened length of campaigns, parties have begun to

. reduce frontloading of primary elections and reduce delegates from early states.

By the time the 2012 presidential election was completed, the Obama campaign and the Romney campaign, together with a dozen other contenders for the presidency, had raised and spent approximately

1.3 billion

According to the results from a "U.S. Citizenship Test" administered by Newsweek magazine, only __________ of the test takers knew that the U.S. House of Representatives had 435 members.

14%

If properly conducted, a survey of public opinion can capture opinions of 300 million citizens by interviewing as few as __________ respondents.

1500

A public opinion pollster might need to make as many as __________ phone calls just to get about one thousand respondents for a survey.

15000

Congressional elections are held every

2 years

Shelby County v. Holder

2013 (5-4 decision) States and localities do not need federal approval to change voting laws - overturned the Voting Rights Act of 1965

To be a member of the House of Representatives, a person must be

25

Presidential elections are held every

4 years

Since 1911 the size of the House of Representatives has been fixed at _______ members.

435

Most demographic groups favor one party or the other by

5% or less

Since 1962, the incumbent reelection percentage in the House has never dropped below

80%

Since 1964, African Americans have voted Democratic by at least

80%

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.

Satisfied

A good aspect of low voter turnout is that people may feel _________ about how the country is run.

Australian Ballot

A government-printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party-printed ballots cast in public

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage through banning literacy tests and establishing federal support to register black voters

Poll Tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote

White Primary

A state primary election that restricts voting to whites only; outlawed by the Supreme Court in 1944.

Literacy Test

A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote

What trait has been shown to influence one's political opinions?

Age, gender, religion, and race have been shown to influence one's political opinions.

Literacy test, poll tax, grandfather clause

All methods that were used to keep African Americans from voting after the Supreme Court of 1870 said that the 15th Amendment did not confer the right to vote

Motor Voter Law of 1995

Allows all eligible citizens to register to vote when they apply for or renew a driver's license; provide for voter registration by mail; make registration forms available at local state employment offices, welfare, and other social service agencies

Rates, greater

America may not vote at high _____, but voting affects a _______ part of the political system here than abroad.

College graduates

An increasing percentage of _____ _________ are also not voting.

According to the text, campaign matter for

Assigning credit and blame, activating latent partisanship, and judging qualities of candidates are all true.

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Voting-Eligible Population

Citizens who have reached the minimum age to be eligible to vote, excluding those who are not legally permitted to cast a ballot

Lower

Compared to Europeans, US voters have a (higher/lower) turnout in elections.

Absentee ballot

Completed and typically mailed in advance of an election by a voter who is unable to be present at the polls.

The 2014 election produced the following outcome:

Congress was controlled completely by Republicans, and the president was a Democrat. This is the correct answer.

United States

Country that elects more public officials than any other country

United States

Country with most political activity within citizens

Maryland

Does not have voter ID laws

Belgium

European country with the highest percentage of registered voter turnout

Automatically

European voting registration is done ________ by the government.

If not by genetic background, families likely transmit politics through

Family discussion, activism, and the political cues of parents are all true.

23rd Amendment

Gives Washington DC electoral college votes as if it were a state (DC still has no representation in Congress)

Biweekly

How often is there an election in the US?

Small

If everyone voted, the outcome would be changed by a ______ amount.

Translated ballots

In areas where non-English speakers live, the authorities must supply

Barely 1/5

In the five midterm elections since 1998, how many young people voted?

2014

In this midterm election, participation was at its lowest in 70 years

States

Initially, ________ decided who could vote for which offices, leading to variations in federal elections..

United States

Last nation in terms of highest percentage of VAP turnout in elections

Voter Identification Law

Laws requiring citizens to show a government-issued photo ID in order to vote

Voting Rights Act of 1970

Legislation that gave eighteen-year-olds the right to vote in federal elections and led to the 26th Amendment

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

Same

Men and women vote at the _______ rate.

Internet

New rise that can alter traditional political values

500,000

Number of elective offices in the US

10%

Of the population does not have an ID

71

Only ___% of the VEP is registered to vote.

Property-owning white males

Originally, the only people allowed to vote

Europe

PLace where citizens vote once every 4-5 years

Of the following statements, which is true about party machines?

Party machines are characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity.

Low registration rates

People commonly believe that voter apathy causes the low voter turnout, but the real problem is...

Social pressure

People do not want to have their nonvoting revealed to the public, so GOTV campaigns use this to increase voter turnout.

All

People in how many states can register to vote when getting their license?

Campaigners

People who not only vote but like to get involved in campaign activities as well. They are better educated than the average voter, but what distinguishes them most is their interest in the conflicts of politics, their clear party identification, and their willingness to take strong positions.

Inactives

People who rarely vote, do not get involved in organizations, and do not even talk much about politics. They account for about 22 percent of the population and generally have low income, little education, and are relatively young African Americans.

Activists

People who tend to participate in all forms of politics

Activists

People who tend to participate in all forms of politics. They make up about 11% of the population and are generally middle-aged people who are highly educated and have high incomes.

Voting specialists

People who vote but do little else. They are older than the average person with lower education and income.

More likely to vote

Political scientists found that GOTV efforts are less effective than orginally percieved beacause they target people who are...

Voters

Presidential electors and senators were first picked by state legislatures than _______.

Which factors can influence the results of a poll?

Question wording and order and sampling technique all influence poll results.

- Scheduling conflict - Uninterest - Illness or disability - Dislike of candidates

Reasons people give as to why they do not vote

Half

Registering people is not a cure for nonvoting because ______ of all nonvoters were registered.

US, Europe

Registering to vote in ________ costs money, while registering to vote in _____________ is free.

Floaters

Repeating voters

State

Running an election is a ________ right.

Civic engagement

Scholars argue that this should be considered political participation

Didn't

Shelby County v. Holder centered around whether minorities still faced voting barriers in Southern states. The court voted 5-4 that they (did/didn't).

Hawaii

State with least voter turnout

Minnesota

State with most voter turnout

No

Studies show (some/no) correlation between distrust and not voting.

Despite the decline of parties, state and local parties have thrived due to

Support from the national parties, better local fundraising, and recruiting from social movements are all true.

True

T/F Stes with same-day voter registration have a larger voter turnout than states that do not allow sam-day voter registration

False

T/F The newly-eligible young voters had a low voter turnout and flocked to a single political party.

False

T/F Voter apathy is the only cause of voter nonregistration

Nonvoters

Tend to be poor, a minority, and/or uneducated

Which best describes the Framers' opinion on the role of public opinion in government?

The Framers thought that public opinion should play only a limited and indirect role in making public policy.

Increased, maintained

The Motor Voter Law ________ voter registration and __________ the voter turnout.

Which of the following statements about the two-party system is correct?

The United States is one of the few countries with such a system.

Black

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 encouraged _______ voters and citizens to participate in the government.

Older

The ________ one is, the more likely they are to vote.

More

The _________ affluent a family is, the more likely they are to vote.

Increased

The gap between the VAP and VEP has (decreased/increased)

Voter Apathy

The lack of interest among the citizenry in participating in elections.

Political Participation

The many different ways that people take part in politics and government

Voting-Age Population

The number of people of voting age living in the country at a given time, regardless of whether they have the right to vote.

Same day registration

The option in some states to register on the day of the election, at the polling place, rather than in advance of the election

which of the following statements is incorrect

The policy preferences of Democratic and Republican voters are generally the same.

State, federal

There has been a trend in elections from _____ to ___________ control.

Religious and educated

These people participate more than the average person

Western states

These were the first to grant women the right to vote

get-out-the-vote (GOTV)

This phrase describes the multiple efforts expended by campaigns to get voters out to the polls on election day

Parochial participants

Those who avoid elections and civic organizations but will contact officials regarding specific problems.

Costless, less

Those who register to vote under the terms of the Motor Voter Law when the process is _______ are _______ likely to vote.

Communalists

Those with the same social background as campaigners but do not like the tension of partisan campaigns. They reserve their energy for community activities and fixing local issues.

- Early voting - Absentee ballots - Mail voting

Three ways to vote other than Election Day polls

- Non-citizens living in the US - Felons or criminals that are disenfranchised by state law

Two groups that are not eligible to vote but may be accounted for in VAP

In-person voter fraud

Type of fraud on election day that is extremely rare, but is addressed with Voter ID Laws

hich statement is incorrect?

Typically, a majority of independents vote for the independent candidate.

Federal government

Under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, states and counties with a history of racism had to get their voting laws approved by...

Political parties

Used to control the count of votes

Vary

Voter ID Laws _____ from state to state- some states require government IDs while others require bank statements.

Registered

Voter ID Laws intend to ensure that a __________ voter is not an impersonator.

Lower

Voter turnout rates are significantly ________ than they were for previous generations.

Of the following statements, which one best describes voters relationship with political parties.

Voters are less attached to political parties today than they were a hundred years ago.

- Weakening of competition and interest of the political parties causes decline - Decline in voter turnout is not real because the past had more fraud - Longer and more burdensome registration requirements causes decline

What are three ideas about voter turnout steadily declining over time?

Motor Voter Act

What law of 1993 took effect in 1995 and increased voter turnout around the country?

Encouraged

When women recieved the right to vote, they were (indimidated/encouraged).

Andrew Jackson

Which presidency expanded the right to vote from property owners and taxpayers to virtually all white men?

- Time, money, and civic skills - Sources of interest, like school - Political mobilization (encouragement to vote) - Passion - Experience with government programs

Who is more likely to participate in politics?

Same

Women generally voted the ____ way as men, although less frequently.

19th Amendment

Women's suffrage

Black, whites

_______ voter participation is lower than ________ overall.

Aliens

_______ were originally given the right to vote if theu were in the process of becoming a citizen.

A __________ issue is one in which the rival candidates have opposing views on a question that also divides the voters.

a position

James Madison felt that direct popular participation in the decisions of government was

a recipe for disaster

Although early studies of American public opinion and voting found low information levels, they also found that Americans were pretty good at

a. employing cues to select policies, parties, and candidates that most nearly reflected their values and interests.

The gender gap in American policy is least pronounced on

abortion

The Framers created a government for the purpose of

achieving certain substantive goals

In America, we often refer to political elites as

activists

In his analysis of public opinion concerning school vouchers, Terry M. Moe found that citizens supplied with basic information can

adopt their positions for good substantive reasons

African Americans are more likely than whites to

all

The Founders' distrust of public opinion can be seen in

all

Campaign finance reforms

all of these choices are true

The following is an example of a valence issue.

all of these choices are true

Simple questions are not necessarily better than complex questions because

american views on public policy are complicated

Over recent decades, research on party identification has found

an increase in independents

In an open primary

any voter may vote for any party, but only one party

The text argues that the central problem of the parties today is how to

appeal to moderate voters despite the parties' ideological orientation.

In Europe, the vast majority of candidates

are nominated by party leaders

The experience with 527 organizations in the 2004 elections suggests that campaign finance laws

are not likely to take money out of politics

U.S. Senators were not popularly elected until 1913

as a defense to the people against their own temporary error and delusions.

One reason that political elites are more consistent in their ideological beliefs than the average citizen is that they are

better informed

In recent elections, candidates have relied increasingly on

broadcasting to reach potential voters

The Bull Moose and La Follette Progressive parties probably encouraged the major parties to pay more attention to

business regulation

according to the text, american knowledge of politics is

by any measure, woefully ignorant.

Which of the following is not considered a pivotal state in presidential elections?

california

A meeting of party followers at which convention delegates are picked is known as a

caucus

Progressives called for electoral reforms, such as the initiative and the referendum, to give

citizens a direct say in making laws

Disputed congressional elections are decided by

congress

Originally, presidential candidates were chosen by

congressional caucus

When an individual's views are consistently conservative or liberal, we say that person is ideologically

constrained

Compared with European countries such as Great Britain, France, and Germany, class voting in the United States has

declined sharply.

The Preamble to the U.S. Constitution lists all of the following goals of government EXCEPT

democracy

The text argues that the U.S. constitutional system was designed to make the adoption of radical departures in policy

difficult

Many strong social movements in the United States (for example, the antiwar movement of the late 1960s) never produced a significant third party. One reason is that

dissident elements were able to influence elections through party primaries and national conventions.

The Populist Party is an example of a(n)

economic protest party

In 1896, the realignment was driven by issues related to

economics

The term superdelegate refers to

elected officials and party leaders who are not required to pledge themselves in advance to a presidential candidate.

Americans speak of "social class" with

embarassment

The modern Republican Party

emerged as a major party only after the civil war

The plurality electoral system in the United States means that

every party must be a broad based coalition

A person's age tends to not have much effect on that individual's political opinions.

false

A position issue is an issue that does not divide voters.

false

Based on public opinion research, the American public is highly knowledgeable about government.

false

Demographic information is enough to accurately predict an individual's opinions.

false

Early academic studies of public opinion found that voters were generally informed about issues and governmental processes.

false

Malapportionment is when districts are drawn for pure political reasons.

false

Presidential campaigning has changed drastically; and fundraising has lost its importance.

false

Presidential candidates must accept public funding.

false

Public policy is invariably consistent with public opinion.

false

Social class influences American public opinion more than European public opinion.

false

The President's party tends to do well in off-year elections.

false

The United States uses a similar electoral system to Europe's parliamentary elections.

false

The earliest method for nominating presidential candidates was the party convention.

false

The effect of gerrymandering on Congressional elections is much larger than many claim.

false

The only meaningful religious distinction in the United States is between Protestants and Catholics.

false

The proportion of citizens who claim to be independents has declined in recent years.

false

Trade and corporate PAC money tends to flow exclusively to ideologically similar parties.

false

Voters follow their party leaders blindly.

false

Younger people are uniformly more liberal than their elders.

false

The agency responsible for monitoring federal elections and campaign finance is the

federal election commission

Scholars have identified __________ critical, or realigning, periods in American politics.

five

When public opinion shifts, policy tends to

follow public opinion

The text suggests that the term campaigning has become a synonym for

fundraising

When a district is drawn in a bizarre or unusual shape to assist a candidate, it is

gerrymandered

when a district is drawn in a bizarre or unusual shape to assist a candidate, it is

gerrymandered

Cleavages in public opinion are more common in the United States than in many other countries because the United States

has a socially diverse population

In his Farewell Address, George Washington took this position on political parties.

he condemned political parties

Political activism is correlated most closely with

ideological consistency

The Libertarian and Socialist parties in the United States are examples of

ideological parties

The classical machine-type party was developed and perfected

in the nineteenth century, before the large-scale Irish and Italian immigrations.

Most Americans' political ideology is

incoherent

he disadvantage of the new primary system that has developed in the United States is that it

increases the chances that the party will nominate a candidate who is unappealing to the average voter.

Ordinary advertising directed at or against a candidate, but not by any candidate's wish, is

independent expedenture

Most of the money for congressional candidates comes from

individuals

A heuristic is a(n)

information shortcut to make a decision

The process of attracting key party and interest group figures to a candidate is the

invisible primary

After a decade of reforms, the Democrats and Republicans have come to represent two ideologically different sets of

issue activists and party elites

In Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, the Supreme Court held that

issue advocacy was protected by the first amendment and could not be banned

The typical convention delegate&φραχ34; Democratic or Republican &φραχ34;can best be characterized as a(n)

issue oriented amateur

In a strong party parliamentary system, once a party wins office

it can implement its platform line by line

Which of the following statements regarding the Tammany Hall political machine is incorrect?

its power was enhanced by the hatch act

Based on the 2012 survey by the Pew Global Attitudes Project, this nation had the lowest percentage of individuals who held a favorable view of the American people.

jordan

__________ are today the nation's largest minority group with more than 50 million people.

latinos

After party caucuses when national nominating conventions dominated, the real power, in selecting presidential nominees, was wielded by

local party leaders

Latino public opinion tends to

look very similar on jobs, education, and foreign policy to other Americans.

The first organized political party in American history was

made up of the followers of jefferson

The Hatch Act allows federal civil service employees to

make campaign contributions

When a district is so unequal that the votes of citizens are unequal in size

malapportioned

The Framers knew that in a nation as large and diverse as the United States there would rarely be any such thing as "public opinion;" rather there would be

many "publics" holding many opinions.

During a local and national survey by the University of Cincinnati, researchers asked individuals whether they favored passage of the Monetary Control Bill and found that

many people expressed views about the legislation, although it was entirely fictitious.

Based on research, presidential debates seem to

matter for the remaining undecided

Most of the money that individual candidates spend during the course of a campaign is directed toward

media related activities

According to the text, national conventions have been transformed into

meetings where delegates ratify decisions made by voters.

The effect of winning early elections on candidate support is called

momentum or the bandwagon effect

The U.S. federal system ensures that the nation's parties are __________ than their Europeancounterparts.

more decentralized

Democrats who participate in the Iowa caucus tend to be

more liberal than democrats generally

The __________ manages the day-to-day work of the party.

national chairman

Most political ads are

negative

most political ads are

negative

Today, adults under 30 are markedly similar to senior citizens (persons age 65 and older) in their opinions on

none

Which of the following does the text suggest is a critical factor in presidential elections?

none of the above

Which of the following is true of political advertising?

none of these answers are true

After the 1964 election gave Democrats large majorities in Congress and the Presidency

none of these choices are true

V. O. Key's classic research in the 1950s found that differences in public opinion were closely associated with

occupation

Exit polls are conducted

on election day

According to the text, African Americans are

overwhelmingly democratic

Clear realignments, like the one that occurred in 1932, may not occur again because

parties no longer change as dramatically, instead aligning gradually.

A stable, long-term attachment to a political party is a voter's

partisan identification

A stable, long-term attachment to a political party is a voter's

partisan identification.

The most important factor in winning the Presidency is

partisanship

National party conventions were developed as a reform of

party caucuses

Democrats could be predicted to win every presidential election if the only factor were

party identification

Many scholars argue that the foremost factor in determining how people vote is

party identification

The process of voters aligning their preferences with their party is

party sorting

When using the term "elite," social scientists are referring to

people who have some valued resource, such as money, schooling, prestige, or political power.

Since 1952, most major polls have

picked the winner of the presidential election.

A coherent and consistent set of beliefs about what policies government ought to pursue is referredtoas

political ideology

Soft money is money that is obtained by

political parties

__________ is the process by which personal and other background traits influence one's views about politics and government.

political socialization

The partisan anchors of American political ideology are defined by

position on social and economic issues

The federal government provides matching funds, dollar for dollar, for money raised by small donors for what types of elections?

presidential elections

A major difference between presidential campaigns and congressional campaigns is that

presidential races are generally more competitive

In most states, candidates for office are chosen by

primary elections

Funding of congressional elections comes from

private sources only

The ________, a faction of the Republican Party, were opposed to the patronage system and favored nonpartisan elections at the city level.

progressives

When a voter votes for the candidate whom he or she considers more likely to do a better job in office, that voting is referred to as

prospective voting

Which type of voting requires a lot of information about candidates and issues?

prospective voting

Women are more likely than men to oppose

reducing military spending

People of all religions who attend worship services regularly are more likely to vote

republican

Beginning in the 1960s, the __________ became more bureaucratized, whereas the __________ became more factionalized.

republican party; democratic party

The text suggests that elections are decided by __________ voters.

retrospective

In the 1980 presidential election, many people voted for Ronald Reagan over Jimmy Carter as a vote against Carter's performance. This is an example of a(n)

retrospective vote

The most recent independent candidate for president who was able to get on the ballot in every statewas

ross perot

he most recent independent candidate for president who was able to get on the ballot in every statewas

ross perot

The difference between the results of two surveys or samples is called

sampling error

The first step in electing candidates is

selecting and convincing good candidates to run

During the founding period of U.S. history, political parties could best be characterized as

small coalitions based more on geography and class than on common economic interests.

The first major studies of public opinion and voting, published in the 1940s, found that

small groups of americans were informed but most were not

According to Democratic Senator Barbara Mikulski, the training grounds for national political activists today are

social movements

The text suggests that our genetic background explains

some of our political ideology

Through a process called __________, the pollster makes a list of all the geographical units in the country and groups them by size of their population.

stratified or multistage sampling

Of the following, which group is NOT a political party?

teamster

After the last two census adjustments, which state has benefited the most by gaining the highest number of seats in the House?

texas

The Constitution's doctrine of "privileged speech" has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to mean

that members of Congress cannot be sued or prosecuted for anything that they say or write in connection with their legislative duties.

One reason that public policy often differs from public opinion is that

the U.S. Constitution places many checks on the influence of public opinion.

Which of the following statements about the formula by which delegates to the nominating conventions are apportioned is correct?

the democrats and republicans use different formulas

Americans tend to see Democrats handling this issue better than Republicans.

the economy

Current scholars question the realignment theory because

the parties are split on many issues, rather than one issue, and issues change gradually.

While occupational differences are narrower than in the 1950s, there are still substantial differences between

the very rich and everyone else

The campaign finance law created in the 1970s was the direct by-product of

the water gate scandal

Electoral coattails refers to

the winning presidential candidate's positive effect on congressional elections.

One advantage that incumbents always have over challengers is

their use of free mailing, or franks

Voter heuristics allow voters to make the decisions they want to make when

they can identify politically relevant actors to understand and follow.

A U.S. Senator must be at least 30 years old.

true

By custom, Members of Congress must live in the district that they represent, not just the state.

true

During ordinary times, every election is critical and forces the parties to fight over a single dominant issue.

true

If you run for a seat in the House against the incumbent, the odds are very much against you.

true

In 2000, Ralph Nader launched the Green party.

true

In Israel and the Netherlands, the names of candidates for the legislature do not even appear on theballot.

true

In the 1800s, most people voted straight party ticket.

true

It is unconstitutional to restrict the expenditures of a candidate's campaigns, but contributions to campaigns can be limited.

true

Jefferson formed the first political party when he organized opposition against the policies ofHamilton.

true

Jefferson viewed his party as a temporary arrangement for the purpose of defeating John Adams.

true

Most Americans do not employ the words "liberal" or "conservative" when explaining their political beliefs and preferences.

true

One way in which the family forms and transmits political beliefs is by its religious tradition.

true

Research has found that highly emotional ads have the most effect on people who know the least aboutpolitics.

true

Studies suggest that steadfast conservatives lean toward the Republican Party.

true

The Founding Fathers believed that most average citizens lacked the time, information, energy, interest, and experience to decide on public policy.

true

The New Deal coalition was not preceded by a third-party movement.

true

The administrations of Abraham Lincoln and Franklin Roosevelt are associated with realignments in American politics.

true

The attachment of voters to political parties is weaker today than it was a century ago.

true

The current size of the House at 435 members was set in the year 1911.

true

The gender gap in U.S. public opinion sees women voting more Democratic than men.

true

The more informed a person is about politics, the more likely he or she is to be ideologically consistent in his or her thought.

true

The mugwumps were the Progressive faction of the Republican Party around the turn of the twentiethcentury.

true

The principal criterion by which voters choose among candidates is their party identification or label.

true

The referendum, a procedural reform of the Progressives, gives citizens the ability to vote directly on proposed legislation.

true

The text suggests that the reforms of the Democrats and Republicans may have shifted emphasis from voters to activists.

true

Voters know, generally speaking, if the country is headed on the right track or wrong track.

true

We have recently learned that our genetic background may explain some of our political ideology.

true

When it came to civil liberties and civil rights, Madison and the other Framers were not willing to empower even persistent majorities or subject fundamental freedoms to a popular vote.

true

The gender gap in U.S. public opinion has existed for a long time.

truuu

Elections based on a plurality system discourage new parties from forming because

under this winner-take-all system, no incentive is given for finishing second (or lower).

Nearly everyone is in agreement over a __________ issue, and the candidate fully supports the public's view.

valence

A comprehensive study on political advertisements found that the largest number emphasized

voters' fears

The purpose of the convention and primary system was to

weaken party leaders.

Policy will tend to follow the minority view

when the minority is well organized and politically represented

When Hubert Humphrey won the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1968, he did so

without competing in a single state primary

Which statement regarding the voting habits of men/women is correct?

women are more likely to favor activist policies

The impressionable years hypothesis states that

young people's political attitudes are strongly influenced by what happens in their mid-teens and twenties.