AP History Chapter 14-15 test
Which of the following was NOT enacted by the Republican Party during the Civil War? A) a new National Bank Act B) increased taxes on almost all goods and services C) higher tariffs D) hard money policies requiring all payments in gold or silver E) the Homestead Act
D
Characteristics of Andrew Johnson's personality that hampered him as president were that he was too polite and deferential to assume any leadership initiative. A) True B) False
FALSE
Despite many shortages, the South was at least able to grow enough food to meet its needs. A) True B) False
FALSE
Many Southerners believed that the dependence of English and French textile industries on American cotton would force them to intervene on the side of the Confederacy. A) True B) False
TRUE
No European nation offered diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy. A) True B) False
TRUE
President Lincoln believed that a lenient Reconstruction policy would encourage Southern Unionists and other Southern Whigs to become Republicans and build a stronger party in the South. A) True B) False
TRUE
The Crittenden Compromise failed because Republicans refused to give in on the question of the expansion of slavery. A) True B) False
TRUE
The Crédit Mobilier was a railroad construction company involved in scandal during the Grant administration. A) True B) False
TRUE
The portion of Southern farmers who were tenants, cash, or sharecrop, increased markedly from Reconstruction to 1900. A) True B) False
TRUE
Historians have debated all of the following about the Civil War EXCEPT A) whether the slaves contributed to the Northern victory. B) whether it was an irrepressible conflict. C) whether it was really fought over the issue of slavery. D) whether the failure of the party system caused the war. E) whether a divergent culture and commercial interests caused the war.
A
In most states, the "Redeemers" or "Bourbons" were typically composed of A) a newly emerging class of merchants, industrialists, railroad developers, and financiers. B) essentially the same old planter elite that had dominated antebellum politics. C) a coalition of poor, working-class whites and blacks. D) white farmers who owned small to medium farms. E) Republicans and Democrats who favored the ideal of equal rights for all.
A
In the late nineteenth century, the agricultural credit system in the South encouraged farmers A) to rely heavily on cash crops—especially cotton. B) to diversify away from cotton toward food grains and livestock. C) to adopt the use of mechanization on increasingly larger farms. D) to abandon farming and invest in capital-intensive manufacturing enterprises. E) to abandon their land and go west.
A
The Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution A) declared that the right to vote could not be denied on account of race. B) officially ended slavery. C) granted "citizenship" to the freedmen. D) provided that states could only count three-fifths (60%) of their black population when determining how many members they would be given in the U.S. House of Representatives. E) opened up the West to homesteading by African Americans.
A
The greatest source of division in the South was A) the doctrine of states' rights. B) the difference of opinion over the war. C) the question of whether to use slaves in combat. D) over "King Cotton diplomacy." E) the role of women in the war effort.
A
The last major battle of George McClellan's tenure as commanding general of the Army of the Potomac was A) Antietam. B) Gettysburg. C) Atlanta. D) Chickamauga. E) Chancellorsville.
A
Which best describes the extent of "Negro rule" in the Southern states during Reconstruction? A) African Americans played a significant political role in several states but never elected a governor or controlled a state legislature. B) Some African Americans held local elective offices and a very few were elected to state legislatures but the numbers were politically inconsequential in every state. C) In the Deep South states where African Americans constituted a majority of the voters due to white disenfranchisement, blacks dominated both houses of the state legislatures and controlled state politics as long as federal troops remained in the South. D) African Americans did not actually hold many offices in any state, but they effectively dominated local offices in all but Tennessee and Arkansas through alliances with white Republicans. E) It was significant only in Georgia and Mississippi.
A
Which of the following was true when the Civil War began? A) All the important material advantages lay with the North. B) The South had the active support of England. C) Southern industry was sufficient to conduct a war. D) The Union was prepared for a long war. E) The Union had the active support of France.
A
Which, of the following is NOT cited by the text as a reason that Reconstruction failed to accomplish more to promote racial equality in the United States? A) fear that harsh action might lead to resumed military action by the Southern states, even though they had been defeated. B) attachment to a states' rights view of the Constitution, even for the rebel states. C) deep respect for private property rights, even for leading Confederates. D) belief in black inferiority by many whites, even Northern liberals. E) Northern complacency brought about by the adoption of the 15th Amendment to the Constitution
A
By 1900, the portion of the nation's manufacturing output produced in the South was about three times what it had been on the eve of the Civil War. A) True B) False
FALSE
Henry W. Grady was A) the builder of the American Tobacco Company. B) an Atlanta editor who became a leading spokesman for the "New South" idea. C) the person principally responsible for Birmingham, Alabama becoming an iron and steel production center. D) the governor of South Carolina who was most vociferous in advocating that blacks should migrate from the South to take industrial jobs in the North. E) an Atlanta hotel magnate.
B
In England, which of the following supported the South? A) unenfranchised classes B) ruling classes C) liberals D) English manufacturers E) unemployed textile workers
B
In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the U.S. Supreme Court established the general principle that A) states could not prevent blacks from voting just because their grandparents had been slaves. B) states could require separate accommodations on trains, in schools, and the like, for blacks and whites as long as the accommodations were equal. C) Congress could take away a state's seats in the U.S. House of Representatives if the state refused to allow blacks to vote in Congressional elections. D) local governments could use zoning and building codes to enforce racial segregation by neighborhood. E) states could use poll taxes and literacy tests to establish voting qualifications.
B
The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves A) in the North as well as the South. B) in areas of the Confederacy except those already under Union control. C) and offered compensation to the masters in slave states that remained loyal to the Union. D) in the South but offered to return them to masters who declared their loyalty to the Union. E) in Southern areas already under Union control.
B
The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution A) declared that the right to vote could not be denied on account of race. B) officially ended slavery. C) granted "citizenship" to the freedmen. D) provided that states could only count three-fifths (60%) of their black population when determining how many members they would be given in the U.S. House of Representatives. E) opened up the West to homesteading by African Americans.
B
The United States was upset when England declared neutrality because A) it meant that England might aid the South. B) it meant that the two sides in the conflict were of equal stature. C) the South could easily get English loans. D) such a declaration usually led to diplomatic recognition. E) it meant that the two sides in the conflict were of equal stature and would lead to diplomatic recognition.
B
The election of 1868 A) was a landslide for Grant. B) saw Grant uncertain whether to run as the candidate for the Democrats or Republicans. C) was narrow because of his opposition to Reconstruction. D) was free from violence in the South. E) was narrow because of a low black turnout in the South.
B
The greenback movement A) was most popular with creditors. B) introduced one of the most powerful political issues of the late nineteenth century. C) resulted in the creation of a successful third party. D) ended in the adoption of the movement's proposed legislation. E) led to the panic of 1873.
B
Ulysses S. Grant's election as president was largely a result of his being A) governor of New York during the postwar economic boom. B) a triumphant commanding general of the Union army. C) the popular administrator of the Freedmen's Bureau. D) a flamboyant cavalry officer in the western Indian wars. E) incorruptible.
B
"Jim Crow" is a nickname for A) white Southerners who used violence or intimidation to restrict black activities. B) black people who curried favor with whites by acting excessively polite and deferential. C) the whole system of laws and customs that kept the races separate in schools, public buildings, houses, jobs, theaters and the like. D) black people who pretended to be friendly toward whites but who secretly undermined white interests. E) the African-American culture of dance, music, food, and religion that grew up after slavery.
C
Around the turn of the century, which of the following was most likely to attract Northern white support? A) increased enforcement of the Fifteenth Amendment B) statutes allowing whites and blacks to marry each other if they wished C) a federal anti-lynching law D) congressional intervention to promote racial integration in Southern public schools E) the Ku Klux Klan
C
At Fort Sumter, A) President Lincoln resupplied the federal troops in time to avoid an armed conflict. B) Major Anderson managed to withstand the bombardment of the Confederates and keep the Fort in Union hands. C) the Confederates fired the first shot of the Civil War. D) the Union Army fired the first shots of the war. E) Major Anderson surrendered right after the first shot.
C
Critics of native Southern whites who joined the Republican Party called them A) carpetbaggers. B) whippersnappers. C) scalawags. D) white camellias. E) filibusterers.
C
During the Civil War, Northern women A) did not become involved in the conflict. B) tried to get the men they knew to stay home. C) entered nursing, a field previously dominated by men. D) did work at home but made no contribution to the needs of employers for additional labor. E) organized anti-war protests.
C
Freed blacks A) most often demanded a redistribution of economic resources. B) only asked for legal equality. C) were nearly unanimous in their desire for independence from white control. D) generally remained involved in mixed-race churches. E) sought violent revenge for past wrongs.
C
In which of the following acts did Lincoln NOT "ignore" the Constitution? A) sending troops into battle without asking for a declaration of war B) increasing the size of the regular army C) putting diplomatic pressure on England not to recognize the Confederacy D) unilaterally proclaiming a naval blockade of the South E) suspending the writ of habeas corpus
C
King Cotton diplomacy A) enabled the South to get all the war material it needed from Europe. B) worked for most of the war. C) was a failure. D) worked for the North. E) enabled the South to get all the war material it needed from Europe and worked for most of the war.
C
The Confederacy ultimately financed its war effort through A) an income tax. B) requisitions from the staples. C) paper money. D) tariffs on imported goods. E) minting gold and silver or "hard money."
C
The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution A) declared that the right to vote could not be denied on account of race. B) officially ended slavery. C) granted "citizenship" to the freed men. D) provided that states could only count three-fifths (60%) of their black population when determining how many members they could be given in the U.S. House of Representatives. E) opened up the West to homesteading by African Americans.
C
The New York City draft riots A) occurred when Irish strikebreakers were attacked by New York longshoremen. B) led to the deaths of 1000 people. C) included lynchings of a number of African Americans. D) ended the use of conscription as a means of gaining new soldiers for the Union army. E) were in protest of the high $300.00 draft avoidance fee.
C
The Union Army A) refused to use African-American soldiers in any capacity. B) refused to use African-American soldiers in combat positions. C) had a higher mortality rate for black soldiers than white soldiers. D) paid black and white soldiers equally. E) used black commanders to lead black units.
C
The first battle of the Civil War was A) Shiloh. B) the Seven Days. C) First Bull Run. D) Wilson's Creek. E) Fort Pickens.
C
The most concrete legacy of the Civil War for Southern white women was the A) recognition that women could do men's work and the opening of more employment opportunities. B) elevation in status they enjoyed when the slaves were freed. C) decimation of the male population and the creation of a major sexual imbalance in the region. D) the loss of status when the slaves were freed. E) All these answers are correct.
C
Which best describes Congressional reaction to the former Confederate states that had set up new governments under Andrew Johnson's "presidential Reconstruction"? A) They fully accepted all of the states except Georgia and South Carolina, which had elected no blacks to office. B) They conditionally accepted all of the states pending the results of local and state elections. C) They refused to seat the senators and representatives from the states and set up a committee to investigate and advise on Reconstruction. D) They fully accepted all of the states west of the Mississippi River, but required new constitutions in the others. E) They enacted the Wade-Davis Bill.
C
Which of the following battles was fought in the western theatre? A) Gettysburg B) Chancellorsville C) Shiloh D) Antietam E) Kennesaw Mountain
C
Education in the South A) was largely sponsored by local businessmen. B) did not take root during Reconstruction. C) resulted in the development of mostly mixed-race schools. D) reached over 10 percent of the school-age population of former slaves. E) was provided to whites only.
D
Recent historians of Reconstruction A) have viewed it as a failure. B) have viewed it as a substantial success. C) have found the racism of white Southerners overstated. D) have argued that the blacks gained significant improvements through this era. E) All these answers are correct except Reconstruction being viewed as a failure.
D
Sherman's march through Georgia was designed to A) find supplies for the Union armies in Virginia. B) free the slaves in central Georgia. C) get Lincoln reelected. D) break the will of the Southern people. E) cut off Lee's army.
D
The "Black Codes" were a set of regulations established by A) the Congress to protect the rights of the former slaves to own property and to find employment. B) the U.S. Supreme Court to enforce the provisions of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. C) the Northern states to prevent a massive influx of former slaves from entering their states and seeking homes and jobs. D) the Southern states to promote white supremacy and to control the economic and social activities of the freed men. E) the Southern states to ameliorate radical Reconstruction Acts.
D
The "solid" South refers to the A) work ethic values of Southern whites. B) courage of Confederate soldiers during the war despite being outnumbered. C) steady returns that Northern bankers could expect from investment in cotton. D) the fact that the Democratic Party could count on the votes of the Southern states after Reconstruction. E) consistent and uniform opposition of whites to black progress.
D
Which of the following, if any, was NOT a provision of the Congressional plan of Reconstruction enacted in early 1867? A) dividing the South into military districts administered by military commanders B) requiring former Confederate states, as a condition of readmission to the Union, to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution C) mandating former Confederate states, as a condition of readmission to the Union, to hold a constitutional convention and prepare a constitution providing for black male suffrage D) declaring that each state must present a plan for distributing farm land to, or providing jobs for, the former slaves E) All these answers are correct.
D
The first seven Southern states that seceded were A) in the lower South. B) the states where the largest concentration of slaves were located. C) the home of the most outspoken "fire eaters." D) not possessed of the military strength to fight a war. E) All these answers are correct
E
What institution was the key point of contact in the agricultural credit system for most Southern farmers, black and white, in the late nineteenth century? A) small town banks owned by Northerners B) large diversified planters C) finance companies in the larger cities such as Atlanta and Memphis D) mail order mortgage companies operating out of New York E) local country-store merchants
E
Which faction of the Republican Party wanted Reconstruction to punish the former Confederacy, disenfranchise large numbers of Southern whites, and confiscate the property of leading Confederates? A) moderates B) conservatives C) Redeemers D) Scalybaggers E) Radicals
E
Which of the following stands did President Buchanan take after the first state seceded? A) No state has the right to secede from the Union. B) The federal government has no authority to stop a state from seceding from the nation. C) Federal troops should be called out to stop secession. D) Secession was a legal act. E) No state has the right to secede from the Union; however, the federal government does not have the authority to stop a state from seceding from the nation.
E
Which of the following was an advantage enjoyed by the South at the outset of the war? A) It would be fighting, for the most part, a defensive war. B) Most of the white population of the South supported the war. C) Northern opinion on the war was divided. D) The South had better military commanders. E) All these answers are correct.
E
Which of the following, if any, was NOT associated with the "Compromise of 1877"? A) removal of the last federal troops from the South B) increased federal aid for railroads and other internal improvements C) appointment of a Southerner to the cabinet D) making Rutherford B. Hayes president E) All these answers are correct.
E
African Americans were not allowed to serve in organized fighting units. A) True B) False
FALSE
Alaska was called "Seward's Folly" because of his aborted attempt to sell the territory to the Russian czar as a method of financing the cost of maintaining troops in the South during Reconstruction. A) True B) False
FALSE
As bad as the economic and physical situation was for Southern blacks in the aftermath of the Civil War, conditions were even worse for the region's white population. A) True B) False
FALSE
Despite the end of slavery, most black agricultural labor in the South in the late nineteenth century continued to emulate the gang-labor system in which slaves lived in concentrated quarters and worked in groups under the constant supervision of a white field boss suggestive of the prewar overseer. A) True B) False
FALSE
Even thought the House's impeachment charges were nominally based on specific "high crimes and misdemeanors," Andrew Johnson was actually convicted by the Senate and removed from the presidency for petty political reasons. A) True B) False
FALSE
Hamilton Fish was Grant's secretary of state whose actions worsened relations between the United States and Great Britain. A) True B) False
FALSE
In both the North and the South, the draft was accepted with little protest. A) True B) False
FALSE
In general, the "Redeemer" ("Bourbon") political regimes were inclined to raise taxes to expand services, especially public education. A) True B) False
FALSE
In the context of Reconstruction, "redeemed" was used to refer to freedmen who had returned to their original slave plantations as workers after running away during or immediately following the war. A) True B) False
FALSE
In the period from Reconstruction to 1900, the crop-lien system helped force many Southern farmers in the piney woods and mountains from cash crop commercial farming into a ruggedly independent sort of subsistence farming. A) True B) False
FALSE
John Wilkes Booth acted completely on his own in plotting to murder President Lincoln. A) True B) False
FALSE
Republicans were afraid that the quick return of the Southern states to Congress would lead to more Democratic votes, thereby increasing the likelihood that Congress would establish protective tariffs and subsidize railroads. A) True B) False
FALSE
Technological advances made little difference in the outcome of the Civil War, since both sides had access to them. A) True B) False
FALSE
The Civil War transformed the North from an agrarian to an industrial society. A) True B) False
FALSE
The Confederate government was composed of the most radical Southern secessionists. A) True B) False
FALSE
The Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery throughout the South in 1863. A) True B) False
FALSE
The Republican Party did little to promote economic development during the war. A) True B) False
FALSE
The Tenure of Office Act and the Command of the Army Act were passed by Congress to prevent Southern states from sending former Confederates to Congress or from having them control the state militia companies. A) True B) False
FALSE
Though outmanned on the land, the Confederacy held the advantage at sea. A) True B) False
FALSE
In the period from the end of Reconstruction into the twentieth century, the Democratic Party was the political party of the vast majority of Southern whites. A) True B) False
TRUE
Lincoln's handling of the war effort faced constant scrutiny from the congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War, which seriously interfered with his work. A) True B) False
TRUE
After General McClellan allowed Lee to retreat into Virginia following Antietam Creek, Lincoln removed McClellan from command. A) True B) False
TRUE
After the Battle of Chattanooga, the Confederacy's only hope was to hold on and exhaust the Northern will to fight. A) True B) False
TRUE
By the late 1890s, a significantly smaller portion of Southern blacks was allowed to vote than in the late 1860s. A) True B) False
TRUE
During the period from just before the Civil War to just after Reconstruction, per capita income for African Americans rose significantly while per capita income for whites dropped. A) True B) False
TRUE
Had the Union not taken Atlanta in September of 1864, Lincoln might have lost the presidency to McClellan. A) True B) False
TRUE
In the 1870s, the expanded printing of greenback paper currency was advocated by those, especially debtors, who believed that inflation would help the economy. A) True B) False
TRUE
