AP Government Midterm Review Chapter 7-10
The quintessential summary of retrospective voting, according to Ronald Reagan, was,
"are you better off than you were four years ago"
Concerned about the shortened length of campaigns, parties have begun to
. reduce frontloading of primary elections and reduce delegates from early states.
By the time the 2012 presidential election was completed, the Obama campaign and the Romney campaign, together with a dozen other contenders for the presidency, had raised and spent approximately
1.3 billion
According to the results from a "U.S. Citizenship Test" administered by Newsweek magazine, only __________ of the test takers knew that the U.S. House of Representatives had 435 members.
14%
If properly conducted, a survey of public opinion can capture opinions of 300 million citizens by interviewing as few as __________ respondents.
1500
A public opinion pollster might need to make as many as __________ phone calls just to get about one thousand respondents for a survey.
15000
Congressional elections are held every
2 years
Shelby County v. Holder
2013 (5-4 decision) States and localities do not need federal approval to change voting laws - overturned the Voting Rights Act of 1965
To be a member of the House of Representatives, a person must be
25
Presidential elections are held every
4 years
Since 1911 the size of the House of Representatives has been fixed at _______ members.
435
Most demographic groups favor one party or the other by
5% or less
Since 1962, the incumbent reelection percentage in the House has never dropped below
80%
Since 1964, African Americans have voted Democratic by at least
80%
Grandfather Clause
A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.
Satisfied
A good aspect of low voter turnout is that people may feel _________ about how the country is run.
Australian Ballot
A government-printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party-printed ballots cast in public
Voting Rights Act of 1965
A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage through banning literacy tests and establishing federal support to register black voters
Poll Tax
A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote
White Primary
A state primary election that restricts voting to whites only; outlawed by the Supreme Court in 1944.
Literacy Test
A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote
What trait has been shown to influence one's political opinions?
Age, gender, religion, and race have been shown to influence one's political opinions.
Literacy test, poll tax, grandfather clause
All methods that were used to keep African Americans from voting after the Supreme Court of 1870 said that the 15th Amendment did not confer the right to vote
Motor Voter Law of 1995
Allows all eligible citizens to register to vote when they apply for or renew a driver's license; provide for voter registration by mail; make registration forms available at local state employment offices, welfare, and other social service agencies
Rates, greater
America may not vote at high _____, but voting affects a _______ part of the political system here than abroad.
College graduates
An increasing percentage of _____ _________ are also not voting.
According to the text, campaign matter for
Assigning credit and blame, activating latent partisanship, and judging qualities of candidates are all true.
15th Amendment
Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
Voting-Eligible Population
Citizens who have reached the minimum age to be eligible to vote, excluding those who are not legally permitted to cast a ballot
Lower
Compared to Europeans, US voters have a (higher/lower) turnout in elections.
Absentee ballot
Completed and typically mailed in advance of an election by a voter who is unable to be present at the polls.
The 2014 election produced the following outcome:
Congress was controlled completely by Republicans, and the president was a Democrat. This is the correct answer.
United States
Country that elects more public officials than any other country
United States
Country with most political activity within citizens
Maryland
Does not have voter ID laws
Belgium
European country with the highest percentage of registered voter turnout
Automatically
European voting registration is done ________ by the government.
If not by genetic background, families likely transmit politics through
Family discussion, activism, and the political cues of parents are all true.
23rd Amendment
Gives Washington DC electoral college votes as if it were a state (DC still has no representation in Congress)
Biweekly
How often is there an election in the US?
Small
If everyone voted, the outcome would be changed by a ______ amount.
Translated ballots
In areas where non-English speakers live, the authorities must supply
Barely 1/5
In the five midterm elections since 1998, how many young people voted?
2014
In this midterm election, participation was at its lowest in 70 years
States
Initially, ________ decided who could vote for which offices, leading to variations in federal elections..
United States
Last nation in terms of highest percentage of VAP turnout in elections
Voter Identification Law
Laws requiring citizens to show a government-issued photo ID in order to vote
Voting Rights Act of 1970
Legislation that gave eighteen-year-olds the right to vote in federal elections and led to the 26th Amendment
26th Amendment
Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
Same
Men and women vote at the _______ rate.
Internet
New rise that can alter traditional political values
500,000
Number of elective offices in the US
10%
Of the population does not have an ID
71
Only ___% of the VEP is registered to vote.
Property-owning white males
Originally, the only people allowed to vote
Europe
PLace where citizens vote once every 4-5 years
Of the following statements, which is true about party machines?
Party machines are characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity.
Low registration rates
People commonly believe that voter apathy causes the low voter turnout, but the real problem is...
Social pressure
People do not want to have their nonvoting revealed to the public, so GOTV campaigns use this to increase voter turnout.
All
People in how many states can register to vote when getting their license?
Campaigners
People who not only vote but like to get involved in campaign activities as well. They are better educated than the average voter, but what distinguishes them most is their interest in the conflicts of politics, their clear party identification, and their willingness to take strong positions.
Inactives
People who rarely vote, do not get involved in organizations, and do not even talk much about politics. They account for about 22 percent of the population and generally have low income, little education, and are relatively young African Americans.
Activists
People who tend to participate in all forms of politics
Activists
People who tend to participate in all forms of politics. They make up about 11% of the population and are generally middle-aged people who are highly educated and have high incomes.
Voting specialists
People who vote but do little else. They are older than the average person with lower education and income.
More likely to vote
Political scientists found that GOTV efforts are less effective than orginally percieved beacause they target people who are...
Voters
Presidential electors and senators were first picked by state legislatures than _______.
Which factors can influence the results of a poll?
Question wording and order and sampling technique all influence poll results.
- Scheduling conflict - Uninterest - Illness or disability - Dislike of candidates
Reasons people give as to why they do not vote
Half
Registering people is not a cure for nonvoting because ______ of all nonvoters were registered.
US, Europe
Registering to vote in ________ costs money, while registering to vote in _____________ is free.
Floaters
Repeating voters
State
Running an election is a ________ right.
Civic engagement
Scholars argue that this should be considered political participation
Didn't
Shelby County v. Holder centered around whether minorities still faced voting barriers in Southern states. The court voted 5-4 that they (did/didn't).
Hawaii
State with least voter turnout
Minnesota
State with most voter turnout
No
Studies show (some/no) correlation between distrust and not voting.
Despite the decline of parties, state and local parties have thrived due to
Support from the national parties, better local fundraising, and recruiting from social movements are all true.
True
T/F Stes with same-day voter registration have a larger voter turnout than states that do not allow sam-day voter registration
False
T/F The newly-eligible young voters had a low voter turnout and flocked to a single political party.
False
T/F Voter apathy is the only cause of voter nonregistration
Nonvoters
Tend to be poor, a minority, and/or uneducated
Which best describes the Framers' opinion on the role of public opinion in government?
The Framers thought that public opinion should play only a limited and indirect role in making public policy.
Increased, maintained
The Motor Voter Law ________ voter registration and __________ the voter turnout.
Which of the following statements about the two-party system is correct?
The United States is one of the few countries with such a system.
Black
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 encouraged _______ voters and citizens to participate in the government.
Older
The ________ one is, the more likely they are to vote.
More
The _________ affluent a family is, the more likely they are to vote.
Increased
The gap between the VAP and VEP has (decreased/increased)
Voter Apathy
The lack of interest among the citizenry in participating in elections.
Political Participation
The many different ways that people take part in politics and government
Voting-Age Population
The number of people of voting age living in the country at a given time, regardless of whether they have the right to vote.
Same day registration
The option in some states to register on the day of the election, at the polling place, rather than in advance of the election
which of the following statements is incorrect
The policy preferences of Democratic and Republican voters are generally the same.
State, federal
There has been a trend in elections from _____ to ___________ control.
Religious and educated
These people participate more than the average person
Western states
These were the first to grant women the right to vote
get-out-the-vote (GOTV)
This phrase describes the multiple efforts expended by campaigns to get voters out to the polls on election day
Parochial participants
Those who avoid elections and civic organizations but will contact officials regarding specific problems.
Costless, less
Those who register to vote under the terms of the Motor Voter Law when the process is _______ are _______ likely to vote.
Communalists
Those with the same social background as campaigners but do not like the tension of partisan campaigns. They reserve their energy for community activities and fixing local issues.
- Early voting - Absentee ballots - Mail voting
Three ways to vote other than Election Day polls
- Non-citizens living in the US - Felons or criminals that are disenfranchised by state law
Two groups that are not eligible to vote but may be accounted for in VAP
In-person voter fraud
Type of fraud on election day that is extremely rare, but is addressed with Voter ID Laws
hich statement is incorrect?
Typically, a majority of independents vote for the independent candidate.
Federal government
Under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, states and counties with a history of racism had to get their voting laws approved by...
Political parties
Used to control the count of votes
Vary
Voter ID Laws _____ from state to state- some states require government IDs while others require bank statements.
Registered
Voter ID Laws intend to ensure that a __________ voter is not an impersonator.
Lower
Voter turnout rates are significantly ________ than they were for previous generations.
Of the following statements, which one best describes voters relationship with political parties.
Voters are less attached to political parties today than they were a hundred years ago.
- Weakening of competition and interest of the political parties causes decline - Decline in voter turnout is not real because the past had more fraud - Longer and more burdensome registration requirements causes decline
What are three ideas about voter turnout steadily declining over time?
Motor Voter Act
What law of 1993 took effect in 1995 and increased voter turnout around the country?
Encouraged
When women recieved the right to vote, they were (indimidated/encouraged).
Andrew Jackson
Which presidency expanded the right to vote from property owners and taxpayers to virtually all white men?
- Time, money, and civic skills - Sources of interest, like school - Political mobilization (encouragement to vote) - Passion - Experience with government programs
Who is more likely to participate in politics?
Same
Women generally voted the ____ way as men, although less frequently.
19th Amendment
Women's suffrage
Black, whites
_______ voter participation is lower than ________ overall.
Aliens
_______ were originally given the right to vote if theu were in the process of becoming a citizen.
A __________ issue is one in which the rival candidates have opposing views on a question that also divides the voters.
a position
James Madison felt that direct popular participation in the decisions of government was
a recipe for disaster
Although early studies of American public opinion and voting found low information levels, they also found that Americans were pretty good at
a. employing cues to select policies, parties, and candidates that most nearly reflected their values and interests.
The gender gap in American policy is least pronounced on
abortion
The Framers created a government for the purpose of
achieving certain substantive goals
In America, we often refer to political elites as
activists
In his analysis of public opinion concerning school vouchers, Terry M. Moe found that citizens supplied with basic information can
adopt their positions for good substantive reasons
African Americans are more likely than whites to
all
The Founders' distrust of public opinion can be seen in
all
Campaign finance reforms
all of these choices are true
The following is an example of a valence issue.
all of these choices are true
Simple questions are not necessarily better than complex questions because
american views on public policy are complicated
Over recent decades, research on party identification has found
an increase in independents
In an open primary
any voter may vote for any party, but only one party
The text argues that the central problem of the parties today is how to
appeal to moderate voters despite the parties' ideological orientation.
In Europe, the vast majority of candidates
are nominated by party leaders
The experience with 527 organizations in the 2004 elections suggests that campaign finance laws
are not likely to take money out of politics
U.S. Senators were not popularly elected until 1913
as a defense to the people against their own temporary error and delusions.
One reason that political elites are more consistent in their ideological beliefs than the average citizen is that they are
better informed
In recent elections, candidates have relied increasingly on
broadcasting to reach potential voters
The Bull Moose and La Follette Progressive parties probably encouraged the major parties to pay more attention to
business regulation
according to the text, american knowledge of politics is
by any measure, woefully ignorant.
Which of the following is not considered a pivotal state in presidential elections?
california
A meeting of party followers at which convention delegates are picked is known as a
caucus
Progressives called for electoral reforms, such as the initiative and the referendum, to give
citizens a direct say in making laws
Disputed congressional elections are decided by
congress
Originally, presidential candidates were chosen by
congressional caucus
When an individual's views are consistently conservative or liberal, we say that person is ideologically
constrained
Compared with European countries such as Great Britain, France, and Germany, class voting in the United States has
declined sharply.
The Preamble to the U.S. Constitution lists all of the following goals of government EXCEPT
democracy
The text argues that the U.S. constitutional system was designed to make the adoption of radical departures in policy
difficult
Many strong social movements in the United States (for example, the antiwar movement of the late 1960s) never produced a significant third party. One reason is that
dissident elements were able to influence elections through party primaries and national conventions.
The Populist Party is an example of a(n)
economic protest party
In 1896, the realignment was driven by issues related to
economics
The term superdelegate refers to
elected officials and party leaders who are not required to pledge themselves in advance to a presidential candidate.
Americans speak of "social class" with
embarassment
The modern Republican Party
emerged as a major party only after the civil war
The plurality electoral system in the United States means that
every party must be a broad based coalition
A person's age tends to not have much effect on that individual's political opinions.
false
A position issue is an issue that does not divide voters.
false
Based on public opinion research, the American public is highly knowledgeable about government.
false
Demographic information is enough to accurately predict an individual's opinions.
false
Early academic studies of public opinion found that voters were generally informed about issues and governmental processes.
false
Malapportionment is when districts are drawn for pure political reasons.
false
Presidential campaigning has changed drastically; and fundraising has lost its importance.
false
Presidential candidates must accept public funding.
false
Public policy is invariably consistent with public opinion.
false
Social class influences American public opinion more than European public opinion.
false
The President's party tends to do well in off-year elections.
false
The United States uses a similar electoral system to Europe's parliamentary elections.
false
The earliest method for nominating presidential candidates was the party convention.
false
The effect of gerrymandering on Congressional elections is much larger than many claim.
false
The only meaningful religious distinction in the United States is between Protestants and Catholics.
false
The proportion of citizens who claim to be independents has declined in recent years.
false
Trade and corporate PAC money tends to flow exclusively to ideologically similar parties.
false
Voters follow their party leaders blindly.
false
Younger people are uniformly more liberal than their elders.
false
The agency responsible for monitoring federal elections and campaign finance is the
federal election commission
Scholars have identified __________ critical, or realigning, periods in American politics.
five
When public opinion shifts, policy tends to
follow public opinion
The text suggests that the term campaigning has become a synonym for
fundraising
When a district is drawn in a bizarre or unusual shape to assist a candidate, it is
gerrymandered
when a district is drawn in a bizarre or unusual shape to assist a candidate, it is
gerrymandered
Cleavages in public opinion are more common in the United States than in many other countries because the United States
has a socially diverse population
In his Farewell Address, George Washington took this position on political parties.
he condemned political parties
Political activism is correlated most closely with
ideological consistency
The Libertarian and Socialist parties in the United States are examples of
ideological parties
The classical machine-type party was developed and perfected
in the nineteenth century, before the large-scale Irish and Italian immigrations.
Most Americans' political ideology is
incoherent
he disadvantage of the new primary system that has developed in the United States is that it
increases the chances that the party will nominate a candidate who is unappealing to the average voter.
Ordinary advertising directed at or against a candidate, but not by any candidate's wish, is
independent expedenture
Most of the money for congressional candidates comes from
individuals
A heuristic is a(n)
information shortcut to make a decision
The process of attracting key party and interest group figures to a candidate is the
invisible primary
After a decade of reforms, the Democrats and Republicans have come to represent two ideologically different sets of
issue activists and party elites
In Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, the Supreme Court held that
issue advocacy was protected by the first amendment and could not be banned
The typical convention delegate&φραχ34; Democratic or Republican &φραχ34;can best be characterized as a(n)
issue oriented amateur
In a strong party parliamentary system, once a party wins office
it can implement its platform line by line
Which of the following statements regarding the Tammany Hall political machine is incorrect?
its power was enhanced by the hatch act
Based on the 2012 survey by the Pew Global Attitudes Project, this nation had the lowest percentage of individuals who held a favorable view of the American people.
jordan
__________ are today the nation's largest minority group with more than 50 million people.
latinos
After party caucuses when national nominating conventions dominated, the real power, in selecting presidential nominees, was wielded by
local party leaders
Latino public opinion tends to
look very similar on jobs, education, and foreign policy to other Americans.
The first organized political party in American history was
made up of the followers of jefferson
The Hatch Act allows federal civil service employees to
make campaign contributions
When a district is so unequal that the votes of citizens are unequal in size
malapportioned
The Framers knew that in a nation as large and diverse as the United States there would rarely be any such thing as "public opinion;" rather there would be
many "publics" holding many opinions.
During a local and national survey by the University of Cincinnati, researchers asked individuals whether they favored passage of the Monetary Control Bill and found that
many people expressed views about the legislation, although it was entirely fictitious.
Based on research, presidential debates seem to
matter for the remaining undecided
Most of the money that individual candidates spend during the course of a campaign is directed toward
media related activities
According to the text, national conventions have been transformed into
meetings where delegates ratify decisions made by voters.
The effect of winning early elections on candidate support is called
momentum or the bandwagon effect
The U.S. federal system ensures that the nation's parties are __________ than their Europeancounterparts.
more decentralized
Democrats who participate in the Iowa caucus tend to be
more liberal than democrats generally
The __________ manages the day-to-day work of the party.
national chairman
Most political ads are
negative
most political ads are
negative
Today, adults under 30 are markedly similar to senior citizens (persons age 65 and older) in their opinions on
none
Which of the following does the text suggest is a critical factor in presidential elections?
none of the above
Which of the following is true of political advertising?
none of these answers are true
After the 1964 election gave Democrats large majorities in Congress and the Presidency
none of these choices are true
V. O. Key's classic research in the 1950s found that differences in public opinion were closely associated with
occupation
Exit polls are conducted
on election day
According to the text, African Americans are
overwhelmingly democratic
Clear realignments, like the one that occurred in 1932, may not occur again because
parties no longer change as dramatically, instead aligning gradually.
A stable, long-term attachment to a political party is a voter's
partisan identification
A stable, long-term attachment to a political party is a voter's
partisan identification.
The most important factor in winning the Presidency is
partisanship
National party conventions were developed as a reform of
party caucuses
Democrats could be predicted to win every presidential election if the only factor were
party identification
Many scholars argue that the foremost factor in determining how people vote is
party identification
The process of voters aligning their preferences with their party is
party sorting
When using the term "elite," social scientists are referring to
people who have some valued resource, such as money, schooling, prestige, or political power.
Since 1952, most major polls have
picked the winner of the presidential election.
A coherent and consistent set of beliefs about what policies government ought to pursue is referredtoas
political ideology
Soft money is money that is obtained by
political parties
__________ is the process by which personal and other background traits influence one's views about politics and government.
political socialization
The partisan anchors of American political ideology are defined by
position on social and economic issues
The federal government provides matching funds, dollar for dollar, for money raised by small donors for what types of elections?
presidential elections
A major difference between presidential campaigns and congressional campaigns is that
presidential races are generally more competitive
In most states, candidates for office are chosen by
primary elections
Funding of congressional elections comes from
private sources only
The ________, a faction of the Republican Party, were opposed to the patronage system and favored nonpartisan elections at the city level.
progressives
When a voter votes for the candidate whom he or she considers more likely to do a better job in office, that voting is referred to as
prospective voting
Which type of voting requires a lot of information about candidates and issues?
prospective voting
Women are more likely than men to oppose
reducing military spending
People of all religions who attend worship services regularly are more likely to vote
republican
Beginning in the 1960s, the __________ became more bureaucratized, whereas the __________ became more factionalized.
republican party; democratic party
The text suggests that elections are decided by __________ voters.
retrospective
In the 1980 presidential election, many people voted for Ronald Reagan over Jimmy Carter as a vote against Carter's performance. This is an example of a(n)
retrospective vote
The most recent independent candidate for president who was able to get on the ballot in every statewas
ross perot
he most recent independent candidate for president who was able to get on the ballot in every statewas
ross perot
The difference between the results of two surveys or samples is called
sampling error
The first step in electing candidates is
selecting and convincing good candidates to run
During the founding period of U.S. history, political parties could best be characterized as
small coalitions based more on geography and class than on common economic interests.
The first major studies of public opinion and voting, published in the 1940s, found that
small groups of americans were informed but most were not
According to Democratic Senator Barbara Mikulski, the training grounds for national political activists today are
social movements
The text suggests that our genetic background explains
some of our political ideology
Through a process called __________, the pollster makes a list of all the geographical units in the country and groups them by size of their population.
stratified or multistage sampling
Of the following, which group is NOT a political party?
teamster
After the last two census adjustments, which state has benefited the most by gaining the highest number of seats in the House?
texas
The Constitution's doctrine of "privileged speech" has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to mean
that members of Congress cannot be sued or prosecuted for anything that they say or write in connection with their legislative duties.
One reason that public policy often differs from public opinion is that
the U.S. Constitution places many checks on the influence of public opinion.
Which of the following statements about the formula by which delegates to the nominating conventions are apportioned is correct?
the democrats and republicans use different formulas
Americans tend to see Democrats handling this issue better than Republicans.
the economy
Current scholars question the realignment theory because
the parties are split on many issues, rather than one issue, and issues change gradually.
While occupational differences are narrower than in the 1950s, there are still substantial differences between
the very rich and everyone else
The campaign finance law created in the 1970s was the direct by-product of
the water gate scandal
Electoral coattails refers to
the winning presidential candidate's positive effect on congressional elections.
One advantage that incumbents always have over challengers is
their use of free mailing, or franks
Voter heuristics allow voters to make the decisions they want to make when
they can identify politically relevant actors to understand and follow.
A U.S. Senator must be at least 30 years old.
true
By custom, Members of Congress must live in the district that they represent, not just the state.
true
During ordinary times, every election is critical and forces the parties to fight over a single dominant issue.
true
If you run for a seat in the House against the incumbent, the odds are very much against you.
true
In 2000, Ralph Nader launched the Green party.
true
In Israel and the Netherlands, the names of candidates for the legislature do not even appear on theballot.
true
In the 1800s, most people voted straight party ticket.
true
It is unconstitutional to restrict the expenditures of a candidate's campaigns, but contributions to campaigns can be limited.
true
Jefferson formed the first political party when he organized opposition against the policies ofHamilton.
true
Jefferson viewed his party as a temporary arrangement for the purpose of defeating John Adams.
true
Most Americans do not employ the words "liberal" or "conservative" when explaining their political beliefs and preferences.
true
One way in which the family forms and transmits political beliefs is by its religious tradition.
true
Research has found that highly emotional ads have the most effect on people who know the least aboutpolitics.
true
Studies suggest that steadfast conservatives lean toward the Republican Party.
true
The Founding Fathers believed that most average citizens lacked the time, information, energy, interest, and experience to decide on public policy.
true
The New Deal coalition was not preceded by a third-party movement.
true
The administrations of Abraham Lincoln and Franklin Roosevelt are associated with realignments in American politics.
true
The attachment of voters to political parties is weaker today than it was a century ago.
true
The current size of the House at 435 members was set in the year 1911.
true
The gender gap in U.S. public opinion sees women voting more Democratic than men.
true
The more informed a person is about politics, the more likely he or she is to be ideologically consistent in his or her thought.
true
The mugwumps were the Progressive faction of the Republican Party around the turn of the twentiethcentury.
true
The principal criterion by which voters choose among candidates is their party identification or label.
true
The referendum, a procedural reform of the Progressives, gives citizens the ability to vote directly on proposed legislation.
true
The text suggests that the reforms of the Democrats and Republicans may have shifted emphasis from voters to activists.
true
Voters know, generally speaking, if the country is headed on the right track or wrong track.
true
We have recently learned that our genetic background may explain some of our political ideology.
true
When it came to civil liberties and civil rights, Madison and the other Framers were not willing to empower even persistent majorities or subject fundamental freedoms to a popular vote.
true
The gender gap in U.S. public opinion has existed for a long time.
truuu
Elections based on a plurality system discourage new parties from forming because
under this winner-take-all system, no incentive is given for finishing second (or lower).
Nearly everyone is in agreement over a __________ issue, and the candidate fully supports the public's view.
valence
A comprehensive study on political advertisements found that the largest number emphasized
voters' fears
The purpose of the convention and primary system was to
weaken party leaders.
Policy will tend to follow the minority view
when the minority is well organized and politically represented
When Hubert Humphrey won the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1968, he did so
without competing in a single state primary
Which statement regarding the voting habits of men/women is correct?
women are more likely to favor activist policies
The impressionable years hypothesis states that
young people's political attitudes are strongly influenced by what happens in their mid-teens and twenties.
