AP History Mid term

quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preach a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

sir william berkeley

Royal governor of Virginia colony from 1641-52 and 1660-77. Most famous for establishing policies favorable to large plantation owners and thereby contributing to the cause of Bacon's Rebellion. Bacon's fellow conspirators were brutally punished when it was over.

northwest ordinance

said that when the new land had 60,000 people it would become a state. slaves were prohibited

plymouth

separatists in 1620 saild and ened up at cape cod. it was outside London Company's territory so they signed Mayflower Compact

treaty of paris

september 3 1783 both spain and france agreed to end hostilities. clear-cut recognition of independence and territory boundary of canada to north of florida and Atlantic ocean to mississippi river

treaty of greenville

series of treaties with indians failed. 1794 treaty with miami indians lands. it was fallowing the battle of fallen timbers

federalism

supporters of a strong national government. In the 1780's it was manly the wealthy and powerful groups that supported federalism. They thought it would help with dealing with the nation's problems such as the economic one.

great compromise

the agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population).

alien and sedition acts

the alien act allowed the exportation of any alien believed to be a threat to national security and during times of war; sedition act made it a criminal offense to plot against the government -oppressed people's first amendment rights

bill of rights

a statement of fundamental rights and privileges (especially the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution)

salutary neglect

(self government) Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America. The English ceased practicing salutary neglect following British victory in the French and Indian War.

quasi war

- Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. The French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies and refused to receive a new United States minister when he arrived in Paris in December 1796.

virginia and Kentucky resolves

-VP Jefferson led the opposition to Alien and Sedition Acts - him and Madison drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions -argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot, result of competition for Dutch trade and friction over land boundaries; pequot virtually wiped out.

king philips war

1675 deadly encounter between chief of wampanoags under king philip . for 3 years natives destroyed towns causing Mass economy and society to weaken and later fight back

Dominion of New England

1686-The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). Ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros

society of cincinnati

1783 pamphlet was one of many expressions of the broad democratic sentiment that the revolution unleashed in the American society. This was a society created shortly after the Revolution by men who had served as high-ranking officers in the Patriot Army. The society, membership in which was hereditary, looked suspiciously like the inherited aristocracies of England.

zebulon pike

26 years old led an expedition in the fall of 1805 from St. Louis into the upper Mississippi valley. 1806 went to valley of Arkansas River (Colorado). A peak that he attempted to climb was named for him. His travels created an enduring impression with Americans in the East that the land between Missouri River and Rockies were uncultivated deserts. He believed this land should be left to the Indians

barbary pirates

A Group of fighters who attacked American ships along the Barbary Coast of northern Africa at in the first few years of the 19th Century. They were members of a handful of African states who at first signed treaties with the United States in which they promised to stop attacking American ships for protection. However, they broke those treaties. The U.S. fought back with force. Both the Navy and the Marines won big victories, including one at Tripoli in 1805. Finally, they reached an agreement with them that ended American payments of tribute to Tripoli, but required the US to pay a $60,000 ransom for the release of American prisoners seized by the pirates.

william bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

stamp act congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

ratification

Article Seven of the constitution of the United States describes the process by which the entire document was to become effective. It required that conventions of nine of the thirteen original States ratify the constitution. Once word was received that the ninth state had ratified the constitution

midnight appointments

Adams signed the commissions for these Federal judges during his last night in office. Demonstrated the Federalists' last minute attempt to keep some power in the newly Republican Government.

patriot

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

nature of sovereignty

Americans believed that powers should be divided between leading governing force and smaller forces; British believed all governing power should be under one single leader and the Parliament.

treaty of ghent

An agreement negotiated in Ghent, Belgium, and signed on December 24, 1814, by Great Britain and the United States to end the War of 1812. Peace was established to the way in which things were before the war. It included the concession to the United States of all British territory in the American Northwest, which enabled American expansion.

iroquois confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)

Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson was a dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community. Eventually, Hutchinson's faction lost out in a power struggle for the governorship. She was expelled from the colony in 1673 and traveled southward with a number of her followers, establishing the settlement of Portsmouth, Rhode Island

land ordinance

Authorized surveys and the division of public lands in the western part of the country. Specified sizes of lots and acreages. 1785

general braddock

British commander in the French and Indian War. He was killed and his army defeated in a battle at the intersection of the Ohio, Allegheny, and Monongahela Rivers, known as the Battle of Fallen Timbers. After his death, his colonial second-in-command, Col. George Washington, temporarily lead the British forces.

boston massacre

British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

suffolk resolve

Drafted by representatives of Boston area and approved by First Continental Congress; more radical statements in response to Coercive Acts; claimed they were no longer subject to British rule because they had been violated.

burr-hamilton duel

Dueling had by then already fallen into some disrepute in America, but many people still considered it a legitimate institution for settling matters of "honor". Hamilton feared that refusing Burrs challenge would brand him a coward. July 1804 in Weehawken, New Jersey they met. Hamilton was mortally wounded and he died the next morning.

Mercantillism

Economic philosophy in which England established the colonies to provide raw materials to the mother country; the colonies receive manufactured goods in return.

peace of paris 1763

Ended the Seven Year's War, France had to abandon all claim to North America; Great Britain received Canada and the eastern half of the Mississippi Valley, Spain got back the Philippine Islands and Cuba, but had to cede East and West Florida to England

quebec act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

Harvard

First college in America founded in 1636

fort duquesne

French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

hessians

German soldiers who fought for the British

george washington

He had led troops (rather unsuccessfully) during the French and Indian War, and had surrendered Fort Necessity to the French. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, and was much more successful in this second command.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter

marbury vs. madison

Important supreme court case in which William Marbury petitioned that Secretary of State, James Madison, give the court he worked for documents. When presented to the Supreme Court, they ruled in unconstitutional. This was the first case that the Supreme Court had ever ruled unconstitutional, and it helped define the system of "checks and balances".

fundamental orders

In 1639 the Connecticut River colony settlers had an open meeting and they established a constitution called the Fundamental Orders. It made a Democratic government. It was the firdst constitution in the colonies and was a beginning for the other states' charters and constitutions.

whiskey rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

macon's bill #2

In 1810, Macon's Bill No. 2 opened trade with Great Britain and France, but the president had the power to prohibit commerce for aggressive behavior against neutral shipping. Napoleon announced that France would no longer interfere, and Madison issued embargo against Great Britain in 1811, until they renounced restrictions of American shipping.

virginia resolves

In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. Known as the Virginia Resolves, these resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.

interchangeable parts

In the U.S., Eli Whitney saw the potential benefit of developing "interchangeable parts" for the firearms of the United States military, and thus, around 1798, he built ten guns, all containing the same exact parts and mechanisms, and disassembled them before the United States Congress. He placed the parts in a large mixed pile and, with help, reassembled all of the weapons right in front of Congress

Powhatan

Indian chief who rules most of Virginia & was helpful to Jamestown settlers until they continued to move on his territory. after kidnapping of his daughter he attacked the colonists

internal and external taxation

Internal taxations were taxations on personal goods and property, while external taxations dealt with taxing goods that were being imported (Townshend Acts).

Unitarianism

It's a concept of Christianity. Skepticism led to "universalism" + "Unitarianism", @ first within New England Congregational Church, later separate- rejected predestination, salvation for all, Jesus only great religious teacher not Son of God

non-intercourse act

James Madison, Jefferson's Secretary of State, won the election of 1808, but there was fierce opposition that led Jefferson to end Embargo Act. He replaced it with the Non-Intercourse Act- this reopened trade with all nations except Great Britain and France... causing hostility

abigail adams

John Adam's wife, she appealed to her husband to protect the rights of women. a member of the Daughters of Liberty

john marshall

John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, appointed in 1801 by President John Adams. In the 34 years that Marshall presided over the Supreme Court, the federal powers of the judicial branch were defined and strengthened, most notably in the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison, in which Marshall asserted the power of the court to overturn legislation deemed unconstitutional. He battled to give the federal government unity and strength, and established judiciary as branch coequal w/ exec and legislature. Politically, Marshall was famously at odds with his distant cousin, Thomas Jefferson, especially during the trial of Aaron Burr (1807), when the strength of the court was pitted against the strength of the executive branch. Burr, on trial for treason, was acquitted after Marshall ruled that two witnesses were needed prove the charge. Marshall's long term on the bench occurred at a time when the newly-formed nation was still taking shape, and he is considered one of the most influential jurists in U.S. history.

william and mary

King and Queen of England after the Glorious Revolution. there is also a collage in Virginia established by anglicans

city upon a hill

Mass Bay Colony would be a theocracy. It was the vision of a perfect society. The shining city they saw was nothing less than a reflection and an image of the Holy City of God

samuel adams

Massachusetts Revolutionary leader and propagandist who organized opposition to British policies after 1764; radical member of Sons of Liberty, worried that violence of group would discredit it; proposed united plea for repeal of Townshend Duties and another pan-colonial congress; circulated his own exaggerated version of events around colonies

hartford convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Louisiana purchase

Napoleon wasn't able to seize India so he wanted to regain Fence's land in America. Spain allowed them to take control over Louisiana. Spanish before giving away New Orleans forbid Americans to the used of the Mississippi River that was granted to them in Pinckney's Treaty. The westerners demanded that Jefferson get the river reopened, but Jefferson didn't want to start war with France so he sent Livingston to negotiate a purchase of New Orleans. Jefferson ordered congress to construct army incase needed for a river fleet. It gave Nep. a bad impression that US might form alliance with Britain so he offered the US the entire Louisiana Territory. Napoleon's plans with the new world weren't working out because of a yellow fever epidemic & reinforcements were frozen, couldn't secure land

committees of correspondence

Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

declaratory act

Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies.

indentured servants

People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.

separatists

Pilgrims that started out in Holland in the 1620's who traveled over the Atlantic Ocean on the Mayflower. These were the purest, most extreme Pilgrims existing, claiming that they were too strong to be discouraged by minor problems as others were.

townshend duties

Popularly referred to as the Townshend Duties, the Revenue Act of 1767 taxed glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea entering the colonies. The colonists objected to the fact that the act was clearly designed to raise revenue exclusively for England rather than to regulate trade in a manner favorable to the entire British empire.

battle of fallen timbers

Post-revolution war, British instigate Native American attacks, but "Mad" Anthony Wayne defeats them in Ohio Valley and gets the Greenville treaty, which cedes Native American land in Ohio Valley to U.S.

george whitefield

Preacher who traveled throughout the colonies: He said the key test of election (salvation) is an emotional conversion experience

jeffersonian vision

President Jefferson and his fellow democratic republicans wanted a life where slavery was accepted, Native Americans were accepted, and there was a growth in agricultural and manufacturing commercial industries. They envisioned Westward expansion. which led to the Lewis and Clark expedition and the Louisiana Purchase.

turnpike era

Private road corporations were responsible for most of the construction in the early 19th century. Private companies owned these toll roads because the state governments didn't have the money to fund them. They were also mainly in the most populated of areas so that there would be more money out of it by commuters.

puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. settled in Mass bay colony

william pen

Quaker who founded the colony of Pennslyvania

burr conspiracy

Reelection of 1804 suggested nation approved of Jefferson's acquisitions, but some NE Federalists known as Essex Junto felt expansion weakened power of Federalists + region. Felt only answer secession and "Northern Confederacy." Turned to Aaron Burr (who had no prospect in own party after 1800 election deadlock) to be Federalist candidate for NY governor in 1804. Hamilton accused Burr of treason and negative remarks about character, when Burr lost election blamed defeat on Hamilton's malevolence. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel 1804, Hamilton mortally wounded. Burr, now political outcast, fled NY for West and along with General James Wilkinson, governor of Louisiana Territory, planned capture of Mexico from Spanish and possibly make his own empire. 1806 tried for treason, acquitted. Conspiracy" showed perils of central government that remained deliberately weak w/ vast tracts of nominally controlled land, state of US as stable and united nation

ohio valley

Region that was disputed by British, French and Indians; Indian tribes lived in the valley while France claimed it as territory and English settlement was expanding into it; tension eventually caused war to begin.

lewis and clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Navigation Acts

Series of laws passed by England on its colonies that basically restricted colonies from buying imports from anywhere else but England. Based heavily on the theory of Mercantilism. Writs of assistance (search warrants) were issued in the 13 colonies as a means of enforcing the Navigation Acts. Became another primary reason for the outbreak of the American Revolution.

olive branch petition

Still pledge loyalty to King George III but are still asking Britain to respect the rights and liberties of the colonies, repeal oppressive legislation, and British troops out of the colonies; George 3 didn't want anything to do with them and declared all colonies in a state of rebellion

separation of power

The Constitution's most distinctive feature was separations of powers within the government, its creation of "checks and balances" among the 3 branches. This prevented any single, despotic authority from emerging not only made possible the idea of a large republic, but also helped shape the internal structure of the federal government.

first continental congress

The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

william pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Headright system

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land. they were also given to those who bought indentured servants

war hawks

The War Hawks were a group of about twenty Democratic Republicans who persuaded Congress into supporting a declaration of war against Britain. These young, vocal members from the South and the western U.S. were voted into the House during mid-term congressional elections in 1810. They were united by outrage regarding the British practice of impressments (or abduction) of American sailors, and the British Orders in Council, which were crippling the American economy.

triangular trade

The backbone of New England's economy during the colonial period. Ships from New England sailed first to Africa, exchanging New England rum for slaves. The slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean (this was known as the Middle Passage, when many slaves died on the ships). In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar and molasses. Then the ships returned to New England, where the molasses were used to make rum.

gaspee affair

The colonists thought that there was a conspiracy against them. Seizing their opportunity to destroy the hated vessel, a group of colonists disguised as Native Americans ordered the British crew ashore and then set fire to the ship.

nathanael greene

The excellent American general who was put in charge of the colonial troops in the southern U.S. during the Revolution.

Jamestown

The first successful settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.

Jonathan Edwards

The most outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. He was a New England Congregationalist and preached in Northampton, MA, he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners.

stono rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

impressments

The practice of forcing people into service. British ships would stop American vessels and impress American sailors. This led to Americans becoming extremely angry and eager for war with Britain.

deism

The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.

three-fifths compromise

ach slave counted as 3/5 o of a person in representation and direct taxation. Compromise was between the states for slaves and those against. This was part of a plan to abolish slavery eventually by ending the slave trade in 1820.

Pocahontas

The wife of John Rolfe of Jamestown. She was NOT in love with John Smith did save his life when she begged her father (Powhatan) not to kill him.

starving time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

paxton boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

coercive acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

embargo

To prevent future incidents that might bring war Jefferson proposed The Embargo 1807- prohibited US ship from leaving for any foreign port. This created national depression, ship-owners + merchants of NE (mainly Federalists) hardest hit-before. James Madison, Jefferson's Sec of State, won election of 1808 but fierce opposition- led Jefferson to end Embargo, replaced with Non-Intercourse Act- reopened trade w/ all nations except GB + France

battle of saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

new jersey plan

Wanted 3 branches (legislative, executive and judicial). The legislature appoints people to serve in the executive branch, and the executive branch selects the justices of the Supreme Court. They wanted a legislative with one house (unicameral). States would be represented equally; so all states had the same power. Other powers included: the national government could levy taxes and import duties, regulate trade, and state laws would be subordinate to laws passed by the national legislature.

french and indian war

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

benedict arnold

Was an American hero in the Revolution. Then he "sold" West Point to the British and became a traitor to the United States. joined british fleets

virginia plan

Was written by Madison and Randolph. They wanted 3 branches (legislative, executive and judicial). The legislature was more powerful, as it chose people to serve in the executive and judicial branches. For the legislature they wanted two houses (bicameral). The people elected the House of Representatives and the Senate was elected by the state legislatures. Both were represented proportionally. Other powers included: the legislature could regulate interstate trade, strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to enforce laws.

battle of yorktown

Washington and count jean baptiste set out to trap cornwallis. french and american army and others met up from different areas (bay, river and land). cornwalis capitulated ending the war

citizen genet

While America remained neutral Genet came from France asking for money and armed forces. He meets with GW asking to get our people involved for the French, and GW refuses. He threatens GW that he'll turn the country against him, so GW recalls him. He actually gets money and people to fight but it is done illegally. He hires privateers.

albany plan

a proposal formed by Benjamin Franklin, when delegates from Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York and New England met in Albany, (established concept of colonial unity),here they tried to negotiate a treaty with the Iroquois, by setting up a general government that would manage relations with Indians, but war was already breaking out and no one in the colonial assembly approved it.

federalist papers

a series of 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay (using the name "publius") published in NY newspapers and used to convice readers to adopt the new constitution

william henry harrison

William Henry Harrison had been a promoter of Western expansion (Harrison Land Law 1800), named governor of Indiana 1801 by Jefferson. Offered Indians to: become farmers and assimilate or move to West of Miss. By 1807 tribes mainly ceding land. After Chesapeake incident, however, Brits began to renew Indian friendships to begin defense of invasion into Canada.

bunker hill

a battle that took place on the strategic point of Breed's Hill. British victory on account of the depletion of American supplies. yet gave them confidence- It pushed Americans towards a final decision for war.

annapolis

a convention called for, no one showed up. the biggest accomplishment was calling it the philly convention. the event that separated the was says rebellion

xyz affairs

a diplomatic episode in 1798 that worsened relations between France and the United States and led to the undeclared Quasi-War of 1798.

Nathaniel Bacon

a farmer in the backcountry, his resentment of Berkeley and the unbalanced power of the Virginia government, lead to a rebellion, by him and other backcountry farmers. When Berkeley refused to let Bacon and other farmers fight nearby Indians, he went into Jamestown, with his own militia, burned most of the city, and drove Berkeley out of town.

common sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain altogether rather than fighting for the rights of englishmen they fought for independence

Tories

a person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist

debt

after war, america was in debt so they looked to hamilton to compose a financial plan to bail them out. the federal government was able to tax and the federal government assumed all stated debt

financing war

american government was able to finance the war effort only by borrowing heavily from other nations

the declaration of independence

an act of the Second Continental Congress, adopted on July 4, 1776, which declared that the Thirteen Colonies in North America were "Free and Independent States" and that "all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved."

stamp act

an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

quartering act of 1765

an act passed that required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops; many colonists resented this and many refused to comply

samuel chase

an arrogant Supreme Court justice whom Jefferson urged to impeach; he was charged was based on "high crimes and misdemeanors," when really he had not comitted these things, but rather spoke out against the Jeffersonians; since then, no real attempt has been made to reshape the Supreme Court by means of impeachment

Washington irving

an english immigrant who became very famous american author. his most famous works are "legend of sleep hallow" and "Rip van winkle"

virtual vs direct representation

basic principal was right of people to be taxed with their consent absurd to english who employed "virtual representation" (parliament members represent interests of whole nation) vs. american "actual" representation elected and accountable to community

battle of quebec

general wolfe suprised the larger forces of the marquis de momcalm defeating them in battle leading to the fall of quebec and marked end of american phase of war

division of power

concept that power is shared between all three branches. there is a division between federal and state government

boston tea party

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

wahingtons farewell

document written by outgoing president gw advising the people to stop division of political parties and only make temporary alliances

bank of the united states

federal bank would take all surplus monies (taxes, tariffs, $ from selling land) and personal investments and would take percentage of money collected to pay off national debt

federalist vs anti federalists

federalists supported constitution. some were washington, franklin, hamilton, madison and Jay. they wrote the federalist papers. they believed if the constitution didnt say, then you could do it. the antis were against the constitution that it violated everything they fought for b.c it was strengthening the federal government they feared it would be a threat to the nation. they wanted the bill of rights to protect these rights.

federalists vs democrat-republicans

federalists were led by hamilton and adams wanted a powerful national government to push fjor aggressive economic development. Republicans were led by jefferson and madison and wanted a small national government to leave the citizens mostly free of taxation or government interference (strict interoperation of the constitution)

Carteret and berkeley

founders of NJ they split the land between themselves. it was a place of religious and ethnic diversity

Roger Williams

he was a minister from MA who Winthrop and others veiwed as heretic. He was a Separatist and wanted separation of church and state therefore he was banished. He created Rhode Island and obtained a charter to establish government of religious freedom

eli whitney

he worked on a plantation in Georgia. In 1793 he invented the cotton gin, which removed seeds from cotton that was grown. He made also a major contribution to warfare and mad contributions to other industrial techniques. He devised a machine to make each part of a gun according to exact pattern; this could be divided among many workers making the process faster.

thomas jefferson

in 1774 he wrote set of resolutions expanding into a summary view of rights of british americans. he was virginia delegate in continental congress. he was very radical and wrote the delegation of independence

Slave codes

laws that controlled the lives of enslaved african americans and denied them basic rights

governor john winthrop

led 17 ships to MA. He was governor of Mass bay colony and banished anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams

after war (Revolutionary)

loyalists move, disestablishment of the anglican church, tensions between indians and americans, debate over women's role

jay's treaty

north west sovereignty (the british had to leave). there was now trading in the west indies for restriction. they probably wont impress ships. americans signed because Britain was the most powerful nation and they couldnt fight back. they basically got nothing. resulted in pinckneys treaty

mason weems

painter and author. his most famous work was his book about george washington and his cherry tree

invasion of canada

patriot Benedict arnold and richard montgomery threatened quebec in order to remove british threat to recruit canadians. they failed

valley forge

place where washingtons army spent the winter of 1777-1778

sugar act 1764

placed a tax on molasses and sugar which was suppose to stop the smuggling and bribery that was associated with the tax on molasses

tea act

placed a tax on tea and cut colonial merchants out of the tea trade

women in resistance activities

plays of mercy otis warren, daughters of liberty made clothing and other commodities that helped with boycott of british goods. they talked politics with each other

hamilton

political genius, lawyer, had parents who were nobodies. He was co-writer in the Federalist Papers. He was secretary of treasurer in Washington's cabinet. Hamilton proposed that a national bank be established to help the federal government manage the nation's trade and finance. He was the leader of the Federalist Party

revolution of 1800

presidential election. TJ defeated current president adams. the election exposed one of the flaws in the original constitution. members of the electoral college could only vote for presidential each elector could cote for two candidates. Aaron burr tied with tj and the election was now in the house of representatives the federalists voted for TJ because they thought that burr was unreliably and greaty

hamilton bank bill

proposed a financial plan to get america out of debt. he believed that even though the constitution didnt say it, he could make a national bank to maintain the economy. Heated debate because many believed that it was unconstitutional b.c the constitution didnt say it was allowed. it was passed regardless

judiciary act of 1789

reated 6 members Supreme Court, 13 district courts, 3 courts of appeal and the Supreme Court had the final decision in constitutionality of state laws.

the great awakening

religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people

house of burgesses

representative assembly in colonial Virginia

Republicanism

the political orientation of those who hold that a republic is the best form of government

pinkney's treaty

the us and spain signed this as a result of jays treaty to ensure neutrality. it said that mississippi river was free and that the americans had free port use.

john Locke

theory of life liberty and pursuit of happiness

shays rebellion

this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

articles of confederation

this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

toussaint l'ouverture

was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

madison

was delegate from virginia at the convention. he proposed the virginia plan which was favored by larger states and eventually became the 4th president. he was a federalist

mary wollstone craft

writer, philosopher and feminist, wrote something on womens rights and they arent inferior to men they just lack an education